Extending and Embedding the Python …
Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter
Release 2.1.1
Guido van Rossum Fred L. Drake, Jr., editor
July 20, 2001
PythonLabs E-mail: python-docs@
Copyright c 2001 Python Software Foundation. All rights reserved. Copyright c 2000 . All rights reserved. Copyright c 1995-2000 Corporation for National Research Initiatives. All rights reserved. Copyright c 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum. All rights reserved. See the end of this document for complete license and permissions information.
Abstract
Python is an interpreted, object-oriented programming language. This document describes how to write modules in C or C++ to extend the Python interpreter with new modules. Those modules can define new functions but also new object types and their methods. The document also describes how to embed the Python interpreter in another application, for use as an extension language. Finally, it shows how to compile and link extension modules so that they can be loaded dynamically (at run time) into the interpreter, if the underlying operating system supports this feature.
This document assumes basic knowledge about Python. For an informal introduction to the language, see the Python Tutorial. The Python Reference Manual gives a more formal definition of the language. The Python Library Reference documents the existing object types, functions and modules (both built-in and written in Python) that give the language its wide application range.
For a detailed description of the whole Python/C API, see the separate Python/C API Reference Manual.
CONTENTS
1 Extending Python with C or C++
1
1.1 A Simple Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Back to the Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 The Module's Method Table and Initialization Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 Compilation and Linkage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.6 Calling Python Functions from C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.7 Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.8 Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.9 Building Arbitrary Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.10 Reference Counts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.11 Writing Extensions in C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.12 Providing a C API for an Extension Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2 Defining New Types
25
2.1 The Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2 Type Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3 Building C and C++ Extensions on UNIX
33
3.1 Building Custom Interpreters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.2 Module Definition Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.3 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.4 Distributing your extension modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4 Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows
37
4.1 A Cookbook Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.2 Differences Between UNIX and Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.3 Using DLLs in Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5 Embedding Python in Another Application
41
5.1 Embedding Python in C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.2 Linking Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
A Reporting Bugs
43
B History and License
45
B.1 History of the software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
B.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
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