Imperialism and America - Mrs. Greene\'s Classes
Imperialism and America
▪ America expands
▪ By late 1800’s, many U.S. leaders believe America should be a colonial power
▪ Imperialism = policy in which stronger nations extend economic, political, or military control over weaker territories
▪ Three factors fuel imperialism
▪ Desire for military strength
▪ U.S. Navy Admiral Alfred T. Mahan stresses importance of naval power to compete with other nations
▪ U.S. begins building steel-hulled cruisers
▪ Thirst for new markets
▪ Rapid industrialization creates needs for raw materials and new markets
▪ Belief in cultural superiority
▪ Many Americans believe in Social Darwinism and superiority of Anglo-Saxons and Christianity
▪ The U.S. gets Alaska and Hawaii
▪ In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward arranges for purchase of Alaska from Russia
▪ Land rich in timber, minerals, and oil
▪ In same year, U.S. takes over uninhabited Midway Islands, 1300 miles north of Hawaii
▪ In 1898, U.S. annexes Hawaii, makes it an American territory
▪ Hawaii already had many American-owned sugar plantations
▪ U.S. built base at Pearl Harbor in 1887
▪ With support from U.S. Marines, Queen Liliuokalani is overthrown
▪ Sanford B. Dole heads up Hawaiian government
The Spanish-American War
▪ By the turn of the 20th century, Spain has lost most of its colonies
▪ U.S. has long-standing interest in Spanish colony of Cuba
▪ In mid-1800’s, American business begins investing millions into sugar plantations on Cuba
▪ In 1895, José Martí launches revolution against Spanish in Cuba
▪ Destroys American property in hopes of achieving U.S. intervention
▪ Public opinion in the U.S. is split
▪ War fever escalates
▪ Spanish send General Valeriano Weyler to crush rebellion
▪ He rounds up 300,000 Cubans into concentration camps
▪ Action in Cuba fill American newspaper headlines
▪ Papers begin printing exaggerated stories of Weyler’s brutality
▪ Yellow journalism = sensational writing that exaggerates the news to lure and enrage readers
▪ President McKinley tries diplomatic measures in Cuba
▪ Spanish recall Weyler, offer Cuba limited self-government
▪ In Feb. 1898, the New York Journal prints a letter by Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish Minister to the U.S.
▪ De Lôme Letter insulted McKinley
▪ Americans are enraged
▪ In same month, U.S.S. Maine explodes in Havana harbor
▪ 260 American soldiers are killed
▪ U.S. newspapers claim Spanish blew up the ship
▪ War erupts
▪ On April 20, 1898, the U.S. declares war on Spain
▪ First battle is in Philippines
▪ Commodore George Dewey decimates Spanish fleet on April 30
▪ Lands troops on islands
▪ For next two months, American troops and Filipino rebels fight Spanish troops
▪ U.S. Navy blockades Cuba
▪ Seals Spanish fleet harbor of Santiago de Cuba
▪ U.S. forces land in Cuba in June 1898
▪ Includes the young Theodore Roosevelt’s Rough Riders, a cavalry unit
▪ Minor land battles culminate in charge on San Juan Hill
▪ Americans take Santiago
▪ Spanish fleet tries to escape, is destroyed by U.S. Navy
▪ Americans also invade Puerto Rico
▪ On August 12, 1898, the U.S. and Spain a cease-fire agreement
▪ U.S. gets Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines, Spain frees Cuba in the Treaty of Paris
▪ Arguments over American imperialism arise
Acquiring New Lands
▪ Varied opinions about ruling Puerto Rico
▪ Was temporarily under military rule
▪ In 1900, Congress passes Foraker Act, ending military rule and setting up self-government
▪ U.S. appointed president and upper house, Puerto Ricans elected lower house
▪ Puerto Ricans later gained rights to citizenship and elected both houses
▪ U.S. military remains in Cuba
▪ Many of the same officials stay in place, as Martí feared
▪ Protestors were imprisoned or exiled
▪ U.S. helps
▪ Distributes food and clothing
▪ Helps farmers
▪ Organized schools
▪ Controls disease
▪ In 1900, Cuban government writes a constitution
▪ U.S. insists Cubans add the Platt Amendment
▪ Has four key parts
▪ Cuba’s treaty-making power was limited
▪ U.S. reserves right to intervene
▪ Cuba could not go into debt
▪ U.S. could buy/lease land for naval stations
▪ Cuba adopts amendment in 1903, becomes a U.S. protectorate = a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power
▪ U.S. military stays in Cuba to protect American businesses
▪ Trouble in the Philippines
▪ Rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo vows that Filipinos will fight for independence from U.S.
▪ In Feb. 1899, Aguinaldo leads a revolt
▪ U.S. spends nearly three years putting down rebellion
▪ Sets up government similar to Puerto Rico in the aftermath
▪ An Open Door to China
▪ Philippines are seen as a gateway to the rest of Asia
▪ U.S. imperialists fear China will be colonized by European powers
▪ In 1899, Secretary of State John Hay issues series of policy statements
▪ Speaks to foreign imperial powers
▪ Proposes that they share trading rights with China
▪ Statements are called the Open Door notes
▪ A rebellion threatens the open door
▪ In August 1900, a secret society called the Boxers lash out at foreigners in China
▪ Kill hundreds of missionaries and foreigners, especially in European-dominated Chinese cities
▪ International coalition puts down the Boxer Rebellion
▪ John Hay issues second set of notes
▪ Restates American desires to keep foreign markets open, intervene in foreign affairs in necessary
America as a World Power
▪ McKinley’s assassination thrusts Theodore Roosevelt into presidency in 1901
▪ Roosevelt wants U.S. to be dominant in the world’s economic and political destiny
▪ Roosevelt the peacemaker
▪ In 1905, he mediates a peace settlement in Russian-Japanese war
▪ The Panama Canal
▪ In 1903, the U.S. backs a Panamanian rebellion against ruling Colombia
▪ Soon after, the U.S. and Panama sign a treaty in which the U.S. buys the Canal Zone
▪ The Panama Canal opens in 1914 after 10 years of construction and 5,600+ worker deaths
▪ Roosevelt’s diplomacy
▪ Roosevelt feels a need to remind European powers of Monroe Doctrine
▪ Many Latin American countries were deeply indebted to European banks
▪ In 1904, he adds the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in an address to Congress
▪ Warns European powers not to interfere in Latin America
▪ Dollar diplomacy
▪ U.S. intervenes in Latin America several times
▪ Dollar diplomacy = using U.S. government to guarantee loans to foreign countries by American businesspeople
▪ Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy
▪ Wilson pressures governments in the Western Hemisphere to establish democracies
▪ “Missionary diplomacy” gives Monroe Doctrine a moral undertone
▪ In 1911, Mexican peasants and workers overthrow Porfirio Diaz, a military dictator
▪ Are led by Francisco Madera, who cannot satisfy revolutionaries' demands
▪ Madera is overthrown in 1913 by General Victoriano Huerta, Madera is executed
▪ Wilson refuses to recognize Huerta’s government
▪ Huerta’s government soon collapses, Venustiano Carranza becomes president in 1915
▪ Wilson recognizes Carranza
▪ Rebels under leadership of Francisco “Pancho” Villa and Emiliano Zapata oppose Carranza
▪ Villa leads a raid on Columbus, New Mexico
▪ Kills 17 Americans
▪ Wilson orders troops to hunt Villa down, stations National Guard on Mexican border
▪ War is imminent until both sides back down
▪ U.S. is distracted by World War I in Europe
▪ Carranza’s oppressive regime is replaced by moderate leader Alvaro Obregón in 1920
................
................
In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.
To fulfill the demand for quickly locating and searching documents.
It is intelligent file search solution for home and business.
Related download
- notes on the political effects of inequality in latin america
- mad men in black african americans in the twentieth
- in this paper i question the official story that the
- lie down for america how the republican party sows ruin
- fetal personhood denied by republican majority
- united states of america
- the shaping of north america
- imperialism and america mrs greene s classes
- the varieties of media bias part 1
- em usa terms and definitions fema
Related searches
- securities and exchange commissions filing s page
- upper case and lower case abc s printables
- imperialism in today s world
- imperialism and anti imperialism comparison
- alzheimer s classes for caregivers
- pros and cons of trump s presidency
- america s cleanest and dirtiest cities
- japan and america cultural differences
- japan and america similarities
- europe and america cultural differences
- greene and greene houses
- greene and greene homes