THE CHRONOLOGY OF EARLY HUMAN SOCIETIES AND …



CHRONOLOGY OF SOUTHEAST ASIA: 1750 CE TO 1945 CE

|1750 CE |Burma united under new dynasty, seeks to control Eastern India, Siam brings into conflict with Chinese, English |

|1774 CE |Spanish authorities reduce power of Catholic church in Philippines, establish royal monopolies in production, commerce |

|1783 CE |British return all Dutch East Indies possessions but obtain free trade rights; continuing tensions between Malay landed |

| |Elite, Celebes seafarers in mainland Malaya; new dynasty in Siam does not end political anarchy but cultural flowering |

|1788 CE |New dynasty in Vietnam reunites state, increases rice production, lands returned to peasants |

|1795 – 1815 CE |British occupy all Dutch possessions in SE Asia to prevent cooperation with France; British, Dutch end local feudalism, |

| |Curtail power of local princes, remove old system, land leases given to native populations; coffee introduced |

|1802 – 1820 CE |Vietnam: centralized monarchy on Chinese model, Confucian bureaucracy; sanctions against Buddhism, Taoism; Chinese |

| |Émigrés dominate commercial activities in cities; many poor peasants forced into labor on elite estates |

|1819 CE |British found Singapore to control international exports; became communications, administrative center; funnels rubber, |

| |Tin, rice into world markets; similar type of colonial capital cities founded by Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, French |

|1820 CE |Siam reopens contacts with Western nations, signs unequal commercial treaties; local sultans, Siam cede lands to English |

|1820 CE |Mexican independence bankrupts Royal Philippine Company; many Spaniards, mestizos move to islands, took privileged |

| |Positions in bureaucracy; ethnic inequalities, tensions between natives, Europeans increased |

|1820 – 1841 CE |Vietnamese increase local autonomy, mid-level intellectuals emerge, charged with local administration; 200 peasant |

| |Uprisings; state suppresses Catholicism, executes priests, missionaries; strong tension with French, USA |

|1820s – 1850s CE |British conflict with Burma over Assam leads to two Anglo-Burmese Wars, English annex South Burma, coastal lands |

|1824 – 1830 CE |Dutch cede Malacca to English in exchange for Sumatra; Dutch suppress Javanese revolts, seize control of Java |

|1826 CE |Spain demotes native, mestizo Catholic priests and turns over parishes to Europeans |

|1830s CE |Dutch introduce forced cultivation system to Java: contract with natives, control crops, fix prices, buy rice, coffee to export |

|1834 CE |Spain opens Manila to international commerce; expands sugar cultivation, plantations; sugar becomes key export crop |

|1839 CE, 1844 CE |Increased Chinese immigration to Filipino cities; Spanish outlaw private trading by officials; Chinese fill commercial void |

|1841 – 1880s CE |Sultan of Brunei gives Sarawak to “white rajahs” who eliminate slavery, piracy; N. Borneo becomes British possession |

|1850s – 1890s CE |Siam modernized: feudalism abolished, slavery outlawed, bureaucracy centralized, finances reformed, uses technologies |

| |Acquired from west including railroad, weapons, telegraph; Spanish extend control over Muslim sultanates in South, West |

|1858 CE |French navy bombards Vietnamese capital to protect Catholics |

|1859 CE |Spain opens schools to all ethnic groups, emergence of Filipino intellectual elite, who create Filipino nationalism |

|1862 CE |France wins control of Cochin-China from France, rules through traditional elites; free practice of Catholicism allowed |

|1863 CE |Facing Siamese aggression, Cambodia accepts French protection; French rule through king, traditional institutions |

|1860s – 1890s CE |France digs irrigation canals, reclaims swamps; establishes enormous plantations for rice export |

|1870s – 1910s CE |European colonial powers redraw map of Southeast Asia, establish boundaries without regard for ethnic, cultural realities; |

| |Create new political framework on which they imposed bureaucratic systems, modern fiscal and communications systems; |

| |Europeans favor export industries and dominate all major aspects of economies; spectacular population, urban growth |

|1870s CE |Dutch introduce sugar, new agrarian laws to East Indies, relax forced cultivation system |

|1873 CE |British force Perak and other Malay states to accept British protection on all matters except religion, customs, traditions |

|1880s CE |British extinguish Burmese state; Buddhist monks become center of anti-English agitation, opposition |

|1880s CE |Siamese brotherhood of monks modernize Buddhism: integrate Western science, rationalism, use of literary criticism |

|1883 – 1884 CE |Sino-French War after Chinese support Black Flags (anti-French triad) guerrilla forces in Tonkin |

|1885 – 1895 CE |French forced to suppress hundreds of revolts, guerrilla movements throughout Vietnam |

|1887 CE |France gains influence in Laos; creates Indo-Chinese Union of Cambodia, Laos, Cochin-China, Annam, Tonkin |

|1889 CE |Filipino nationalist newspaper published in Spain; new law set up town councils; Spain reforms local administration |

|1890s CE |Increased Chinese, Indian migration to British, Dutch cities, ports to control services, commercial opportunities |

|1890s – 1900s CE |Javanese revolt against intrusive state; reorganize village structure; refuse to cooperate with elite, banks, communal land |

| |Structures; seek end to Muslim marriage; Islamic reform of education leads to conflict with Javanese syncretic religion |

|1890s – 1910 CE |Franco-British rivalry costs Siam territory but both nations preserve Siamese independence as a buffer between colonies |

|1890s CE |Indigenous Malays number only 55% of population due to Chinese, Indian commercial, administrative, labor migration |

|1892 – 1896 CE |Katipunan, secret Filipino revolutionary society founded; execution of Filipino heroes leads to revolt by native troops |

|1893 CE |France gains control over Laos, rules through cooperation with Lao local princes; minimal French economic penetration |

|1896 CE |British create Malay Federation of their colonies, allied Malay states; British, elites cooperate to isolate Malay peasants |

|1897 – 1902 CE |France modernizes Indo-Chinese society, establishes monopolies on salt, opium, alcohol, public facilities; opens iron mines |

|1898 CE |France establishes elite institute for study of Asian cultures in Vietnam; attracts native intellectuals |

|1898 CE |Spanish-American War, US intervention in Philippines; Filipinos declare independence; US acquires islands from Spain |

|1899 – 1902 CE |US-Filipinos fight guerrilla war; US commits to tutelary colonialism, supports oligarchic elite; intellectuals acquiesce |

|Early 1900s |British, Dutch, French and Americans complete penetration, control of interior lands, outlying islands |

|1902 CE |US sets up civil administration in Philippines, purchases church land for landless peasants; Church begins reforms |

|1905 CE |Tonkin Free School opens, introduces use of vernacular Vietnamese written in Latin script; literacy begins to spread |

|1906 CE |Founding of Young Men’s Buddhist Association in Burma by British trained lay elites, who seek to reform Buddhism |

|1907 CE |First elections to Filipino assembly limited to literate landowners; pro-independence party wins absolute majority |

|1907 – 1914 CE |Dutch language system of primary schools educate Indonesian urban, commercial, and landed elite; stimulates nationalism |

|1910 – 1925 CE |Siamese king continues reforms including education, calendar; ends compulsory labor, supports new Thai nationalism |

|1912 CE |Islamic Union organized in Dutch East Indies to unite different Muslims, intellectuals, socialists; two million members |

|1912 CE |Chinese revolution becomes Vietnamese model; Japanese successes at modernization inspires regional national movements |

|1913 CE |US increases number of Filipinos in colonial bureaucracy; allows Filipino goods to be imported to US duty-free |

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