Supplemental Digital Content



Supplemental Digital Content

Figure S1. ICU patients are surrounded by numerous medical devices. Noise assessment was performed above the patient´s head, close to the rear wall, using a microphone connected to an iPod (indicated by the blue arrow).

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Figure S2. Characteristic of loudness (dashed line, left axis) and A-scaled sound pressure level (solid line, right axis) during the week. A slight decrease in both curves can be detected during the weekend (hatched); almost no difference occurs between night and day (overnight periods (8:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.) are shaded). Remarkably, the maximum A-scaled sound pressure level of 30 dB(A) (solid horizontal line) recommended by the WHO was always significantly exceeded (upper chart). The number of loud events (black line) varied at around 110 per hour; extremely loud events occurred approximately 50 times per hour (grey line). Neither significant nocturnal decreases nor lowering over the weekend were detectable (lower chart).

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Table S1: Patient demographics within the clinical trials 1 and 2. For statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA was used for age und Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) and chi-square test was used for analysing gender distribution. Data are mean±SD or number. NEP, no ear plugs; EP1, ear plugs type 1; EP2, ear plugs type 2; NR-off, noise reduction off; NR-on, noise reduction on; NR-sound, noise reduction with masking sound.

|Clinical trial 1 |NEP |EP1 |EP2 |P value |

|Age (years) |64±15 |64±14 |65±14 |0.93 |

|Gender (females/males) |7/17 |6/18 |12/12 |0.15 |

|Initial SAPS score |35.7±8.5 |36.9±14.3 |33.2±11.3 |0.77 |

|Clinical trial 2 |NR-off |NR-on |NR-sound |P value |

|Age (years) |61±13 |66±13 |67±13 |0.26 |

|Gender (females/males) |6/18 |7/17 |10/14 |0.44 |

|Initial SAPS score |33.7±8.5 |33.9±11.3 |38.3±11.3 |0.29 |

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