Orthopedic Surgery



Annotated BibliographyMarjani A. MooreUniversity of Central FloridaIntroductionThe purpose of my bib is to show different peer reviewed journal articles that all relate to my field of study, orthopedics. To get my main research topic I limited all orthopedic work to just the subfield of sports medicine. Through my research I have found sources claiming that surgery is essential to cure an injury to an athlete (Blevins, Hayes, and Warren 1996; Li and Hresko 2012), others claiming injuries can be treated nonoperatively (Jones, Jupiter, and Lalonde 2012), and some asserting that if you attain the right knowledge and knowing all the risk factors of the injury it can be avoided (D’ Hemecourt and Hresko 2012; Dai, Herman, Liu, Garrett, and Yu 2012; McCormick, Nwachukwu, and Provencher 2012). Talking about these articles are definitely helping me further analyze my discourse community of orthopedic doctors, because the articles show how doctors research, discuss, and deal with certain problems in the orthopedic world.Angioi, M., Brodrick, A., Koutedakis, Y., Nevill, A., Twitchett, E., & Wyon, M. (2010). Does physical fitness affect injury occurrence and time loss due to injury in elite vocational ballet students? Journal of dance medicine & sciences, 14(1), 26-31. Retrieved from Angioi, Anna Brodrick, Yiannis Koutedakis, Alan M. Nevill, Emily Twitchett, and Matthew Wyon, (who all specialize in dance science), in their 2010 journal article, “Does Physical Fitness Affect Injury Occurrence and Time Loss Due to Injury in Elite Vocational Ballet Students?” claim that dancers, more specifically ballet, will experience at least one injury a year due to many risk factors such as, length of training, previous dance history, how hard you are conditioning, and stress. They supported this claim by conducting a fifteen-week study in which thirteen elite female dancers were all assigned specific assignments to consistently do throughout the data collection period. Their purpose was to learn what causes ballet injury, whether it was active and passive flexibility, body fat percentage, or endurance. In the article they say who the intended audience is, which are, dancers, teachers, physical therapists and physicians in dance schools. They target this audience by conducting the study with female dancers and publishing their article in the Journal of Dance Medicine & Sciences, which, “Increasing your knowledge of dance medicine/science and being able to add a new dimension to the care of dancers with whom you work, whether you are a healthcare professional, a dance educator, or a company director.” (International Association for Dance Medicine & Science)This article relates to my research topic because the authors focus on what factors cause injuries to an athlete. They state, “Low levels of aerobic fitness were significantly associated with many of the injuries,” meaning that if an athlete didn’t engage in ongoing fitness to maintain their athleticism, the athlete going into their sport without keeping up will very most likely result in an injury (26). This article relates to the claims made by McCormick, Nwachukwu, and Provencher’s article, “Stress Fractures in Runners,” because they both are dealing with what causes stress fractures in athletes, but this article deals more with the research aspect by conducting a study. Blevins, F. T., Hayes, W. M., & Warren, R. F. (1996). Rotator cuff injury in contactathletes. The American journal of sports medicine, 24(3), 263-267. Doi:10.1177/036354659602400303Field T. Blevins, William M. Hayes, and Russell F. Warren, orthopedic surgeons, in their 1996 peer reviewed journal article, “Rotator Cuff Injury in Contact Athletes,” suggest that rotator cuff injuries, although very uncommon in younger athletes, appear in overhead activities like football. They support this assertion by conducting a study of ten profession male football players (ranging from twenty-four to thirty-six years) who had surgery for rotator cuff injuries. Their purpose was to show the types of rotator cuff injuries and the outcomes of these surgeries with clinical diagnoses. Their intended audience would be orthopedic surgeons, biomedical science students, football players and athletes who have injury in the rotator cuff. They target this audience by conducting a study using football players and publishing their article in the American Journal of Sports Medicine. This journal provides information for sports medicine doctors with the ambition of improving treatment and rehabilitation of sports injuries.This article relates to my research project because it shows the importance of surgeries to athletes. I also relate to this article because I have bruised my rotator cuff from over extending my back handspring in gymnastics, bruising it caused so much pain to my shoulder so I can only imagine the difficulty of having to go into surgery. They state, “passive motion was followed by gentle active range of motion at three weeks after surgery,” showing that even though the surgery is very dynamic it only takes a couple of weeks for you to start using your arm again like normal. This article relates to Li and Hresko’s article, “Lumbar Spine Surgery of Athletes,” because they both describe the duration of time it takes to recover from an orthopedic surgery. D’ Hemecourt, P. A., & Hresko, M. T. (2012). Spinal Deformity in Young Athletes.Clinics in Sports Medicine, 31(3), 441-451. Retrieved from . Edu:3010/ucf?sid=google&auinit=PA&aulast=d%27Hemecourt&atitle=Spinal+deformity+in+young+athletes.&id=pmid:22657994Pierre A. d’ Hemecourt and M. Timothy Hresko, sports medicine doctors, in their 2012 peer reviewed journal article, “Spinal Deformity in Young Athletes,” claim that spinal disorders start in childhood and may branch out and expand to deformities in adulthood. They support this thesis by explaining the number one spinal deformity of most athletes, scoliosis, in depth. Their purpose is to show that spinal problems are very common in adolescents, and to try to inform the causes and treatments of these deformities. Their intended audiences are biomedical science students, other sports medicine doctors, and athletes with back problems. They target this audience by having their article in the journal Clinics in Sports Medicine; this journal focuses on differing issues of sports medicine.This article is of relevance to my research project because of their use of definitions and findings of specific spinal problems caused in young athletes. They state, “scoliosis is classified as infantile, juvenile, or adolescent idiopathic,” describing the different classifications of scoliosis, which are dependent on the age at presentation (442). Infantile scoliosis is before the age of three years old, juvenile is between the ages of three and ten years, and adolescent is between ten years to maturity. This article relates to the claims made in Sassmannshausen and Smith’s article, “Back Pain in the Young Athlete,” since they are also discussing back problems in young athletes, but this article discusses more on the treatments of certain back issues, like scoliosis, and on how important it is to know that it is a high possibility that it can stay deformed all the way to adulthood. Dai, B., Herman, D., Liu, H., Garrett, W. E., & Yu, B. (2012). Prevention of ACL Injury, Part I: Injury Characteristics, Risk Factors, and Loading Mechanism. Research in Sports Medicine, 20(3-4), 180-197. Doi: 10.1080/15438627.2012.680990 Boyi Dai, Daniel Herman, Hui Liu, William E. Garrett, and Bing Yu, sports medicine physical therapists, in their 2012 article, “Prevention of ACL Injury, Part I: Injury Characteristics, Risk Factors, and Loading Mechanism,” imply that the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is one of the most common injuries in sports and also has horrible consequences on patients’ activity levels throughout life. They support this idea by describing the characteristics of the ACL injury in depth and giving statistics on the injury, for example they stated that among patients that experienced an ACL injury “31% had disability in walking, 44% had difficulty in routine daily activities, and 77% couldn’t return to their sport at the same level” (181). Their purpose is to summarize the characteristics of ACL injury and to provide an understanding of the mechanisms and risk factors of the injury. Their intended audiences are orthopedic surgeons, biomedical science students, international students, those who have experienced an ACL injury and those who are concerned about getting an ACL injury. They target this audience by publishing this article in the journal Research in Sports Medicine: An International Journal. This journal covers information in sports medicine and sports science, like prevention and rehabilitation of sports, serving an international audience and professionals worldwide. This article is of relevance to my research project because it shows the determination a doctor will go to research a topic to give important information to the medical world and an interested individual who isn’t a part of this discourse. It also provides important statistics like the cost of ACL surgeries, stating “at an average cost of $20,000 per surgery, translating to an estimated annual cost of $4 billion of surgical costs alone,” (181). This shows that in order to even consider getting surgery for the ACL requires you to need to have a considerable amount of money, athletes are usually know for being wealthy so they’ll have no problem paying for the surgery. This article relates to the second part of this article, “Prevention of ACL Injury, Part II: Effects of ACL Injury Prevention Programs on Neuromuscular Risk Factors and Injury Rate.” Except part I deals more with the basic information and the most important details to know of anterior cruciate ligament.Dai, B., Herman, D., Liu, H., Garrett, W. E., & Yu, B. (2012). Prevention of ACL Injury,Part II: Effects of ACL Injury Prevention Programs on Neuromuscular Risk Factors and Injury Rate. Research in Sports Medicine, 20(3-4), 198-222. Doi: 10.1080/15438627.2012.680987Boyi Dai, Daniel Herman, Hui Liu, William E. Garrett, and Bing Yu, have collaborated again to write the second part of their 2012 article, “Prevention of ACL Injury, Part II: Effects of ACL Injury Prevention Programs on Neuromuscular Risk Factors and Injury Rate,” this time to assert that programs have been developed to reduce the risk of getting an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. They supported this claim by conducting a study to demonstrate that high knowledge of ACL injury could prevent the injury. The participants in this study were 133 female high school basketball players and 12 coaches, they were asked to learn and attain the knowledge of the anatomy and function of the knee and ACL, possible risk factors for the injury, and ACL injury prevention strategies, during their basketball season. Their purpose, of this article, was to learn and summarize the effects of current training programs on ACL injury, and find the ACL injury rate. Their intended audiences are medical researchers trying to find more about the ACL injury and athletes at risk of this injury. They target this audience by conducting the study using athletes.This article is of relevance to my research project because it shows how much effort and work it takes to conduct research. The authors of the article state, “prevention strategies and training programs have been developed based on existing knowledge,” meaning that the way these programs were made were from doctors that have studied ACL injuries from other doctors, journals, and articles (199). But, they argue that these programs have been somewhat inconsistent, some programs help preventing ACL injuries and some aren’t effective. This article relates to the first part, “Prevention of ACL Injury, Part I: Injury Characteristics, Risk Factors, and Loading Mechanism,” but part II focuses on the research and studies involved in the injury of the anterior cruciate ligament. Jones, N. F., Jupiter, J. B., & Lalonde, D. H. (2012). Common Fractures and Dislocations of the Hand. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 130(5), 722e-736e. Doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e318267d67aNeil F. Jones, Jesse B. Jupiter, and Donald H. Lalonde, reconstructive surgeons, in their 2012 article, “Common Fractures and Dislocations of the Hands,” claim that the majority of metacarpal and phalangeal fractures can be treated nonoperatively, but it depends on whether the fracture is reducible or irreducible. They support this claim by showing the many treatment options that are available to attain a full range of wrist and finger movement after the treatment is done. Their purpose is to give knowledge on how to fix the fracture in the best way possible to reach the goal of treatment in the shortest possible time. Their intended audiences are medical students pursuing a career in reconstructive surgery. They target this audience by using the article as a source of review by showing many videos that show the rehabilitation options and giving a series of multiple choice questions and answers.This article mainly has to do with my research topic because it is a study guide for future reconstructive surgeons. The authors deeply describe fractions and dislocations of every section of the hand and gives close up diagrams and pictures of the different surgeries for the different situations, like an “intra-articular fracture of the base of the thumb metacarpal” (723) and “metacarpal shaft fractures” (724). If you can’t take the sight of these pictures then you know you will not be able to enter this field. This article relates to Singletary, Freeland, and Jarrett’s article, “Metacarpal Fractures in Athletes: Treatment, Rehabilitation, and Safe Early Return to Play,” because they are both dealing with fractures in the hand, but this article mainly provides as a study guide for medical students, being more educational based and having more detail. Li, Y., & Hresko, M. T. (2012). Lumbar Spine Surgery in Athletes: Outcomes and Return-to-Play Criteria. Clinics in sports medicine, 31(3), 487-98. Doi:10.1016/j.csm.2012.03.006Ying Li, and again, M. Timothy Hresko, in their 2012 peer reviewed journal article, “Lumbar Spine Surgery in Athletes: Outcomes and Return-to-Play Criteria,” suggest that athletes with spinal problems who undergo a standard back surgery, for example an open discectomy, “the most common surgical treatment for ruptured or herniated discs of the lumbar spine,” (), have significant improvements in bodily pain and in the physical function of the spine. They support this assertion by extensively explaining the outcome of surgeries of the spine. Their purpose is to show that surgery really does help alleviate pain and fix spine deformities. Their intended audiences are not only other sports medicine doctors and biomedical students, but also people that most likely have spinal pain and are considering on having surgery. They target this audience by using tables to simplify and sum up the information for those who aren’t familiar with medical terminology. This article is of relevance to my research project because it focuses on the aspect on what surgeries are needed to fix the problem on back deformities and gives insight on the outcomes of these surgical procedures and if they’re needed or not. Many, including myself, would believe that you will need a long period of time to recover after spinal surgery and returning to your sport, but “surgeons were more likely to recommend a shorter time to return to play for professional athletes,” so the recovery time, for a surgery like this, is shorter than expected (491), which came to a surprise for me. This article relates to Blevins, Hayes, and Warrens article, “Rotator Cuff Injury in Contact Athletes,” because it describes the duration of time it takes to recover from a rotator cuff surgery, except this article more in depth describes the outcome of more then one spinal surgery. McCormick, F., Nwachukwu, B. U., & Provencher, M. T. (2012). Stress fractures in runners. Clinics in sports medicine, 31(2), 291-306.Doi:10.1016/j.csm.2011.09.012Frank McCormick, Benedict U. Nwachukwu, and Matthew T. Provencher (McCormick and Provencher are orthopedic surgeons, and Nwachukwu is a scientific researcher), in their 2012 peer reviewed journal article, “Stress Fractures in Runners,” assert that stress fractures are a common cause of injury in runners. They support this assertion by reviewing the risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of stress fractures in runners. Their purpose is to try to education people on stress fractures and try to reduce them from happening to runners. Their intended audiences are runners, orthopedic surgeons, and biomedical science students. They target this audience by publishing their article in the journal Clinics in Sports Medicine. This article is of relevance to my research topic because the authors focus on what factors cause injury to athletes. They state, “stress fractures were first described in military personnel in the 19th century. Military physicians described a phenomenon, ‘march foot,’ that occurred in military recruits and essentially consisted of foot pain and swelling,” describing where the term “stress fractures” first came from and its previous meaning, but now the term is for a fracture that has resulted from excessive activity (291). This article relates to Angioi, Brodrick, Koutedakis, Nevill, Twitchett, and Wyon’s article, “Does Physical Fitness Affect Injury Occurrence and Time Loss Due to Injury in Elite Vocational Ballet Students?” They relate because they both deal with finding risk factors for athletes, but this article has way more detail, information, and definitions as to what risk factors are, and the ballet article deals with a study to show risk factors. Sassmannshausen, G., & Smith, B. G. (2002). Back pain in the young athlete. Clinics in sports medicine, 21(1), 121-32. Retrieved from s/article/body/402723088-2/jorg=journal&source=&sp=12343216&sid=0/N/415899/s0278591903000619.pdf?issn=0278-5919Greg Sassmannshausen and Brian G. Smith, both sports medicine doctors, in their 2002 peer reviewed journal article, “Back Pain in the Young Athlete,” assert that back pain is the most common cause for visits to the doctor’s. They support this defense by finding the common causes of back pain in young athletes and providing an overview on diagnosis and treatments of back pain. Their purpose is to help people develop an efficient knowledge of this problem. Their intended audiences are sports medicine doctors, biomedical science students, and people who are interested in the subject of back pain and want more knowledge of it, or who most likely are experiencing back pain. They target this audience by also publishing their article in the journal, Clinics in Sports Medicine, and by not using dense medical terminology, therefore making it easier for nonmedical citizens to read and understand the material. This article applies to my research topic because the authors focus on their findings about the causes of back pain in athletes and effectively summarizes their findings. It has enough information, data, and details to help any physician with constructing a proper diagnosis, as Sassmannshausen and Smith state, “a thorough history and careful physical examination should guide the physician to a working differential diagnosis” (131). This article relates to Hemecourt and Hresko’s 2012 article, “Spinal Deformity in Young Athletes,” both articles speaking about back pain in young athletes, but this article is more on the research aspect of how it happens and gives more information on the history and examinations of the problem. Singletary, S., Freeland, A. E., & Jarrett, C. A. (2003). Metacarpal fractures inathletes: Treatment, rehabilitation, and safe early return to play.Journal of Hand Therapy, 16(2), 171-179. Retrieved from (03)80012-1Shannon Singletary, Alan E. Freeland, and Christopher A. Jarrett, all doctors of the Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, Mississippi, in their 2003 article, “Metacarpal Fractures in the Athlete,” assert that hand fractures are a common occurrence during athletic competitions, and mostly in contact sports, dealing with the hands, like football. They support this assertion by giving information of the treatments, rehabilitation methods, and the range of time for an athlete to return to play their sport. Their purpose is to summarize a program of fracture management principles and to show the progress of rehabilitation from the athlete with a hand fracture first going into general conditioning all the way to the athlete throwing and catching with precision. Their intended audience is most likely an athlete with a metacarpal fracture that needs to know more about it, what’s going to happen during rehabilitation, and how long it’s going to take for the athlete to get back to playing their sport like before. They target this audience by giving in depth details on the fracture and outlining progressive graduated rehabilitation. This article is of relevance to my research topic because of the author’s motivation in their findings of rehabilitation programs and in depth definitions. The authors state, “The number of overall sports fractures is higher in practice sessions (75%) than in games (25%) because substantially more time is spent in practice,” showing that the hard work shown in practice by athletes results in injuries more than playing the sport for competition (171). This article is related to Jones, Jupiter, and Lalonde’s article, “Common Fractures and Dislocations of the Hand,” because they both deal with fractures of the hand, but this article goes more toward the athletic perspective and how sports, mostly football, causes these metacarpal fractures, and the other article deals more with the educational standpoint trying to teach about the different types of fractures to the hand. ................
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