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Name_____________________Date_____________________1. The Law of Superposition is most relevant when studying which type of rock? A.graniteB.sedimentaryC.metamorphicD.igneous2. What types of elements are useful for dating materials? A.noble gasesB.nonmetalsC.metalsD.radioactive3. Two hundred and twenty-five million years ago, all of today's continents were part of a single continent known as Pangaea. The map below shows the positions of some of these continents.This image is courtesy of the USGS.There is a significant amount of evidence that can be used to support the theory that Pangaea existed. Which of the following explains how the map shows evidence for the existence of Pangaea? A.The continents' shapes fit together well, and some continents have the same fossils.B.None of the continents had similar climates to each other in the past.C.All of the continents had identical climate conditions in the past.D.The continents' shapes do not fit together very well, and each continent has completely different fossils.4. What does the process of absolute dating determine? A.the age of a rock based on what layer it is inB.the order in which rock layers formedC.the age of a rock based on what fossils are in itD.a numerical value for the age of a rock5. Which of the following can help scientists estimate geologic time? A.observing rock sequencesB.radiometric paring fossilsD.all of these6. Fossils of a primitive whale called Basilosaurus have been found in many parts of the southeastern U.S., including the Gulf states of Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana. This creature lived in the sea during the Eocene epoch, which lasted from about 55 million to 34 million years ago.What do these fossils suggest about the areas of land in which they are found? A.Humans lived in the areas before Basilosaurus.B.The areas were deserts in the past.C.Humans and Basilosaurus lived in the areas together.D.The areas were once covered by the sea.7. Scientists find a rock that contains a small fish-like creature. Radioactive dating finds that the age of the rock is between 550-450 million years ago. Use the following geologic time table to determine the most likely period in which the fossil lived.PERIODTIME RANGEDESCRIPTIONDEVONIAN395-345 million yrs agoFish evolve into more complex animals and sharks and amphibians multiplySILURIAN440-395 million yrs agoThe first true plants and air-breathing animal appearORDOVICIAN500-440 million yrs agoPrimitive fish and the first vertebrates appearCAMBRIAN600-500 million yrs agoAlgae, invertebrates similar to jellyfish and wormsA.OrdovicianB.DevonianC.CambrianD.Silurian8. Geologists have used the principle of superposition to determine that deeper layers of rock are usually older than shallower layers of rock.A dating system that describes only the order in which rocks were formed is called A.numerical dating.B.absolute dating.C.relative dating.D.radioactive dating.9. Rex finds an interesting rock formation and takes a sample of it back to his lab. He measures the amount of radioactive uranium in the sample and compares it to the amount of radioactive lead. He then compares these amounts to the rate at which these two radioactive materials decay.What is Rex most likely trying to figure out about the rock formation? A.its volumeB.its ageC.its densityD.its mass10. The symbols found on the map below indicate where fossils have been found in the same layer of sediment. Each symbol indicates a different type of fossil.What do the locations of the fossils suggest? A.The continents' locations have remained constant throughout time.B.Similar fossil types are never found on different continents.C.Each continent has completely unique plant and animal life.D.The continents were once connected to each other.11. Although the Earth's crust formed relatively early in the Earth's history, it was not present when the Earth first began to form. Also, plate tectonics has recycled the Earth's crust throughout most of its history.Using this information, what can be concluded about the age of the Earth if the oldest known rocks in the Earth's crust are 4.28 billion years old? A.The Earth is exactly 4.28 million years old.B.The Earth is exactly 4.28 billion years old.C.The Earth is younger than 4.28 billion years.D.The Earth is older than 4.28 billion years.12. The scientific theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth's crust is composed of many plates, or slabs of rock. Interactions of these plates have created different landforms, or geologic features. Which of the following statements provides evidence for this theory? A.The city of Pompeii is perfectly preserved under volcanic ash following the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.B.An iceberg buckles the hull of the Titanic and allows water to enter between the steel plates.C.Fossilized marine creatures can be found at the top of the Himalayan mountains.D.A large earthquake off the coast of Japan induces a wave that is over twenty feet high.13. The Earth, the Sun, and the rest of the solar system are almost unimaginably old when viewed on a human time scale. While modern humans first evolved approximately 200,000?years ago, the age of the Earth, the Sun, and the rest of the solar system is approximately?_______ years. A.4.6 millionB.200,000C.100,000D.4.6 billion14. The Law of Superposition helps scientists to A.decipher the different types of sedimentary rock.B.learn more about how sedimentary rock is formed.C.determine the age of layers of rock.D.learn more about how fossils are formed.15. According to the law of superposition, younger layers of rock are generally found above older layers of rock. However, there are locations where older layers are found above younger layers. Which of the following can cause this to happen? A.During uplift, rock layers can tilt enough to overturn.B.Rock layers can overturn as they are folded.C.Older rock layers can slide above younger rock layers along faults.D.all of these16. Which type of rock is created when lava cools and hardens? A.sedimentaryB.igneousC.cementD.metamorphic17. Today, some mountain ranges are rising due to tectonic plates colliding, and earthquakes are sometimes caused by tectonic plates sliding against each other. During Earth's past, A.there were earthquakes, but no mountains were rising.B.similar tectonic movements were occurring.C.mountains were rising, but there were no earthquakes.D.the tectonic plates were not moving.18. What theory explains the formation and movement of the outer surface of the Earth? A.the theory of plate tectonicsB.the theory of natural selectionC.the theory of glacier movementD.the theory of atmospheric layers19. Which rock type can be formed by adding heat and pressure to any of the three types of rock? A.metamorphic rockB.igneous rockC.No rock type forms this way.D.sedimentary rock20. Mountains are generally produced by A.the nonliving process of fossil fuel formation.B.the nonliving process of tectonic activity.C.the living and nonliving processes of soil formation.D.several types of living processes.21. Which of the following processes have contributed to the evolution of the Earth over time?I.the motion of crustal platesII.the rock cycleIII.radioactive datingIV.erosionV.depositionA.I and IV onlyB.I, II, IV, and V onlyC.I and II onlyD.II, III, and IV only22. What is Pangaea? A.A complex theory that explains the motions of continents and many of Earth's features.B.A mid-ocean ridge than runs from north to south along the Atlantic Ocean's floor.C.A single, large landmass in which all of Earth's continents were once joined.D.A species whose fossilized remains in Africa led to the hypothesis of continental drift.23. Approximately how many years does the Earth's geologic time scale span? A.1 billion yearsB.4.6 billion yearsC.2.5 million yearsD.1 million years24. Which of the physical processes below results in the formation of metamorphic rocks? A.heat and pressureB.cooling and crystallizationC.deposition and eruptionD.weathering and erosion25. What causes geologic events such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the creation of mountains? A.lithospheric plate movementB.position of the planetsC.atmospheric pressureD.ocean tides26. A sedimentary rock is weathered by wind and water. The rock breaks down into sediments again. If the sediments become cemented, what type of rock will be formed? A.igneous rockB.volcanic rockC.sedimentary rockD.metamorphic rock27. The image below shows a stack of rock layers exposed in a cliffside. These layers have a fault running through them. A fault is a crack along which rocks move.When these layers first formed long ago, there was no fault present. At some time later, tectonic forces cracked the layers, forming the fault. Then, the rocks on either side of the fault moved.Using the layer marked a as a guide, determine how the rocks moved along the fault. A.The rocks on the left side moved up, and the rocks on the right side moved down.B.The rocks on both sides of the fault moved up the same distance.C.The rocks on the right side moved up, and the rocks on the left side moved down.D.The rocks on both sides of the fault moved down the same distance.28. An earthquake causes metamorphic rock deep inside a mountain to be pushed up to the mountain’s surface. What type of rock will the metamorphic rock most likely transform into next? A.volcanic rockB.metamorphic rockC.sedimentary rockD.igneous rock29. Faults are A.found only in the center of the Earth's oceans.B.cracks where pieces of the Earth's crust move past each other due to tectonic forces.C.cracks that prevent tectonic forces from moving pieces of the Earth's crust.D.found only in the center of the Earth's continents.30. Sand on a beach is covered by other layers of sand over time. The extra layers compress the first layer, packing it tighter and tighter. Over time, the bottom layers of sand have formed into sandstone, with colored bands showing the different layers. What kind of rock can sandstone be classified as? A.igneous rockB.metamorphic rockC.volcanic rockD.sedimentary rock31. Most of the changes that the Earth has undergone over its 4.5-billion-year existence have been due to A.natural processes.B.human processes.C.urbanization.D.the burning of fossil fuels.32. A geologist finds ripples preserved in ancient sedimentary rock that look just like ripples made by water in mud. He concludes that there was once water in that location that created the ripples.Why is this conclusion reasonable? A.because sedimentary rock never forms from mudB.because water and mud behaved in a similar way in the past as they do todayC.because water and mud behaved very differently in the past than they do todayD.because sedimentary rock always forms under water33. Which of the following is the raw material from which sedimentary rocks are formed? A.magma from the mantleB.none of theseC.weathered remains of other rocksD.lava from volcanic eruptions34. _______?rock can be changed directly into?_______ rock with the application of heat and pressure. A.Metamorphic, sedimentaryB.Igneous, sedimentaryC.Sedimentary, metamorphicD.Sedimentary, igneous35. Which of the following are most important for the formation of sedimentary rock? A.wind and crystallizationB.high temperaturesC.eruption and paction and cementation36. Which statement about the movement of Earth's crust along a fault line is true? A.Only horizontal, side-to-side movement occurs along faults.B.Different types of movement occur along different types of faults.C.Crustal movement does not occur along fault lines.D.Only vertical, up-and-down movement occurs along faults.37. Earth's tectonic plates A.didn't start moving until the 21st Century.B.can move up and down but not sideways.C.move in similar ways today as they did in the past.D.moved only during Earth's earliest period of history.38. The 4 main eras are listed below. What is the correct chronological order, from oldest to youngest?I. Pre-CambrianA. I, III, IV, IIII. CenozoicB. III, I, IV, IIIII. PaleozoicC. IV, II, III, IIV. MesozoicD. I, IV, III, II ................
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