Chapter 9 Sec 3
Chapter 9 Sec 3
Reforming Society
Reforming City Life
• By 1920 50% of Americans lived in urban areas.
• Cities struggled to provide:
o Garbage collection
o Safe and affordable housing
o Health care
o Police and fire protection
o Adequate public education
Cleaning up the City
• Various women’s and men’s clubs and reform societies asked for help to clean up cities.
• Lawrence Veiler- Head of N.Y. State Tenement House Commission
o Interviewed residents and discovered problems.
o 1901 passed N.Y. Tenement House Act
▪ new tenements built around open courtyards
▪ contain/bathroom for each apartment or every 3 rooms
• National Tuberculosis Association
o Fun, special hospitals to treat disease
o By 1915 death rate dropped significantly
o 1908 Massachusetts Law Required cities with 10,000 hold election to pay for at least one playground.
▪ 41 of 42 cities passed it.
• Some critics from middle and upper class objected to using taxes to pay for poor.
City Planning
▪ First National Conference on City Planning was held in 1909
o Cleaner cities would produce better citizens
o Beautiful cities would inspire patriotism.
▪ Daniel Burnham was first to redesign a major city-Chicago 1909
o Other cities hired him
o Only successful and fully built design was in Washington D.C.
o City planning was necessary function
▪ Parks
▪ Building codes
▪ Sanitation standards
▪ Zoning
Moral Reform
o Prohibition – ban on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages and closing of saloons
o Reduce crime and breakup of families
o McClure’s Magazine- George Kibbe Turner
o “The Story of an Alcohol Slave, as Told by Himself.”
o To truly reform U.S. cities, saloons must be closed
o Colleges did not allow student athletes to drink
o Industrialists tried to get workers not to drink
o Text books had info on dangers of alcohol
Passage of Prohibition
o Anti-Saloon League (ASL) and Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
o By 1902 ASL has branches in 39 states with 200 paid employees.
o Many ministers spread message in church
▪ Billy Sunday saloons were “the parent of crimes and mother of sins”
▪ France Willard red WCTU from 1879-1889 force for temperance, moral purity, and women’s rights.
o During WWI prohibitionists drew on patriotic sacrifice
o U.S. Navy banned consumption of alcohol in 1914
o 1917 Congress passed 18th amendment states ratified in 1919
▪ proved unpopular and hard to enforce
▪ repealed in 1933 with 21st amendment
Movie Going
o Urban reformers believed movies were a threat to morality
o “Great Train Robbery” first movie to tell a story- 1903
o by 1910 millions were going to movies each week
o In 1916 NY times reported movies were 5th largest industry in U.S.
o Nickelodeons provided cheap entertainment
o Many mid class believed movies were immoral and sources of temptation
o Reformers demanded censorship
o States and cities set up censorships boards to ban movies they considered immoral
o By 1909 movie industry censored itself
Progressivism and Racial Discrimination
o Concerned about Plight of Poor
o Few devoted much energy to Racial discrimination and prejudice
o Some expressed open prejudice against Blacks and Native Americans
Views of W.E.B.Du Bois
o Influential Black leaders emerged
o Born 1886 in Massachusetts.
o Attended mixed Sunday school classes
o Not until high school did he realize his skin color caused people to dislike him.
o Attended Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee.
o In 1895 he became the first black to earn a PHD from Harvard.
o Taught at Atlanta University until 1910
o Strong supporter of civil rights
▪ Access to college and vocational schools offered best chance
▪ Blacks should be politically active
Booker T. Washington-opposing views
• Blacks should not fight discrimination
• Focus on education and economic prosperity
• Throughout career Du Bois maintained interest in Africa.
o 1920’s organized series of Pan African congresses that attracted black leaders from around world.
o By 1950’s embraced socialism for its promise of social justice
o In 1961 at age of 93, joined Communist Party and moved to Ghana- Died in 1963
African Americans Organize
o In 1909 Du Bois and a group of black and white progressives met in N.Y. City
o Discussed lynching of 2 men in Springfield, Illinois
o NAACP- National Association for the Advancement of colored people was formed
o Dubois edited The Crisis which publicized cases of racial inequality
o By 1918 magazines circulation rose to 100,000
o Used court system to fight civil rights restriction
o 1915-Guinn v. U.S.
▪ outlawed “grandfather” clause
▪ This freed men from other voting requirements if their father or grandfathers had voted.
▪ 1917 Buchanan v. Warley overturned a Louisville, Kentucky law requiring racially segregated housing.
▪ National Urban League-1911
• Improve job opportunity and housing for urban African Americans
American Indians Organize
▪ Dawes Act of 1887-Indians lost land to speculators and fell deeper in poverty by 50 middle class professional
▪ Improve civil rights
• Education
• Health
• Local government
• Publicized accomplishments of Jim Thorpe
• Some wanted strong native cultures while other favored assimilation
• Some criticized Bureau of Indian Affairs for Mismanaging Reservations
Immigrants and Assimilation
▪ Lobbied for improving immigrants lives as well as conditions in workplace and slums.
▪ Some criticized immigrants for immoral behavior.
▪ 1916 Madison Grant publishes “The Passing of the Great Race”
o Expressed racist opinions about blacks, Jews, and immigrants from south and eat Europe
▪ Americanization-process of preparing foreign born residents for citizenship
▪ Focus was on educating immigrants
▪ Learn to read, write, and speak English.
▪ Also U.S. history and government
▪ Cities and states passed Americanization measures
▪ 1924 Horace Kallen Wrote Culture and Democracy in U.S.
▪ Supports pluralism or home to a number of distinctive cultures
▪ Some immigrants supported Americanization without giving up ethnic identities.
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