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World Health OrganizationTopic: AAir PollutionSubmitted by: Argentine RepublicCommittee: WHOTopic A: Air PollutionDelegate: Chris Jin and Aadit Patel, Orange High SchoolWHO defines air pollution as, “contamination of the indoor and outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere.” Sources of air pollution can be as common as household combustion devices, motor vehicles, industrial factories, and forest fires. These sources emit pollutants into the air such as carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide, all of which can damage a person’s health. This raises a major public health concern as air pollution can cause respiratory and other diseases, which can result in premature death. Air pollution, whether indoor or outdoor, can occur anywhere and affects all communities in the world, whether urban or rural. According to WHO, every year 4.3 million people die due to indoor household pollution alone. Air pollution is arguably the world’s largest environmental health risks and has stemmed from industrialization. For many countries, industrialization was necessary to have economic development, which overshadowed the environmental damage and public harm that also developed. Now in today’s society, governments around the world are actively searching for solutions to air pollution, while still trying to maintain the benefits of industrialization.The Argentine Republic suffers greatly from indoor and outdoor air pollution and would like to help improve air quality. However, Argentina is a developing country in great need of industrialization to make any economic progress; this need is what makes the country and its people vulnerable to air pollution. Most of the country’s population live in the capital of Buenos Aires, where air pollution is the worst, and are susceptible to respiratory diseases. Air pollution has continued to get worse in recent years, mostly as a result of the large amount of traffic in the city. Local residents even began to raise concerns for their health due to the poor air quality, which has caused the AR to recognize the issue. The AR has set up numerous air quality monitoring stations where air pollution is worst in hopes to improve air quality over time.The AR encourages the United Nations to set standards on air quality for all countries and recognize the need to assist developing countries in balancing industrialization and environmental protection. The AR recommends that the United Nations to establish a committee of environmental scientists and experts to actively monitor countries’ air quality and to assist those countries that are bound by the economic benefits of industrialization. By doing this, the United Nations will be promoting a greener and healthier global community and mitigating the effects of air pollution on people’s health.Works Cited"Air Pollution." WHO. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2014."Causes Of Air Pollution In Buenos Aires (Argentina)." Causes Of Air Pollution In Buenos Aires (Argentina). N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2014.Maxwell, Amanda. "Air Quality in Latin America: High Levels of Pollution Require Strong Government Action." Switchboard. Natural Resources Defense Council, 29 Apr. 2013. Web. 18 Nov. 2014.Submitted by: Madison PadenSchool: Vermilion High SchoolCommittee: World Health OrganizationDelegates: Emily ConradTopic B: Air PollutionAir Pollution is a serious health issue that in 2012 alone killed over seven thousand people. Recently industrialized or industrializing nations are most at risk for high air population as most of their economy is dependent of the burning of fossil fuels. Burnables like coal create the most harmful gasses and are usually the greatest contributor to air pollution. Smog, another side effect of air pollution, is dangerous as it decreases visibility leading to increased accidents. Brazil has instituted several long running air pollution control programs. The first being the Ordinance of the Ministry of Interior of No 231 issued on April 27, 1976. This ordnance sets a standard of air quality. PRONE, the National Program for Control of Air Quality, is another long running program in the regulation of air quality. PRONE’s job is to set national standards and establish strategies to reach air quality goals.Brazil views air pollution as an important issue world wide. Serious action must be taken to stop this dangerous trend. Brazil proposes the further encouragement of automobile manufactures to post the environmental statistics of each vehicle inside the car; gauges such fuel consumption and exhaust total are suggested. Increased public awareness is also recommended through public education and ad campaigning. Brazil suggests the promotion of non-fuel burning transportation such as walking or biking. For the longterm, efforts must be made now to prepare for the time when fossil fuels are gone. Incentives must be given to auto manufactures to develop increasingly eco friendly cars. A greater push must be made in the research of alternative energy. More sustainable energy practices need to be implemented by governments around the world. Works Cited"Brazil Environmental Issues." Brazil Environmental Issues. Www..za, n.d. Web. 1 Nov. 2014.Submitted By: BulgariaCommittee: World Health OrganizationTopic A: Air PollutionDelegate: Joshua WhitakerBulgaria’s air pollution is a serious concern in Europe. Bulgaria was the second most polluted country in Europe succeeded by Poland as far as air quality goes. Bulgaria recognizes their severe issue on air pollution and is working closely with The European Union to clean up the air pollution. A major factor that has led to Europe’s air pollution is the amount of emissions from power plants, vehicles, etc. Bulgaria has worked closely with The E.U. and has established laws to help in the control of air pollution. Unfortunately, these laws are not very effective as there is not anyone to enforce them. Before Bulgaria joined the E.U. their air pollution was much more toxic than it is today, without The E.U. Bulgaria would be much worse off than they already are. A huge issue that The E.U. addressed was PM10 quantities that are damaging the air quality in countries such as Bulgaria. These new standards that were addressed by The E.U. were enforced in June of 2008. Fortunately Bulgaria, complied with the new standards. However, in June of 2009, Bulgaria was warned that their sulfur dioxide levels were not acceptable. They were violating a standard set in 2007 in two different areas for sulfur dioxide content in the air. This proves that Bulgaria was not or still is not up to standard of what The E.U. requires.Although Bulgaria’s air quality is not exceptional, they are working closely with The E.U. to resolve this predicament. The European Union is definitely a major asset to the European countries involved."EUROPA - European Union Website, the Official EU Website."?EUROPA - European Union Website, the Official EU Website. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <;. "Poland And Bulgaria Have The Most Polluted Air In Europe."?ThinkProgress RSS. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <;. "Bulgaria's Killer Air Exposes Wider EU Problems."?EurActiv. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <, Danny. "Bulgaria’s Air Is Dirtiest in Europe, Study Finds, Followed by Poland."?The New York Times. The New York Times, 14 Oct. 2013. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <;. ?Committee: World Health OrganizationTopic: Air PollutionCountry: ChadDelegate: Madelyn McNamara??? The World Health Organization is a director for The UN system. This configuration benefits health matters, and calculating data and averages. This exclusive group is recognized for their adjustable plans with the constant changes of the ambience. Air pollution has drastically increased throughout the last century. Developing countries such as Chad are exposed to air pollution more than developing countries. It is proven that 12.7% of deaths are linked to poor air quality. In total, seven million deaths arre because of air pollution alone from who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/en/. As of now, air pollution is the largest environmental risk in the world. April 7th is now known as World Health Day. Individuals look to the World Health Organization for a variety of topics such as, but not limited to: funding sources, expenditures, budget, reports on global public health issues, and statistics. Actions have been taken to prevent the continuation of air pollution. These actions include addressing the central sources and more effective fossil fuel. Recently, cars have been using better engines and stricter standards have been enforced in more European countries. Taken from , The WHO REVIHAAP was established in 2012 to evaluate evidence on air pollution. New and improved long-term guidelines have been formed in desire to dissolve the air pollution in UN countries. Based on the country’s views, Chad should become more fuel efficient and use cookstoves that produce less pollution in order to decrease casualties and improve the health of citizens in Chad. Due to the fact that Chad is such a poor country, a little help can go a long way. Chad should take donations and help from the UN and any country that would like to make a difference. Air pollution can be easily fixed but the outcome can be fatal if it cannot be afforded. A limiting factor of developing healthier air includes not having information or technology to tell how unsafe the air is. A resolution that Chad desires to accomplish is being able to afford technology to read the air quality. Also, Chad can lessen the quantity of motor vehicles due to the fact that transportation is guilty of causing 25-70% of air pollution. There are many different approaches to end the increasing amount of fatalities and pollution. These are several courses of action that can commence the process.Submitted by: People’s Republic of ChinaCommittee: World Health Organization Topic A: Air PollutionDelegate: Jon Beach There is a new threat on the loose, one that can’t be stopped by walls or killed with bullets and China is rising up against it. Air pollution has been a problem throughout the world but gained attention in China. As China has been taking on more production, air pollution has gone up. Some might suggest to stop the high production rates in China, but then where do those production orders go? China is able to produce so efficiently that other countries would struggle to meet the demands. But let’s say that the US were able to produce the same amount as China; now the US’s air pollution would start going up. So, instead of trying to shove off the problem to someone else China is going to take it head on.Since China’s air pollution has increased so dramatically, China had to take some action against it. One example of past action is that China has taken cars off of the road. Over five million diesel and just out dated cars were taken off of the road in hopes of reducing the air pollution. On May 24th 2013, President Xi Jinping pledged that China will not sacrifice the environment for temporary economic growth. He said that “A sound eco-environment is the basic foundation for the sustainable development of humans and society. We should take the responsibility for the sake of our people and our children.” (Zhu Ningzhu) With these emboldening words the Chinese people are inspired to find new and creative solutions for the air pollution. China is now looking to the skies, anticipating that artificial rain will be the answer to their problems. China hopes to rain out the smog, a name the Chinese citizens gave to the fog, and turn it into part of the water cycle. Another one of the imaginative ideas China has produced is sucking away the pollution. The plan is to launch a large ring into the sky that is able to attract the pollution particles and then transport them to the ground where they can be easily cleaned. Another creative solution proposed by Chen Guangiao is bottled air. Chen has gone up into the mountains and collected the air for the citizens. He brings it back in colorful bottles and sells them for around eighty cents a bottle. The most promising solution, even though it is far from complete is natural energy. Power from water, the sun, and the wind are all expensive, but they are also extremely eco friendly, so China has been working on lowering the cost for using these types of energy. China is working hard to eliminate the target that is air pollution. And even though China hasn’t come up with a perfect solution yet, it is well on their way to creating a safe and healthy environment for the Chinese people and the world. Works CitedZhu Ningzhu. “President Xi pledges not to sacrifice environment” 24 May 2013. Web. 30 October 2014Submitted By: DenmarkCommittee: WHOTopic A: Air PollutionDelegates: Reece Kendall & Lewis AllenDenmark is pleased to be a part of the World Health Organization. The World Health Organization has many objectives to improve the health of everyone in the world and reduce health risks. One of those objectives is reducing air pollution. Everyone is at risk for harm because of air pollution, especially if you have asthma, lung disease, or heart disease. Newborn babies and elderly are very susceptible to health effects if exposed for long periods of time to air pollution. In 2012, about 7 million people died because of air pollution. Denmark has done many things to end dangerous air pollution. Air pollution is a problem in Copenhagen, so Denmark is not unaware of air pollution. Denmark is heavily monitoring air pollution and who is affected from it. Copenhagen has a new bicycling system to help transport people in an environmentally friendly way. Using ideas such as this one around the world could really help reduce hazardous air pollutants, and improve and even save lives of many people.Denmark plans to be fossil fuel free by the year 2050. This is an unprecedented strategy that will be fully financed to ensure that the average household does not have to pay a much larger bill. Currently, 80 percent of energy comes from fossil fuels, so this will be a big challenge, but it can be done. The percentage of green energy usage rose 16% in the past 20 years. The Danish government plans to decrease the fossil fuel usage by 33% in the next ten years. Wind and biomass would be the main type of renewable energy used. Biomass would back up the wind energy, as wind would make the greatest amount of energy. Nuclear would not be a part of the clean energy program in Denmark. If used peacefully and carefully, nuclear energy definitely could be used by countries that choose to use it. However, since air pollution is a worldwide problem, all countries need to use cleaner energy sources. Countries do not need to be fossil fuel free by 2050, but at some point soon all countries need to transition to clean, renewable energy sources. It will take decades and smart political choices to get countries on the road, but the start is the hardest. If other small countries can start to use solar, wind, or other energy types when fossil fuels start to get expensive and scarce, and larger countries use a combination of these energies, air pollution could quickly be put to an end. Clearly, this idea would help many people not only in Denmark, but around the world. The green road is one we all need to follow eventually, and Denmark will be a leader for stopping pollution.ReferencesIndependent from Fossil Fuels by 2050 -The official website of Denmark. (2014). Retrieved from pollution in the past has been something that many countries struggle with, but countries have gotten more aware about the problems, and have tried to solve them. The Kyoto Protocol, which was first accepted by a country 1997 by the UN, tries to lessen the use of Greenhouse gases that are emitted into the air. The Director of WHO’s Department for Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health states that “The risks from air pollution are now far greater than previously thought or understood, particularly for heart disease and strokes” (“Air Pollution” 4-6). Furthermore, the WHO Coordinator for Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health acknowledges that “Excessive air pollution is often a by-product of unsustainable policies in sectors such as transport, energy, waste management and industry” (“Air Pollution” 33-35). A footnote in the Doha Amendment announces the reduction of the “their overall emissions of such gases by at least 18 per cent below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2013 to 2020” (“Doha Amendment” Section C). This shows how much more greenhouse gases and air pollution there is in the world as the country evolves. Japan has had many problems with air pollution in the past, but has made many positive strides to change that in recent years. It has gotten so extreme that 7 million people died in 2012 as a result of air pollution. A contributor to the air pollution is transportation; Japan has 59 cars for every 100 people. There is also a lot of waste, as there are around 127.3 million people in all of Japan, which is another factor. Tokyo, Japan’s busiest and biggest city has 9 million people, with many factories, as there are many products being made in Japan, this contributes to the pollution. The last factor is that neighboring countries have bad air which travels into Japan and makes it harder for them to have clean air. Japan does not want air pollution and has taken many strides to avoid having air pollution, and has rebooted itself after being very pollutive in the 1960’s.Japan has struggled a lot with trying to get clean air. The problem was a major concern in the 1960’s when emissions of nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide tripled. Contributors to the pollution have been Fukushima, the major volcano which caused a lot of air pollution, all the nuclear power factories, and a lot of toxic waste is from the dumping of chemical company Chisso, who is now developed innovative wastewater-treatment technology. Because the Liberal Democratic party who ran Japan from 1955-2009, and returned in last December, wasn’t proactive in fixing the air pollution problem, Japan has made many reforms in recent years to make up for the Liberal Democratic Party’s lack of helping the problem. Some reforms made recently have been making all taxis Priuses, making recycling mandatory, the Pollution diet of 1970 (14 laws passed at once that helped fix air pollution), the temporary closure of?more than 100 polluting factories, the removal of 30 percent of government vehicles from the streets of Beijing, the Kyoto Protocol and the Doha Amendment, which is Annex B. Other solutions have been using other types of energy like nuclear power, wind, and solar energy. Companies, products, buildings, and cities that were once the most polluting have now redefined themselves and become more eco-friendly. As a result of all these changes, Japan has some of the least polluted cities now.The Kyoto Protocol, which mandates the emission of Greenhouse Gases, has been successful so far, but there could be more revisions to society to eliminate more of the air pollution. Factories should be more efficient, countries should get a better waste management system in busy cities, make more public transit, add a gas tax to fund cleanup, and should educate more on the problem of air pollution. The Kyoto Protocol should be revised to make it stronger, and all countries to sign it as well. The Doha Amendment, which is Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol should be signed by all countries, as it was already ratified 3 days ago. Furthermore, there should be economic and other incentives to manage each country’s air pollution.Works Cited"Quotes on Clean Air Act." Intellectual Takeout (ITO). Intellectual Takeout, n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2014."Air Pollution Now Linked to 1 in 8 Deaths Worldwide, UN Health Agency Reports."?UN News Center. UN, 25 Mar. 2014. Web. 19 Nov. 2014."Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol." Nations United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Print."Japan's Pollution Diet."?Latitude Japans Pollution Diet Comments. 15 Feb. 2013. Web. 19 Nov. 2014. <;."Kyoto Protocol."?Kyoto Protocol. Web. 19 Nov. 2014. <”Submitted by: LithuaniaCommittee: World Health Organization Topic A: Air PollutionDelegates: Simon Wieder and Neil Agarwal, Orange High SchoolThe topic of air pollution is one long debated by the World Health Organization (WHO). Air pollution is a public health threat that impacts both outdoor and indoor settings, caused both by increased industrial activities throughout the past several centuries and poor ventilation systems in homes and businesses. Outdoor air pollution is defined by Scott E. Spoolman and G. Tyler Miller as “the presence of chemicals in the atmosphere in concentrations high enough to harm organisms, ecosystems, or human made materials.” Outdoor air pollution is caused both naturally and unnaturally: naturally by dust from wind, pollutants from wildfires and volcanic activity, and volatile organic chemicals released into the atmosphere all contribute to air pollution, and unnaturally by industrialization and urbanization, including the burning of fossil fuels in industrial/power plants and motor vehicles. Annually, outdoor air pollution is attributed to 3.7 million deaths globally, and a high illness rate. Contrarily, indoor pollution is also a major problem worldwide. According to WHO, “indoor air pollution is, for poor people, the world’s most serious air pollution problem.” In developing countries, high mortality rates are affiliated with the high amounts of indoor pollution caused by poorly or unvented burning of materials as well as work sites with little ventilation regulation. Furthermore, indoor air pollution is also a problem in developed countries, caused by exposure to household chemicals, cooking fumes, pests, and common allergens. Globally, indoor pollution causes approximately 4.3 million deaths annually. Ultimately, the issue of air pollution is one that affects the entire global population on a daily basis, and is a topic that must be discussed thoroughly and deliberately.The delegation of Lithuania is greatly concerned with the issue of air pollution. Lithuania has taken action by increasing the amount of energy it creates using more renewable resources and less fossil fuels. Furthermore, Lithuania has outstanding railway infrastructure, reducing the amount of fossil fuel input into the atmosphere. Lithuania has also encouraged legislation reducing and regulating air pollution input. For example, in 2003, Lithuanian Minister of Environment, Arūnas Kundrotas, signed into affiliation with the Nordic Environment Finance Corporation (NEFCO) a coalition founded by Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden in order to discuss legislation and treaties regarding environmental issues such as air pollution. In recent years, NEFCO and Lithuania have significantly reduced the amount of air pollution in the Nordic and Baltic states. During this conference, the delegation of Lithuania hopes to confer with other nations encouraging the reduction of fossil fuel input into the atmosphere. Lithuania would also like to see resolutions supporting the action being taken in third world countries to impact indoor air pollution issues regarding unsafe ventilation systems.Works Cited “LITHUANIA.” . N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2014. <, G. Tyler, and Scott E. Spoolman. “Air Pollution.” Living in the Environment. Sixteenth ed. Belmont: Brooks/Cole, 2007. 468-95. Print.“Pra?oma Ratifikuoti Susitarim?, Nauding? ?alies Aplinkos Apsaugai” [“Asked to Ratify the Agreement in Favor of the Protection of the Environment”]. Lrv.lt. Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausyb?, 20 Aug. 2003. Web. 18 Nov. 2014. <;. Who.int. World Health Organization, n.d. Web. 18 Nov. mittee: World Health OrganizationTopic: Air PollutionCountry: MadagascarDelegates: Marla Bashour and Alex Zanowick-MarrAir pollution is a worldwide problem, and it's very prevalent in Madagascar. In Madagascar, one of the leading cause of disease is household air pollution. Almost every single house in Madagascar relies on solid biomass for cooking fuel. Ninety-nine percent of households use solid biomass to cook. Gathered wood is used in seventy-seven percent of households, purchased wood in about five percent, and charcoal in about seventeen percent. Only one-point-eight percent of urban households can afford clean fuels like electricity or kerosene. Household air pollution is one of the top twenty-five causes for a shorter life. In 2007, about 11,000 people died due to infections related to household air pollution. Because it is such a big problem, Madagascar seeks to find ways to be rid of air pollution. Madagascar supports most resolutions that combat air pollution. One study done on Madagascar households suggests that ethanol fuel, instead of charcoal or wood, is much cleaner and helps improve the quality of household air. It was also proven that the more ventilation a kitchen had, the better off the members of that household were. Thus, kitchens should become bigger with more ventilation. Other ways to fight air pollution could include attacking transportation, improving technology, and using solar power energy. Madagascar has the National Institute of Sciences and Nuclear Technology monitoring air pollutants, a major one being transportation pollution. Madagascar has been trying to improve public transportation in order to limit its harmful pollution. Works CitedDasgupta, Susmita. Addressing household air pollution : a case study in rural Madagascar. Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 6627. Washington, DC: World Bank. Federal Republic of NigeriaWHOTopic A: Air Pollution Air Pollution is a growing problem in the world, accounting for “50% of deaths of children under five”, “15 % of deaths due to ischaemic hearth disease” , and “17 % of deaths due to lung cancer”. Of the people who die annually from household air pollutants, most perish from stroke, ischaemic heart disease, or chronic pulmonary disease. Currently WHO is leading effort to evaluate which new household cooking technologies and fuels produce the least emissions (and thus are most optimal for health). WHO is also providing technical support to countries in their own evaluations and scale-up of health-promotion stove technologies.According to the World Health Organization, “4.3 million People die prematurely each year from illness attributable to the household air pollution from cooking with solid fuels.” 61 % of Nigeria’s population (40 % of urban and 91 % of rural populations) uses solid fuels for cooking, causing over 100,000 Nigerians to die from causes related to air pollution every year.Nigeria realizes this threat and seeks to minimize the effects of air pollution. In an attempt to counter air pollution Nigeria has passed the National Environmental (Mining and Processing of Coal, Ores and Industrial Minerals) Regulations, 2009. S. I. No. 31 that seeks to minimize pollution from mining and processing of coal, ores and industrial minerals and the National Environmental (Ozone Layer Protection) Regulations, 2009. S. I. No. 32 that seeks to prohibit the import, manufacture, sale and the use of ozone-depleting substances. Unfortunately a large portion of Nigeria’s population lives in poverty, and has no other option but to burn solid fuels to survive.Nigeria would like to encourage other nations to take steps against air pollution, and would like to inform other countries that, in at least Nigeria’s case, in order to minimize air pollution, poverty must also be minimized. Nigeria hopes that a resolution can be reached that includes an agreement regarding a world wide effort to decrease air pollution and a plan to give aid to countries in need in order to lessen the use of solid fuels. Nigeria's leaders have not discussed air pollution enough to have planned any other actions to combat it inside of their nation and no political leaders can be quoted speaking about air pollution.Nigeria believes that air pollution is a problem that needs to be addressed in the present, and that can only become more deadly and disastrous if not addressed.COUNTRY : SpainDELEGATES: Ricky Gilmore COMMITTEE : WHOTOPIC: A – Air PollutionA. Outlined SummaryFor a very long time air pollution has been a huge problem in this world. With all of the factories, burning of fossil fuels, and littering it has only got worse over the years.B. Existing attempts There are cautions being taken by multiply countries in the world. Spain has taken multiply precautions over the years. Even in their biggest cities it is a danger. In madrid Spain in 2013 air pollution got so bad that it was causing death. The government at first did not know what to do. Spain then decided to not use motor vehicles as much. They are recommending riding a bike as much as possible. They are also trying to cut down on the use of factories.A. Spain believes that this problem needs to be changed immediately before it gets even worst. Spain proposes riding bikes for small commutes. At first we might put a toll on some roads for those driving in a vehicle. We would also make the fine larger on littering. Police would also need to pay more attention on littering. We would also move all factories out of the cities.B.As a first world country we greatly believe that pollution in our world is a huge problem that needs to be asses and fixed immediately. It needs to be fixed before diseases spread more and it turns into a plague. Submitted by: United States??????????????????????? ????????????? Committee: World Health Organization (WHO) Topic A: Air Pollution Delegates: Thaija Vincent and Cristina ZubizarettaA healthy environment is essential for our world to progress. Humans disregard the negative impact they have on the environment which in turn causes it to slowly disintegrate. There is only one earth and its resources are essential for our sustenance; therefore it must be taken care of, otherwise our lives will come to an end. Air pollution is a big issue since it harmfully affects not only our earth but also our physical well being. Throughout history, America has added tremendous amounts of gases starting from the Industrial Era in 1790 and thereafter. The method of machines was first introduced on global scale in the early 1800’s and life expectancy started to decrease due to air pollution in more developed countries by the late 1800’s. Urbanization is a huge factor that promotes pollution and it is hard to prevent. Today, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), who protects human health and the environment, proposed National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to regulate emissions of hazardous air pollutants by implementing the Clean Air Act in 1970. Since the enforcement, the U.S. had achieved immense reductions in air pollution thereby preventing thousands of health issues The Act has encouraged the emission of the six major pollutants by 72% and the population has increased by 53% . In fact Congress and the Presidential Executive Orders have imposed many other environmental laws along with the Clean Air Act. These laws and orders have helped the U.S. in extending their measures for reducing air pollution; however they aren’t able to reach EPA’s standards and this incapability is causing citizens to continue having health issues. More reductions of emissions must be taken in the U.S. in order to have a healthy environment, and if urbanization doesn’t decrease, those requirements will be harder to meet.Greater actions must be taken globally in order to minimize air pollution. The top five contributors to air pollution include: fine particles, ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and lead. Countries must take a big step into reducing these top six culprits. EPA has been reducing emissions from power plants, cars, and other sources of emissions that lead to the formation of fine particles but more action must be taken to reduce the PM to a standard size of 2.5. Also, ‘Ozone programs’ must be set to also reduce the amount of emissions that form ground level ozone. Governments must set rules for industrial facilities and control vehicle emissions to reduce carbon monoxide. As Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are the principal pollutants for acid rain, the burning of coal and oil in power plants and also the gases released from cars must be curtailed. The major sources of lead emissions are due to ore and metals processing and piston (engine aircraft) and concentrations must be reduced in order to reduce pollution. If governments and organizations work to enforce more regulations on these top six contributors, then only can these laws be put into action. Air quality standards must be stricter and punishment enforced if countries do not abide by them. Nations would work towards using more efficient technologies that are sustainable and in turn will produce fewer emissions thereby decreasing air pollution. Alternating to these products will essentially create a healthy environment, where pollution is minimal, and humans have less health issues. These requirements must be met in order for the U.S to meet a global resolution.References:"Air Pollution and the Clean Air Act." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2014."Air Pollution: Current and Future Challenges." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2014."Laws and Policy." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2014.JapanAir pollution in the past has been something that many countries struggle with, but countries have gotten more aware about the problems, and have tried to solve them. The Kyoto Protocol, which was first accepted by a country 1997 by the UN, tries to lessen the use of Greenhouse gases that are emitted into the air. The Director of WHO’s Department for Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health states that “The risks from air pollution are now far greater than previously thought or understood, particularly for heart disease and strokes” (“Air Pollution” 4-6). Furthermore, the WHO Coordinator for Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health acknowledges that “Excessive air pollution is often a by-product of unsustainable policies in sectors such as transport, energy, waste management and industry” (“Air Pollution” 33-35). A footnote in the Doha Amendment announces the reduction of the “their overall emissions of such gases by at least 18 per cent below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2013 to 2020” (“Doha Amendment” Section C). This shows how much more greenhouse gases and air pollution there is in the world as the country evolves. Japan has had many problems with air pollution in the past, but has made many positive strides to change that in recent years. It has gotten so extreme that 7 million people died in 2012 as a result of air pollution. A contributor to the air pollution is transportation; Japan has 59 cars for every 100 people. There is also a lot of waste, as there are around 127.3 million people in all of Japan, which is another factor. Tokyo, Japan’s busiest and biggest city has 9 million people, with many factories, as there are many products being made in Japan, this contributes to the pollution. The last factor is that neighboring countries have bad air which travels into Japan and makes it harder for them to have clean air. Japan does not want air pollution and has taken many strides to avoid having air pollution, and has rebooted itself after being very pollutive in the 1960’s.Japan has struggled a lot with trying to get clean air. The problem was a major concern in the 1960’s when emissions of nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide tripled. Contributors to the pollution have been Fukushima, the major volcano which caused a lot of air pollution, all the nuclear power factories, and a lot of toxic waste is from the dumping of chemical company Chisso, who is now developed innovative wastewater-treatment technology. Because the Liberal Democratic party who ran Japan from 1955-2009, and returned in last December, wasn’t proactive in fixing the air pollution problem, Japan has made many reforms in recent years to make up for the Liberal Democratic Party’s lack of helping the problem. Some reforms made recently have been making all taxis Priuses, making recycling mandatory, the Pollution diet of 1970 (14 laws passed at once that helped fix air pollution), the temporary closure of?more than 100 polluting factories, the removal of 30 percent of government vehicles from the streets of Beijing, the Kyoto Protocol and the Doha Amendment, which is Annex B. Other solutions have been using other types of energy like nuclear power, wind, and solar energy. Companies, products, buildings, and cities that were once the most polluting have now redefined themselves and become more eco-friendly. As a result of all these changes, Japan has some of the least polluted cities now.The Kyoto Protocol, which mandates the emission of Greenhouse Gases, has been successful so far, but there could be more revisions to society to eliminate more of the air pollution. Factories should be more efficient, countries should get a better waste management system in busy cities, make more public transit, add a gas tax to fund cleanup, and should educate more on the problem of air pollution. The Kyoto Protocol should be revised to make it stronger, and all countries to sign it as well. The Doha Amendment, which is Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol should be signed by all countries, as it was already ratified 3 days ago. Furthermore, there should be economic and other incentives to manage each country’s air pollution.Works Cited"Quotes on Clean Air Act." Intellectual Takeout (ITO). Intellectual Takeout, n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2014."Air Pollution Now Linked to 1 in 8 Deaths Worldwide, UN Health Agency Reports."?UN News Center. UN, 25 Mar. 2014. Web. 19 Nov. 2014."Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol." Nations United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Print."Japan's Pollution Diet."?Latitude Japans Pollution Diet Comments. 15 Feb. 2013. Web. 19 Nov. 2014. <;."Kyoto Protocol."?Kyoto Protocol. Web. 19 Nov. 2014. <” ................
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