THE CHRONOLOGY OF EARLY HUMAN SOCIETIES AND …
THE CHRONOLOGY OF ANCIENT/CLASSICAL SOUTHWEST ASIA
|600,000 BCE |Hunter-gatherer bands spread across Afro-Eurasia; subsistence living |
|500,000 BCE |Humans harness fire; bone, wood tools; generalized gender equality |
|12,000 BCE |Stone tools become widely used; cave painting suggest complex religion |
|10,000 BCE |Neolithic Revolutions: farming villages, widespread domestication |
|9,000 BCE |Humans domesticate pigs, goats, sheep, cattle |
|8,500 BCE |Sedentarism sees rise of classes, patriarchal villages, extended families |
|7,500 BCE |Pastoralists herd domesticated animals; women retain some rights |
|6,000 BCE |Pottery allows storing of food; irrigation leads to increased productivity |
|5,500 BCE |First towns in Southwest Asia; trade develops; Farming along the Nile River |
|4,000 BCE |Sumerians migrate into Tigris Euphrates River Valley; small city-states arise |
|4,000 BCE |Sumerian technological revolution in writing, plow, wheel; elaborate irrigation |
|3,500 BCE |Sumerian civilization: nobles, priests rule; command economies |
|3,500 BCE |Sumerian writing develops; Mesopotamian culture syncretic, patriarchal |
|3,100 BCE |Menes unites Egypt; hieroglyphics writing; centralized state; social hierarchy |
|3,000 BCE |Bronze Age in Southwest Asia, Egypt; trade in handicrafts, luxuries spreads |
|2,700 BCE |Old Kingdom in Egypt = pharoah, theocracy; centralized polytheism |
|2,700 BCE |Egyptian women could own property, make contracts, and divorce husbands |
|2,550 BCE |Great pyramids in Egypt, public architecture; religion complex polytheism |
|2,200 BCE |First empire as Akkad conquers Mesopotamia; conquest becomes common |
|2,000 – 1,700 BCE |Pharoah’s power reduced; commoners acquire right to religious afterlife |
|2,000 – 1,700 BCE |Priests in Egypt, temples come to control much of land; much social influence |
|2,000 BCE |Sumer’s Epic of Gilgamesh world’s first piece of literature |
|2,000 BCE |Migration of Semitic tribes (Jews, Arabs) throughout Southwest Asia |
|2,000 BCE |Cycle of Civilization: nomads invade, settle, assimilated by sedentary peoples |
|2,000 BCE |Phoenician trading cities: first alphabet, metal artisans, cloth, purple dye |
|1,750 BCE |Nubian Kingdom along southern Nile famed for metal work, trade |
|1,750 BCE |Hammurabi’s Law Code establishes regular, codified law, punish to fit crime |
|1,700 BCE |Hyksos (Semitic Chariot nomads) invade Egypt; conquer northern area |
|1,600 BCE |Indo-Aryan (Persian) nomads migrate from Central Asia, disrupt civilizations |
|1,575 BCE |Egyptian Empire; slavery becomes widespread in SW Asia due to warfare |
|1,500 BCE |Great Hittite Empire: iron, chariot warfare arrive in Southwest Asia, Egypt |
|1,400 BCE |Hittites establish large empire in Asia Minor, use iron tools |
|1,300 BCE |Egyptian Book of the Dead details religious life, instructions for afterlife |
|1,200 BCE |First monotheistic religion arose amongst Jews in Southwest Asia |
|1,200 BCE |Jewish exodus, migration to Israel; Books of Moses arise as oral tradition |
|1,200 – 1,000 BCE |Sea Peoples disrupt Mediterranean; Philistines settle in Israel |
|1,000 BCE |Domestication of camel makes desert travel, trade common; Arabs develop |
|911 – 626 BCE |Neo-Assyrian Empire conquers Fertile Crescent; regular army, use of terror |
|911 – 626 BCE |Neo-Assyrian Empire: centralized government, tribute empire |
|7th Century BCE |Lydians of Western Asia Minor invent coinage |
|668 – 627 BCE |Ashurbaniphal reigns in Assyria; builds great library |
|626 – 539 BCE |Neo-Babylonian Empire; astronomy, astronomy at height |
|626 – 539 BCE |Jewish Babylonian captivity; Judaism develops in Babylon |
|539 – 323 BCE |Persian Empire conquerors all of SW Asia and Egypt; height of classical state |
|5th Century BCE |Zoroastrianism develops; Persians tolerant, allow local self-government |
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