Cornell Notes Template - cabarrus.k12.nc.us



Health Science 1right277482NotesName: _________________Body Systems Notes HS IANATOMY – study of the parts of the ____________________– function of the body__________POSITION – standing __________with face forward, arms at the side, __________forward __________– cells grouped because they are similar in __________, size, structure, and function__________TISSUE – protects the body by covering internal and external surfaces, and produces secretions49756526786700368447626869100ex: skin, 3 types squamous, cuboidal, and columnar24491601058900__________TISSUE – supports and connects organs and tissue__________: stores fat cells__________: firm, flexible support of the embryonic skeleton and part of the adult skeleton__________: attaching skeletal muscle to bone__________: hold bones firmly together at the joints__________TISSUE – has ability to contract and move body39585905715000Cardiac __________; contracts the heart399605517526000Skeletal __________; attached to the skeletonSmooth__________; provides movement in various body systems__________TISSUE – cells that react to stimuli and conduct an impulseneuron __________– formed by putting two thin layers of tissue together, cells may secrete a fluid__________MEMBRANES– lines digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary systems – produces mucous to lubricate and protect the lining__________MEMBRANES – double-walled membrane - produces a watery fluid, lines closed body cavities__________MEMBRANES-the __________part of the membrane that lines the cavity __________MEMBRANE - the part that covers the organs is the__________MEMBRANE – lines thoracic or chest cavity and protects the lungs__________MEMBRANE – lines the heart cavity and protects the heart__________MEMBRANE – lines the abdominal cavity and protects abdominal organsStructural organizationORGANELLES – cell structure which helps a cell to functionORGANS – tissues which form larger functioning and structural unitsORGAN SYSTEMS – groups of organs that act together to perform a specific related functionORGANISM – anything capable of carrying on __________Organ systems__________= system which regulates body temperature, eliminates waste, synthesized Vitamin D, has temperature, pressure, and pain receptors__________= system which gives shape to the body, protects, helps form blood and stores mineralsMuscular = system which determines __________, produces heat, and provides movement__________= system that prepares food for absorption and use by body cells through modification of physical and chemical stressRespiratory = system that acquires __________and rids body of carbon dioxideUrinary / Excretory = system which removes __________of metabolism from the bodyCirculatory = system which circulates __________throughout bodyExcretory= system responsible for waste removal__________= system that communicates, controls, and coordinates body activities__________= system that manufactures hormonesReproductive = system that reproduces human beings Label the body systems!20808955905528689301447803635375609603799205229044500115316019678650022923501605280003221990141033500 302236317131000 12979402032000239077538417500382143048006000321437020320000146494521780500Anatomic Position and DirectionANTERIOR or __________– front or in front of__________or DORSAL – back or in back ofCRANIAL – refers to the __________of the body__________– means tail endSUPERIOR – __________or above something__________– lower or below somethingMEDIAL – toward the middle__________– toward the side of bodyPROXIMAL – toward the point of __________to the body or the trunk of the body__________– away from the point of attachment to the bodySUPERFICIAL (__________) – near the surface or outside the body__________ (INTERNAL) – inside the bodyBody Planes and SectionsPLANES – imaginary __________dividing planesSECTION – cut made through the body in the direction of a certain plane__________PLANE – divides the body into right and left parts CORONAL (__________) PLANE – vertical cut at right angles to saggital plane, divides the body into anterior and posterior portions__________PLANE – cross-section, a horizontal cut that divides the body into upper and lower partsCavities of the BodyDORSAL CAVITY – contains brain and __________cord __________CAVITY- the brain SPINAL CAVITY - the spinal cord ANTERIOR or __________CAVITY contains the __________and ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITIESthoracic cavity contains the lungs and heartABDOMINAL CAVITY contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder and pancreas__________CAVITY contains __________bladder and reproductive organsAbdominal QuadrantsAbdominal Regions Skeletal System Cornell Notes HS IBone Formation__________: mature bone cell__________- bone cells that deposit new bone….__________- Cell that absorbs bone__________- mineral matter starts to replace previously formed cartilage, creating bone__________- baby’s soft spot XTypes of Bone__________bone- bone of arms and legsFlat bones- bones of skull and ribs__________bones- spinal column Short bones- wristStructures of Long Bones__________- shaft __________- endsMedullary canal- center of the diaphysis__________- lining of the marrow canal that keeps the cavity intact__________- outside covering of the boneArticular __________- smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they form jointsAxial SkeletonContains the __________, spinal column, __________, sternum, hyoidSkull Bones186309051435VomerZygomatic archMandibleMaxillaHyoid boneExternal Auditory Meatus00VomerZygomatic archMandibleMaxillaHyoid boneExternal Auditory MeatusFrontal boneOccipital bone 2 Parietal bone2 Temporal boneNasal boneMastoid processStyloid processSpinal BonesVertebral structureBody, foramen, spiny processCervical vertebrae-__________Thoracic vertebra-12Lumbar vertebrae-__________Sacrum-1Coccyx-1Ribs and SternumSternum divided into 3 parts – bottom tip is __________PROCESS?12 pairs of ribs 7 __________ribs: connect to sternum3 false ribs: connect to cartilage of 7th 2 __________Hyoid boneNot attached to any other bonesSupports __________weight __________SkeletonContains upper extremities, __________girdles, arms, wrists, and hands, lower extremities, hip girdle legs, ankles, and __________Shoulder Girdle and Arm__________– collar bonescapula – shoulder bladehumerus – upper arm__________and ulna – lower arm (radius thumb side)carpals – wrist bones – held together by ligaments__________– hand bonesphalanges – __________Pelvic Girdle and Legspelvis – 3 bones (ilium, __________, and pubis)femur – upper leg, longest and strongest bone in body__________and fibula – lower legpatella – kneecaptarsal bones – __________calcaneus – heel bone__________– foot bonesPhalanges-toesJointsBall and __________One bone has a ball at one endThe other has a concave socketAllows for the greatest range of motionEx: shoulder__________jointMove in one direction or planeex: knee__________jointsBones that rotate across each otherEx: shake head no__________joints– flat surfaces glide across each otherEx: Vertebrae of spineSkeletal System Functions__________: bones help support and provide shape to the body__________: provides protection to internal organs__________storage: calcium and __________make bones strong and help with oxygen__________: blood cell formation that occurs in the red bone marrowMovement: __________muscle and helps move limbs__________-turn downward or backward__________- to turn forward or upward__________- decreases the angle between two bones__________-increasing the angle between two bones__________-movement around one central axis__________-movement away from the midline of the body__________-toward the midline__________- circular movement at a joint Skeletal System DisordersArthritis: __________of the joints2 types __________- most common joint disorder, cause from aging wear and tear, symptoms are joint stiffness, tenderness, swelling, Rx is medication, __________changes__________arthritis- symptoms are stiffness, joint pain and loss of ROM, cause is unknown, Rx is to alleviate symptoms__________: type of arthritis from high uric acid in jointsSymptoms- starts in big toes, throbbing pain, swelling, tender, redCause- __________acid build up (diabetes, obesity, kidney disease)Rx-ibuprofen, steroids, medication to reduce uric acid__________: bones become weak and fragile, porous Cause: low calcium, estrogen, steroid useRx: __________, meds to make bone stronger, lifestyle changes, Symp: pain, shrinking, easy breaks __________is softening and weakening of the bonesSymp: bone pain, tenderness, teeth __________Cause: vitamin __________defeciency Rx- replace vitamin D, eat __________Label the abnormal spinal curvatures.Abnormal Spinal Curvatures__________– humped curvature in the thoracic area of the spine “hunchback”__________– exaggerated inward curvature in the lumbar region of the spine just above the sacrum ”swayback”__________– side to side or lateral curvature of the spine4135120717550024523706477000-444511557000Trauma'sDislocation: bone is __________from its proper position in a jointStrain: __________or tearing of a muscle__________: bone breakSprain: wrenching of a joint, causing a stretching or tearing of __________FracturesGreenstick: fracture common in __________- occurs when the bone is bent and splintered but never completely separatesSimple: bone is __________but no skin is punctured__________: bone is broken or splintered in many pieces embedded in surrounding tissueCompound- most serious, broken bone __________through skinRx: Open __________: surgical intervention with devices such as wires, metal plates or screws to hold the bone in alignment__________reduction: bone fragments are brought into alignment by manipulation and a cast orsplint is applied__________: pulling force is used to hold the bones in place after a fractureMuscular System Notes – HS IOver __________musclesNearly __________our body weight comes from musclesConsist of __________and connective tissueMuscles give us __________and shape.Muscles produce most of our body __________.Types of Muscle: Skeletal muscle__________muscleCardiac muscle__________muscle Skeletal Musclemuscles attached to __________striped or __________because of bandings__________muscles__________muscle cell bundles = muscle fibers__________= cell membraneContract quickly, __________easily, can’t maintain contraction for long period of timeSmooth MuscleFound in walls of digestive system, uterus and blood vessels__________muscleOnly one __________No striations__________controlled by autonomic nervous systemCardiac Muscle__________heart muscle Striated and branched__________Cells are __________– when one __________, they all contractSphincter MuscleSpecial __________musclesOpen and close to control __________of substancesin openings of esophagus, stomach, small __________, anus, urethra and mouthTypes of Connective Tissue: __________and Fascia Tendons: connect __________to bone (have an insertion and an origin) Fascia: Fibrous __________tissue sheets that wrap around muscle bundlesCharacteristics of Muscles__________: when a muscle shortens and reduces the distance between two parts Elasticity: ability to return to the __________length when relaxed__________: ability to respond to stimuliExtensibility: ability to be ____________________: Is a state of being slightly contracted and ready to pull.__________- muscle contracts and shortens ex. Walk__________- tension increase but doesn’t shorten ex. Crunches__________- muscle may shrink or waste away from lack of use__________- enlargement of the muscle cellWhat is muscle fatigue?Is caused by a build up of __________acid in muscles which impedes contractionOxygen converts lactic acid back to __________after exercise oxygen __________- amount of oxygen needed after exercise to return lactic acid back to __________How are muscles named?Location of muscle__________Number of originsLocation of ____________________Not all muscles are named this wayMuscles of facial expression:__________- raises eyebrows & wrinkles forehead__________oris- open and close lipsOrbicularis oculi- closes eyelid__________major- raises corners of mouth (smiling)Buccinator- cheek musclesMuscles of __________ (chewing):Massester- closes jaw__________- Raises jaw, closes mouth and moves jaw backwardMuscles of the Neck:____________________- flexes head, rotates headMuscles of the Trunk/Torso:External intercostals- raise ribs helps w/ breathing__________- helps control breathingRectus abdominis-compresses abdomenExternal and internal obliques- decompress ribs, flexes spinal column and abdominal cavity ____________________dorsi- extension, adduction, flexion from standing and internal rotation of the shoulderMuscles of the Upper Extremity:Trapezius-moves shoulders, extends head__________-abduct the upper armPectoralis major- flex upper arm, helps abduct upper armBiceps __________- flexes lower armTriceps brachii-extends lower arm____________________- pronation/supination, flex at elbow Muscles of the Lower Extremity:Gluteus __________-abducts and rotates thighGluteus Maximus-extends femur and rotates outwardVastus lateralis- extends kneeVastus __________- stabilizes patellaGastrocnemius-points toe and flexes lower legSoleus- extends foot__________- flexes and rotates thigh and legTibialis anterior- dorsiflex foot, walking on heelRectus femoris- flexes thigh & extends lower leg__________- a group of four muscles on the BACK of the thigh__________- group of four muscles on the FRONT of the thighFunctions of the Muscular System:Movement: Skeletal muscle-origins and insertions help muscles moveorigins- part of skeletal muscle attached to fixed structureInsertions- attached to moveable partPosture: Smooth muscle- causes movement of the digestive systemCardiac muscle causes movement of the heartAcetycholine- chemical neurotransmitterMotor unit-motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it stimulatesNeuromuscular junction- junction between the motor neuron fibers which transmits the impulse, and the muscle cell's sarcolemmaBody heat: Muscles release ATP for energy When ATP is released it produces heat and energyDisorders of the Muscular System:FibromyalgiaHerniaMuscle spasmsMuscular dystrophyMyasthenia gravisStrainTendonitisTetanusFibromyalgia:A collection of symptomsChronic muscle pain 3 or more month__________Headache__________and tinglingJoint painTreatment is pain __________, enough sleep, exercise, massage, chiropractor, and stretchingHernia:When an organ protrudes through a __________muscle3 typesAbdominal__________Hiatal Muscle Spasms:Also called muscle __________Sustained __________of the muscle, which may be due to overuseMuscular __________:Muscle cells __________Most common type is Duchenne’s which is a birth defectSymptomsMuscle __________that progressesFallsDelayed walkingNo treatment managing __________onlyMyasthenia __________:__________disorder- immune system attacks healthy tissueSymptoms-__________muscle weaknessDifficulty swallowing or chewingParalysisTreatmentPlenty of restAvoid stress and heatMedicationsThere is no __________ tear in the muscle resulting from __________useTreatment=RICERestIceCompressionElevationTendonitis:Inflammation of the __________SymptomsJoint __________Heat__________SwellingTreatment__________medicationTetanus:Also called __________Caused by __________entering through puncture woundSymptomsSpasms of __________muscles that start in jaw and move throughout bodyTreatment__________RestTetanus vaccine to prevent System Notes Structures include: Blood, Heart, __________, Veins ,CapillariesBLOODStructures of the blood include: __________, Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Thrombocytes PLASMA__________colored liquid__________of the blood volumeContainsWaterProteins Fibrinogen__________globulinNutrientsElectrolytes__________VitaminsEnzymesMetabolic waste productERYTHROCYTESRed blood cells (RBC’s)__________disc shaped cell__________gives the red color and helps with oxygen transport to tissueNormal levels men 14-18g; women 12-16gFunctionOxygenate blood and carry __________ backErythopoiesis__________LEUKOCYTESWhite blood cells (WBC’s)Larger than __________Manufactured in red marrow and __________tissueBody’s defense against injury and disease2 classifications __________Agranulocytes 3 types of granulocytesNeutrophils__________Basophils2 types of __________LymphocytesmonocyteTHROMBOCYTESBlood __________Initiate blood clottingCoagulationDependent on __________Clotting time is normally from 5-15 minutesBLOOD TYPES4 major groups/typesA__________ABOInherited from parentsType is determined by presence or absence of __________Antigens are on surface of RBC and cause the release of __________Someone with type A antigen has __ antibodiesSomeone with type B antigen has __ antibodiesSomeone with type __ antigen has no antibodiesSomeone with type ___ antigen has A and B antibodies RH FACTORNamed because it was found in a Rhesus monkeyRefers to a specific __________found on the surface of red blood cells+ or – based on if protein is present__________ are positive15% are negativeBlood ReactionsWrong blood type causes antibodies to form and body fights them offWrong Rh factor causes antibodies to form and the body fights them offUniversal __________: O-Universal Recipient: __________FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOODTransportation of nutrients, oxygen, cellular waste products, and hormonesRegulationHeatAcid/base balanceProtection against infectionEx WBC’sHEARTStructures of the Heart__________: tip, lies on diaphragm, points leftAvg 72 beats per minuteBlood circulation__________ (general): blood flow through whole body ____________________: blood flow from heart to lungs and back4 __________Ventricles on the ____________________on the topNamed for the sideRight atriumLeft atriumRight ventricleLeft ventricleMAKE SURE YOU CANLABEL THE STRUCTURES OF THE HEART, THE MAJORVESSELS OF CARDIOPULMONARY CIRCULATION, AND THATYOU UNDERSTAND THE FLOW OF BLOOD IN THE BODY (SYSTEMIC AND CARDIOPULMONARY CIRCULATION).4 valves __________between right atrium and right ventricle__________or Mitral between left atrium and left ventriclePulmonary semilunar __________semilunar3 layersPericardium- layer around the heartMyocardium- major portion of the heart__________-inner lining tissue; lines valves and blood vessels for smooth transit__________- partition (wall) that separates right half from left halfMajor Blood VesselsAorta-blood from L ventricle to bodySuperior Vena Cava-deoxygenated blood to right atrium Inferior Vena Cava-deoxygenated blood to right ventricle Pulmonary artery-blood from R ventricle to lungs for oxygenPulmonary veins-oxygenated blood from lungs to L atriumBlood Flow in the HeartHeart sounds are Lubb Dubb__________or diastolic is the relaxation phaseSystole or systolic is the contractions phase __________allow flow in one directionFunction of the heart and blood vessels__________Electrical activityAV (atrioventricular) nodeSA (sinoatrial) node__________circulationCardiopulmonary circulationTransportationHeart Contractions__________: body’s own pacemaker in R atrium__________: conducting cell group btwn atria and ventricles carries impulse to bundle of hisBundle of his: conducting fibers in septum sends impulse to __________Purkinje fibers: cause __________to contract Blood VesselsArteriesCarry oxygenated blood from heart to capillariesArteries > __________> capillaries__________- in neckBrachiocephalic- R arm, head, shoulder__________- shoulderAxillary- axilla area__________- upper arm and elbow areasRadial- arm, wristThoracic aorta-chest cavity__________- groinPopliteal-knee area__________pedis- ankle__________- top of footVeinsCarry deoxygenated blood from capillaries to heartVeins > Venules > Capillaries__________-face, head, neckSubclavian- shoulder, upper limbs____________________- R head,shoulderAxillary- axilla areaBrachial- upper arm__________- lower arm, wristSuperior vena cava-upper bodyInferior vena cava- lower body and abdomenGreat saphenous-upper leg____ ______-upper leg and groin__________- kneeDorsalis venous arch-footCapillariesThe smallest blood vesselsConnect __________to venules Pulse Sites: Temporal, __________, Brachial, Radial, __________, Popliteal, Dorsalis PedisPulse: expansion or contraction of artery as blood flows through it 60-__________beats a minuteCount for 15-60 seconds then multiplyDISORDERSCirculatory System Disorders__________body does not have enough healthy red blood cellsCauses are slow blood loss, __________changes, surgery, pregnancyS/S- __________, weak, fatigue, pale colorRx- supplements, blood transfusionMany types: iron, B12, __________CELL ANEMIAred blood cells form an abnormal sickle or?__________shapeinherited from both parents, more common in African Americanss/s- __________, paleness, increased HR, confusion, pain when in crisisRx- manage symptoms, fluid, restCONTUSIONA __________caused when blood vessels are damaged or __________as the result of a blow to the skin s/s- pain and color changeRx- __________Heals within 5-7 daysHEMATOMAcollection of blood outside of a blood vessel, usually clotteds/s-__________, redness, pain, and swellingRx- RICEDifference is size and inflammation EMBOLISM________________in a blood vessel due to a blood clot Causes: bed rest, surgery, obesity, and old ageS/S-pain caused by movement or breathing, leg swelling, bluish skin, __________, swollen neck veins Rx- hospitalize and dissolve clot with medicationTHROMBUSblood __________that forms in a vessel and remains theres/s- __________, pain, redness and warmthRx-anticoagulant medications, dietary changes____________________group of bleeding disorders in which it takes a long time for the blood to clots/s: bleeding that won’t stopRx- replacing the missing clotting factor caused by a lack of enough factor VIII or IXUsually occurs in __________POLYCYTHEMIAToo many __________s/s- dizziness, bleeding, headache, shortness of breath, red colorRx- removing blood and reduce thicknessSEPTICEMIA__________infection of the bloodCaused by heart, bone, or nervous system __________S/S- chills, fever, confusion, red spots, rapid heart rateRx- antibiotics, fluids, oxygenLEUKEMIA__________of the body's blood-forming tissues, including the __________marrow and the lymphatic systemS/S- fatigue, fever, chills, weight loss, bone painCause is unknownRx- chemotherapy, __________, stem cell replacementMULTIPLE MYELOMACancer that starts in __________s/s- bleeding problems, brittle bone, fatigue, fevers, shortness of __________Rx- steroids, radiation, bone marrow transplantERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALISCaused by incompatibility between a mother's blood type and that of her unborn childs/s- yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice), low muscle tone (hypotonia) and lethargyRx-__________DISEASES OF THE HEARTARRHYTHMIA (or ______________) – any change from normal heart rate or rhythmBRADYCARDIA – slow heart rate (<60 bpm)TACHYCARDIA – rapid heart rate (>100 bpm) ANGINA __________– chest pain, caused by lack of oxygen to heart muscle, treat with ________________to dilate coronary arteriesMYOCARDIAL ________________________________________or heart attackLack of blood supply to myocardium causes damageDue to __________of coronary artery or blood clot Amount of damage depends on size of area deprived of oxygenSymptoms – severe __________pain radiating to left shoulder, arm, neck and jaw. Also nausea, diaphoresis, dyspnea.Immediate __________care is criticalRx – bedrest, oxygen, medicationMorphine for pain, tPA to dissolve clot__________therapy to prevent further clots from formingAngioplasy and by-pass surgery may be necessary__________bypass- creating an alternate route for blood supply to myocardiumUsually a vein from the legAngiogram-x-ray of blood vessels using dye__________- cardiopulmonary resuscitation, used when in cardiac arrest (heart stops)____________________- electrical shock to bring heart back to normal rhythm CORONARY __________DISEASECoronary arteries- arteries that supply __________blood to heart muscle Disease of coronary arteries, narrowings/s- chest pain, fatigue, shortness of breath, __________ (fluid in tissue)Rx- medication to treat causes, diabetes, obesity, high blood pressureDiagnosed with electrocardiogram which measures electrical activity of the heartBLOOD PRESSURE DISORDERSHYPERTENSIONHigh blood pressure“__________killer” – usually no symptomsCondition leads to strokes, heart attacks, and kidney failure140/90 or higherHigher in African-Americans and post-menopausal womenRisk factors = __________, overweight, stress, high fat diets, family historyTreatment = relaxation, low fat diet, exercise, weight loss, medication__________– low blood pressure, systolic <100May cause dizziness or __________Can be due to position change, dehydration,BLOOD VESSEL DISORDERS__________– ballooning of an artery, thinning and weakening__________VEINS – swollen, __________veins – heredity or due to posture, prolonged periods of standing, physical exertion, age and pregnancyHEART FAILUREheart is no longer able to pump out enough oxygen-rich bloodSystolic or diastolic failureCx: CAD and HTNRx: monitor wgt gain, salt intake, smoking/drink, heart transplantHEART __________Abnormal sounds during your heartbeat cycle — such as whooshing or swishingS/S-Skin that appears blue, __________or sudden weight gain, shortness of breath, chronic cough, poor appetite and failure to grow normally (in infants), chest pain, dizziness, and faintingRx-medication or surgeryPERIPHERAL __________DISEASEnarrowed __________reduce blood flow to your limbsArteriosclerosis- Hardening of the arteries__________- Plaque build up in the arteriess/s-chest pain, numbness, HTN, can lead to aneurysmRx- medication to lower __________, blood thinners, surgery (stent, bypass) PULMONARY __________Usually caused by CHF, fluid builds up in the __________reducing normal oxygen movement through the lungs/s- wheezing, air hungry, coughing up blood or frothy bloodRx- O2, medication Prevention is important TRANSIENT _________________ATTACK (TIA)“Mini __________”, temporary loss/reduction of blood flow to the brainS/S- speech difficulty, numbness or tingling one side, loss of mov’t to one side,Cx- irregular heartbeat, smoking, high cholesterol, Rx- blood __________, diet changes, exercise, prevent a stroke Lymphatic System NotesStructures include:Lymph Fluid__________VesselsLymph __________Tonsils__________Thymus__________ Fluidgo-between for __________and tissue __________colored similar to plasmaAKA Interstitial fluidComposed of H2O, __________, some granulocytes, O2, digested nutrients, hormones, salts, CO2 and ureaDoesn’t contain RBC’s or __________Carries digested food, O2 and hormones to cells and carries wastes back to capillaries for excretionSkeletal muscle __________and moves fluid__________prevent back flow Lymphatic VesselsAccompany and closely __________veinsLocated in almost __________tissues and organs that have blood vessels Tissue lymph enters small lymph vessels which drain into larger vessels called __________They then flow into one of two large, main lymphatics__________duct aka left lymphatic ductRight __________ductFlows in __________direction, toward the heartLymphatic Ducts__________duct receives lymph fluid from the left side of the chest, head, neck, abdominal area and lower limbs left __________vein superior vena cava heartRight lymphatic duct receives lymph fluid from the right arm, right side of the head and upper trunk right subclavian __________vena cava heart__________NodesTiny __________shaped structures ranging from pinhead to almond sizeLocated only or in groupsSite for lymphocyte production and filtering harmful substances (bacteria or cancer cells)If substance can’t be destroyed, node becomes inflamedTonsilsMasses of ______________tissue that produce lymphocytes and __________bacteria, shrink as we age__________pairs of tonsilsPalatine- sides the soft ____________________- upper part of the throatLingual- back of the __________Spleen Sac-like mass of lymphatic tissueLocated in the ____________________just below diaphragmForms lymphocytes and monocytesStores large amounts of __________During excessive bleeding spleen contracts releasing RBC’s into circulationDestroys and removes old RBC’s__________Located in upper anterior part of the thorax above the heartProduces lymphocytesAlso considered an __________gland because it secretes a hormone to produce lymph cells__________of the Lymphatic System__________balanceFiltration__________productionImmunity Fluid BalanceTransports excess __________fluid back into circulatory systemWhy is this important?FiltrationOccurs in lymph nodesFilters out __________, cancer cells, viruses ect.How does filtration affect the lymphatic system?Lymphocyte ProductionOccurs in the __________, thymus and nodesLymphocytes help the body fight against __________and germsA type of WBC that synthesizes and releases antibodies Why is this important to our health?ImmunityThe body’s ability to resist bacterial invasion and disease2 types of immunity__________- at birth, inherited and permanent Ex- unbroken skin, local inflammation, mucus, tears, blood phagocytes__________-body’s reaction to invadersAcquired 2 types__________acquired immunity- borrowed immunityBabies get this from mothers at birthExposure to a __________Last 3-5 weeks, temporary protection__________acquired immunity- last a lifetime__________acquired- having a disease and recovering (chickenpox)__________acquired- immunizations and vaccines (MMR)IMMUNIZATION – increasing resistance to particular diseases by artificial or natural means__________- Antigen injected into a person to stimulate production of antibodies__________may be dead or weakened bacteria, virus or toxin__________PeriodTime interval between entry of infection and onset of symptomsDisorders of the Lymphatic SystemLymphadenitis__________if the lymph nodeOccurs when the body is fighting infectionReferred to as “__________glands”Cancer and __________DiseaseCancer cells can be in lymph nodes, ____________________must be aware potential problemsHodgkin’s- form of cancer in lymph nodesSymptoms __________swellingTreatment- radiation and chemotherapyPrognosis is good ____________________ShockSevere or __________allergic reaction__________- an antigen that causes allergic responseHypersensitivity abnormal response to a drug or allergen__________/antibody reaction causes massive secretion of histamineSymptoms include __________problems, headache, __________swelling, drop in BP, stomach cramps and vomitingTreatment or antidote is adrenaline or antihistamine__________is good with proper and early treatmentAlways ask patients if they have allergies to food or drugsTonsillitisInfected and __________tonsilsSymptoms are difficulty swallowing, severe sore throat, elevated temperature and chillsTreatment is to cure __________Surgery is done only in extreme cases__________LymphedemaSwelling due to a __________of the lymph passages Causes are radiation, surgery, tumors, and mastectomySymptom is __________Treatment is to wrapped affected area, lymph drainage and ROM exercises Prognosis is ok __________is a lifelong diseaseInfectious MononucleosisAKA “__________” or “the kissing disease” because it is spread by oral contact and Epstein-Barr virusAffects young children and adultsSymptoms are enlarged lymph nodes, fever, __________, high leukocyte countTreat symptoms (virus so no cure), __________and fluids __________Erythematosus__________disease that can be from family predisposition, viruses or even sunlightSymptoms are fatigue, __________and joint pain; in severe cases the body attacks it’s organsTreatment is anti-inflammatory medication and symptom controlThere is __________Seal, Michael Jackson and Nick Cannon have lupusScleroderma__________of the skin and blood vesselsSymptoms are Raynaud’s (__________of finger and toe blood vessels), changes in skin color, painWill result in loss of movement and dyspnea__________cureTreatment is to manage symptomsHIV/AIDSAcquired ____________________SyndromeHuman immunodeficiency virusAIDS suppresses the natural immune defense systemHIV causes __________People with AIDS can’t fight infections and cancersTransmission by:__________with someone who is HIV positiveSharing needles with infected IV drug users At __________from infected motherThree responses to HIV infection:AIDS__________ (AIDS-related complex)Asymptomatic infection-has HIV but no symptomsSymptoms of AIDSProlonged __________Persistent __________or night sweatsPersistent, unexplained coughThick coating in throat or on tongueEasy __________, unexplained bleedingAppearance of purple lesions on mucous membranes or skin that don’t go away__________diarrheaShortness of breathUnexplained ____________________Unexplained weight loss, 10 pounds or more, in less than 2 months__________period is 1 month to 12 yearsHIV/AIDS cont….ScreeningEnzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is an AIDS indicatorWestern Blot test is used after positive ELISA____________________infections- a healthy person would fight off these infections, but a person with AIDS has a compromised immune response.Cannot be spread by:__________contactThrough air, feces, food, urine or water__________, sneezing, embracing, shaking hands and sharing eating utensilsThe AIDS Patient?Sometimes treated as outcastsHealthcare worker should be supportiveUse of gloves for normal patient contact is not necessaryAIDS related complex__________Person contracts HIV and other conditions but not AIDSSymptoms: __________, lymphadenopathy and unexplained weight lossIf life threatening opportunistic infections develop, then individual is said to have AIDSPrevent the spread of HIV/AIDSAvoid __________behaviorProtected sexDo Not share needles or syringesClean soiled clothes, surfaces with soap and hot waterCover open cut, sore, or woundUse __________precautionStandard PrecautionsGuidelines to use in patient care settingMust be used when there is contact with blood, any body fluid (except sweat), mucous membranes and non-intact skin__________– the single most effective way to prevent infectionWash hands after touching body fluids, even if gloves are worn.Wash __________immediately after and between patient contactUse a plain (non-antimicrobial) soap for minimum 10 secondsGloves, gown, mask/eyeshield (when appropriate) and separate equipment__________– worn when touching blood, body fluids, etc.Mask, eye protection, face shield and gown – during patient care activities that may generate splashes or sprays of blood, body fluids, etc.Patient care equipment and linens – handle with care, don’t let it touch your or clothing, clean or discard appropriately.Respiratory System NotesStructures of the upper respiratory systemNoseSinuses__________Epiglottis__________Trachea The noseNasal Cavity- space behind the noseNasal __________-divides nasal cavities into R and L sides__________-bones that protrude into nasal cavity, increase surfaceCilia-the hairs in your nose, trap larger dirt particles The sinuses__________in the skull, ducts connect them to the nasal cavity, lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten the airFrontalMaxillary__________SphenoidGives voice resonanceThe __________Throat Passageway for air and food, about 5” long____________________- above and behind soft palate, Eustachian tubes open in thisOropharynx- oral part of the mouth ____________________Epiglottis- __________flap that prevents food from entering tracheaThe larynxVoice box is the triangular chamber below pharynxvocal cords or __________Sound is formed by vibrations__________AppleThe ____________________; 4 ? in. longWalls are alternate bands of membrane and __________rings of hyaline cartilage – to keep trachea openLined with __________mucous membrane__________gets rid of dust-laden mucousBranches off L and RStructures of the lower respiratory systemLungs__________MediastinumThe lungsCone shaped organs which fill the thoracic cavityUpper part = __________Lower part = __________Lung tissue porous and spongyR Lung has __________ lobesL lung has __________Bronchisimilar to trachea with ciliated mucous membrane and __________cartilageBronchial tubes__________plates Bronchiolesthinner walls of smooth muscle, lined with __________epitheliumAlveoliO2 and CO2 exchange takes place between the alveoli and capillaries Inner surfaces covered with __________to keep alveoli from collapsingSurrounded by capillariesThe __________Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers lungsDouble-walled sacParietal pleura__________pleuraPleural fluid is betweenPleural __________is space where lungs sitfilled with pleural fluid to prevent __________The mediastinum__________space, between the lungsContains the __________, aorta, pulmonary artery and veins, superior/inferior vena cava, __________, trachea, thoracic duct, lymph nodes and vesselsThe DiaphragmFrom muscular systemAids with breathing, lung __________and contractionWhat is the function of the….NoseSinusesPharynxEpiglottisLarynx__________LungsPleuraMediastinumFunctions of the respiratory systemRespirationProduction of __________RespirationAllows the __________of gasesInspiration__________muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves __________increasing lung volumeExpiration__________muscles depress ribs inward, sternum lowers and the diaphragm relaxes and moves __________decreasing lung volume1 inspiration + 1 expirations = 1 __________Normal adult = 14 - 20 __________per minuteIncreases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases.Age - newborn = 40-60/minSleep = respirations Emotion can or rate Situations that alter respirationsCoughingdeep breath followed by forceful __________of air – to clear lower respiratory tractHiccups__________of the diaphragm and spasmodic closure of the __________– irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerveSneezingair forced through nose to clear respiratory tractYawningdeep prolonged breath that fills the lungs, increases oxygen within the bloodControl of BreathingNeural Factors__________OblongataRespiratory center located on CO2 or O2 in the blood will trigger respiratory center__________nervesstimulates the diaphragm__________nerveStimulates nose, larynx, lungs__________FactorsDepends on the levels of __________in the blood Chemoreceptors in __________and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2 ^ in CO2 = ^ __________Types of Breathing__________- temporary stop breathingDyspnea-difficult or labored breathing__________- normal breathingHyperpnea- increased depth and rate__________- difficult breathing when horizontalTachypnea- rapid shallow breathing__________- rapid breathingLung Capacity and Volume__________Measures volume of air during respirationTidal VolumeAmount of air move in and out of lungs w/ each breath~500mLInspiratory __________volume (IRV)Amount of air you can force a person to take in over tidal volume~2100-3000mL__________reserve volume (ERV)Amount of air you can force a person to expel over tidal volume~1000mLVital __________Capacity Tidal volume + IRV + ERV~ 4500mL__________VolumeAmount of air that cannot be voluntarily expelled~1500mL__________Residual CapacityERV + residual volume~2500mLTotal __________CapacityTidal volume +IRV + ERV + residual volume ~6000mLRespiratory System DisordersAsthma__________airway obstructionCaused by allergen or psychological stress__________of US population has asthmaSymptoms include wheezing, dyspnea, difficulty exhaling and chest tightnessTreatment is anti-inflammatory meds, inhaled bronchodilatorsBronchitis__________of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchial tubes, producing excessive mucous, chronic or acuteSymptoms-cough, fever, substernal pain and __________ (raspy sound)Chronic- last for 3 months for 2 consecutive years, cure is to ____________________Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (__________)Term used to indicate chronic lung conditions__________Chronic bronchitisCommon Cold__________viral respiratory infectionIndirect causes - chilling, fatigue, lack of proper food, and not enough sleepTreatment-stay in bed, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutritionAKA Upper Respiratory Infection (__________)____________________– best preventative measureEmphysema__________become over-dilated, lose elasticity, can’t rebound, may ruptureAir is trapped, can’t exhale – forced __________requiredReduced exchange of O2 and CO2__________increases as disease progressesTreatmentalleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O2Influenza__________infection causing inflammation of the mucous membraneFever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme exhaustionComplications – __________, neuritis, otitis media and pleurisyTreatment is to treat the symptomsPneumoniaInfection of the lungCaused by __________or virus__________fill with exudates (thick fluid)Symptoms – chest pain, fever, chills, dyspneaTreament – O2 and antibioticsPneumothoraxCollapsed lungBuildup of air in __________cavityUnaffected lung still worksCaused by __________to chest wall or lung disease (COPD, CF)Treatment- small will heal self…large requires chest tube Sinusitis__________of mucous membrane that lines sinus cavitiesCaused by bacteria or virusSymptoms – __________or pressure, thick nasal discharge, loss of voice resonanceRx – symptomatic, surgery for chronic sinusitisTuberculosisInfectious __________lung diseaseTubercles (lesions) form in the lungsSymptoms: cough, low grade __________in the afternoon, weight loss, night sweatsDiagnosis – __________ skin testIf skin test positive – follow up with chest x-ray and sputum sampleRX – antibiotics Digestive System Notes Fun FactsDigestive systemAlso known as:_____________CanalDigestive TractGastrointestinal TractUpper GILower GIApproximately ____ (feet) in length from mouth to anusStructures of the Upper Digestive SystemMouth TongueTeeth_____________glandsPalateUvula_____________StomachFundusBody_____________Cardiac Sphincter_____________Sphincter The MouthWhere food enters _____________systemInside covered with mucous membraneRoof of mouth is hard palate (bone) and soft palate_____________flap that hangs off soft palate _____________CavityTongueTeeth_____________GlandsPalateUvulaThe tongueAttached to _____________of mouthMade of skeletal muscle attached to four bonesTaste _____________on the surfaceSweetSour_____________SaltyThe Teeth_____________or gums, support and protect teeth_____________chewing, teeth help in mechanical digestionPrimary or _____________teeth are baby teeth (20)Adult mouth has _______ secondary or permanent teethSalivary GlandsThree pairs of glands_____________– largest salivary glandsSubmandibular gland_____________glandSecrete _____________EsophagusMuscular tube, ___ longConnects the pharynx and stomach_____________wall layersMucosaSubmucosa_____________External serousStomachUpper left quadrant of the of the abdominal cavity_____________BodyPylorus_____________SphincterPyloric Sphincter_____________Structures of the Lower Digestive SystemSmall intestine_____________JejunumIleum Pancreas_____________GallbladderLarge intestine CecumVermiform appendixAscending colon_____________colonDescending colonSigmoid_____________anusThe Small IntestineDuodenum First segment ___ longJejunum Second segment ____ longIleumThird segment______longAccessory Organs of DigestionPancreasLocated behind _____________secretes _____________enzymesLiverLargest _____________in the bodyLocated below diaphragm,Connected to _____________and small intestine by ductsGallbladderSmall green organ, inferior surface of the liverStores and concentrates __________until needed by the bodyWhen _____________foods digested, bile released by gallbladderThe Large Intestine_____________semi-liquid food Approx 2” in _____________Also called the colon_____________– lower right portion of large intestine_____________is finger-like projection off cecumRectum last portion of large intestine_____________external openingDigestion_____________– soft, pliable ball – creating from chewing and addition of saliva – it slides down esophagus_____________– wavelike motions, moves food along esophagus, stomach and intestinesIn the _____________…saliva softens food to make it easier to swallow_____________in saliva converts starches into simple sugarunder nervous control – just thinking of food can cause your mouth to waterIn the _____________…gastric (digestive) juices are releasedstomach walls churn and mix (This mixture is chyme) small amount of _____________enters duodenum at a time - controlled by _____________sphinctertakes 2-4 hours for stomach to emptyIn the small intestine…where _____________is completed and absorption occursaddition of enzymes from pancreas and bile from liver/_____________In the large _____________…regulation of H2O balance by absorbing large quantities back into bloodstreambacterial action on _____________food – decomposed products excreted through colon – bacteria form moderate amounts of B complex and _____________gas formation – 1-3 pints/day, pass it through rectum (_____________) 14 times a day, bacteria produce the gas_____________– undigested semi-solid consisting of bacteria, waste products, mucous and cellulose_____________– when large intestine fills, defecation reflex triggered – colon and rectal muscles contract while internal sphincter relaxes – external anal _____________under conscious controlFunctions of the Digestive SystemMouthFood is digested by cutting, ripping and grinding action of the teeth when chewing, _____________Incisors are for biting_____________are for tearing_____________are for crushing and grinding_____________in saliva converts starches to simple sugarUvula prevents food from entering nasal cavityPharynx- food enters and is moved to _____________, voluntary processEsophagus_____________– wavelike motions, moves food along esophagus, stomach and intestinesNon-voluntary movement of food_____________puts pressure on the esophagus and prevents heartburnStomachFood enters through the _____________sphinctergastric (digestive) juices are releasedstomach walls churn and mix making _____________small amount of _____________enters _____________at a time - controlled by pyloric sphinctertakes _____________hours for stomach to emptySmall intestineabsorption occurs in the _____________- which are connected to bloodstreamaddition of _____________from pancreas and bile from liver/gallbladderDigestive juices protease breakdown proteinAmylase breakdown starchesLipase breakdown fat_____________secretes digestive enzymesLiver Produce and store glucose in the form of __________________________alcohol, drugs and other harmful substancesManufacture blood proteins and bileStore Vitamins __________________________complexGallbladder breaks down fatLarge intestine_____________-regulation of H2O balance absorbs large quantities Bacteria attack undigested food and excretes wasteFlatulence or __________________________, 1-3 pints/day, pass it through rectum 14 times a day, bacteria produce the gasFeces undigested semi-solid consisting of _____________, waste products, mucous and celluloseDefecation when __________________________fills, defecation reflex triggered – colon and rectal muscles contract while internal sphincter relaxes – external anal _____________under conscious controlProcesses of DigestionChemical_____________and saliva breaking down foodPhysicalMastication breaking down foodAbsorption_____________food passes into _____________and on to body cellElimination Disorders of the Digestive SystemAnorexiaAnorexia_____________or poor appetiteSymptomAnorexia NervosaAnorexia _____________Eating disorder characterized by refusal to eat_____________disorderCaries_____________or hole in the toothCaused by un-removed plaqueSymptoms are tooth pain or _____________holeCleft PalateOccurs in infantsCauses can be _____________, viruses, or toxins in fetusesTreatment is either the palate closes itself or surgeryMay have speech and _____________problemsCholecystitisInflammation of _____________Caused by blocked duct and bile builds upSymptoms are abdominal pain, n/v, sweatsTreatment _____________or surgeryCirrhosisChronic, progressive _____________of liverNormal tissue replaced by fibrous connective tissue_____________caused by excessive alcohol consumptionJaundice-_____________color to skin and body fluidsGastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)Cardiac _____________is weak or relaxes inappropriately_____________contents move into esophagusCausesAlcohol use_____________herniaObesity PregnancyRx- MedicationHepatitisSymptomsAbdominal pain Dark-colored urine _____________Jaundice Joint pain Loss of appetite _____________VomitingHepatitis A Infectious _____________Cause – virusSpread through contaminated _____________or H2OHepatitis B Caused by virus found in bloodTransmitted by blood _____________or being stuck with contaminated needles Health care workers at risk and should be _____________Use standard _____________for preventionHepatitis CCaused by _____________infectionIV drug use biggest risk factor_____________treat symptoms chronic diseaseHepatitis DFound in _____________of Hepatitis BMakes Hepatitis B symptoms _____________Hepatitis ECaused by _____________drinking waterSymptoms develop _____________days after exposureCan be spread through _____________up to 14 days after symptoms startGastroenteritisInflammation of mucous membrane lining of _____________and intestineCommon cause = _____________symptoms _____________and _____________for 24-36 hoursComplication = _____________Peptic Ulcer Disease (_____________)Sore or lesion that forms in the mucosal lining of the _____________Name by location ie gastric ulcers in stomach _____________ (_____________) is primary causeLifestyle risk factors: cigarette smoking, alcohol, _____________, certain drugsS/S burning pain in abdomen, _____________meals and early morning, may be helped by eating or antacidDx– x-ray, presence of bacteriaRx – _____________ (medication) that block release of histamineIrritable Bowel Syndrome (_____________)Chronic diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, abdominal cramping and bloody stool2 diseases are considered IBS_____________Disease_____________ColitisDiarrheaLoose, _____________, frequent bowel movements when feces pass along colon too rapidlyCaused by _____________, poor diet, nervousness, toxic substances or irritants in foodRx- fluids ConstipationDefecation _____________, feces become dry and hardRx – diet with cereals, fruits, vegetables, (_____________), drinking plenty of fluids, exercise, and avoiding tensionNervous SystemNervous System Divisions_____________nervous system (CNS)Communication and coordination system of the body_____________and reasoningbrain and spinal cordPeripheral Nervous system (PNS)_____________nerves and spinal nerves Autonomic Nervous system (ANS)_____________nerves and ganglia Sympathetic___________________Cellular Structures of the Nervous SystemNeuron_____________cellTransmits a message from one cell to the nextHas a nucleus, _____________, and cell membraneDendritesNerve cell _____________that carry impulse to cell bodyMay be _____________or many AxonCarries _____________away from cell bodyOnly _____________on a neuronMyelin sheath (_____________)Covering that speeds up the nerve impulse along the axonMyelin is a _____________substance that protects the axonSynapse_____________between neurons, messages go from one cell to the next Types of NeuronsSensory Neurons (_____________)from the skin or sense organs, carry impulses _____________cord and brainMotor Neurons (_____________)carry messages _____________and spinal cord to muscles and glandsAssociative Neurons (_____________) carry impulses __________________________ neurons to motor neuronsStructures of the Central Nervous SystemBrain_____________mass of soft nervous tissue100 billion neuronsProtected by skull, _____________membranes called meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)Adequate blood supply is needed, brain tissue will die in 4-_____________without O2Divided into _____ major parts: cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brain stemCerebrum _____________part of the brainDivided into R and L hemispheres by deep _____________ (longitudinal fissure)_____________: elevated folds on the surface of the cerebrum, they increase the surface area of the brain_____________: fissure or grooves separating cerebral convolutionsDivided into four lobes: _____________, pareital, occipital and temporal-64135000DiencephalonLocated between _____________and midbrainComposed of Thalamus, _____________, Pineal body, _____________glandLimbic systemLocated in the _____________of the brainEncircles the top of the _____________stemCerebellum Located _____________the pons and below the cerebrumComposed of _____________hemispheresBrain stemConsist of _____________, Pons and Medulla oblongataPathway for _____________and descending tractsMeningesDura _____________Outermost layer lines inside of skull, tough dense fibrous _____________tissueArachnoidMiddle layer resembles fine _____________Pia materInnermost layer comprised of _____________vessels held together by connective tissue_____________Space between dura and arachnoidSubarachnoid space between arachnoid and __________mater filled with _____________acts as shock absorber and source of nutrients Ventricles Right and left _____________ventriclesThird ventricle _____________and below the lateral ventriclesFourth _____________is below the 3rd, in front of the cerebellum and behind the pons and medulla oblongatalined cavities deep within the brainfilled with _____________fluidChoroid _____________– rich network of blood vessels Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Forms inside _____________of the brainServes as a liquid shock absorber protecting the brain and spinal cordBlood-brain _____________– choroid plexus capillaries prevent _____________ (like drugs) from penetrating brain tissue – this makes infections, like meningitis, difficult to cureLumbar _____________ (LP)removal of CSF from spinal canal, needle puncture between 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebraeSpinal CordBegins at foramen _____________and continues down to _____________ lumbar vertebraeWhite and soft, in spinal canalSurrounded by _____________fluid, vertebrae, and meningesStructures of the Peripheral Nervous SystemAll of the nerves of the body and _____________Cranial nerves _____________nervesAutonomic nervous system is special part of _____________-2921171988648V11. Facial ExpressionV111. Hearing and balance1X. Throat muscle and tasteX. throat muscles, heart, digestive systemX1. neck movementX11. tongue movement00V11. Facial ExpressionV111. Hearing and balance1X. Throat muscle and tasteX. throat muscles, heart, digestive systemX1. neck movementX11. tongue movement-3833683984201. smell11. vision eyesight111. eye movement1V. Eye movementV. face and teeth muscle/chewingV1. eye movement001. smell11. vision eyesight111. eye movement1V. Eye movementV. face and teeth muscle/chewingV1. eye movementNervesBundle of nerve fibers enclosed by _____________tissueSensory, _____________or mixedCranial Nerves_____ pairsBegin in the brainDesignated by _______and name2310765130175On Old Olympus Terrific Top A Finn and German Vault And Hop00On Old Olympus Terrific Top A Finn and German Vault And HopI.OlfactoryII._____________III.OculomotorIV.TrochlearV._____________VI.AbducensVII._____________VIII.VestibulocochlearIX.GlossopharyngealX._____________XI.AccessoryXII.Hypoglossal_____________NervesStart at spinal cord and go through openings in vertebrae___ pairs of spinal nervesAll are mixed nervesNamed in relation to their _____________on the spinal cord Structures of the Autonomic Nervous SystemRegulates _____________of visceral organs Not subject to _____________control, controls involuntary or automatic activitiesFunctions of the Central Nervous System_____________Nervous SystemFrom the base brain, and both sides of the spinal cordThese nerves connect to all internal organsthe “_____________or flight” system – when the body perceives danger, SNS sends message to adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline – _____________increases____________________ Nervouscounters effects of SNS, ______________heart rateNeurons______________neurons-emerge from the skin or sense organs, carry impulses to spinal cord and brain______________neurons-carry messages from ______________and spinal cord to muscles and glands______________neurons-carry impulses from ______________neurons to motor neuronsFunctions of the Peripheral NervousSystemControl the automatic or involuntary activities of the bodyTo act as reflex center of the bodyWhy can spinal cord and PNS both be reflex centers???Functions of the Cerebrum Functions of the Spinal NervesSends messages to and from spinal cord and brain to all parts of the bodyFunctions of the Autonomic Nervous SystemRegulates activities of visceral organs Sympathetic Nervous SystemSpeeds up heart rate w/ fearCauses secretion of adrenaline Parasympathetic Nervous System Slows HRReverses the sympathetic responseReflex ActUnconscious and involuntaryReceptors pick up stimuli ( in heat, light, ect) and react is called responseIn a simple reflex, only a sensory nerve and motor nerve involved – example, “knee-jerk” reflexDisorders of the Nervous SystemAlzheimer’s DiseaseProgressive disease that begins with problems rememberingNerve endings in cortex of brain degenerate and block signals that pass between nerve cellsCalled plaquesAbnormal fibers build up creating tanglesCause – unknown could be virus, genetics, or environmental factorsFirst stage (2-4 years) involves confusion, short-term memory loss, anxiety, poor judgment2nd stage (2-10 years) increase in memory loss, difficulty recognizing people, motor problems, logic problems, and loss of social skills3rd stage (1-3 years) inability to recognize oneself, weight loss, seizures, mood swings and aphasiaCerebral PalsyDisturbance is voluntary muscular action due to brain damageCause- unknown, may be from birth injury or abnormal brain developmentSymptoms: head rolling, grimacing, difficulty with speech or swallowing and spastic quadriplegia (muscle tightens)No impairment of intellectEpilepsySeizure disorder of the brain, characterized by recurring and excessive discharge from neuronsSeizures believed to be result of spontaneous, uncontrolled electrical activity of neuronsCause – uncertainVictim may have hallucinations and seizuresGrand mal – severe, convulsive seizurePetit mal – milderRx- anticonvulsantsHydrocephalusIncreased volume of CSF w/in ventricles of the brainCause: blockage in 3rd or 4th ventricleHead enlargementRx: shunt or bypass to prevent pressure buildupMeningitisInflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cordMay be bacterial or viralSymptoms – headache, fever and stiff neckIn severe form, may lead to paralysis, coma and deathIf bacterial, may be treated with antibioticsMultiple Sclerosis (MS)Inflammatory disease of CNS when immune cells attack myelin sheath destroying sheath and delaying or blocking nerve impulsesCause: unknownSymptoms: weakness in extremities, dbl vision, nystagmus, speech problems, loss of coordination and possible paralysisUsually strikes ppl 20-40 yrs. old and 2/3 are womenDisease has flare ups and is progressiveRx: Medications treat flare up and slow progression, rest, exercise, and minimal stressNeuritisInflammation of a nerve or nerve trunkSymptoms: pain, hypersensitivity, loss of sensation, muscular atrophy, weakness, paresthesia (tingling, burning, crawling of skin)Causes- infection, chemical, or other dx such as alcoholismRx- eliminate cause and relieve symptomsParalysisLoss of power of motion or sensationHemiplegia- paralysis to one side of the bodyCause- stroke, spinal cord injury, nerve disorders (ALS, Polio, Bell’s Palsy)Rx- rehab to prevent atrophy, may never regain use of affected areaParkinson’s DiseaseSymptoms: tremors, shuffling gait, pill-rolling hands, difficulty initiating mov’t and muscular rigidityCause: decrease in dopamine productionRx- no cure, medications to replace dopamine (L-dopa) and treat symptomsPoliomyelitisInfections of nerve pathways in spinal cord that causes paralysisSymptoms: Headache, sore throat, vomitingRx- Vaccine, treat symptoms Spinal Cord InjuryCauses- Assault, falls, gunshot wounds, motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries (particularly diving into shallow water), arthritis, cut, pull or bleeding in spinal cordSymptoms: spasticity, numbness, sensory changes, weakness, paralysisRx- surgery, steroids, braces, rehabHow well a person does depends on the level of injury. Injuries near the top of the spine lead to more disability than injuries low in the spineComplications: respiratory illnesses, bed sores, UTI, incontinence, DVT, and contracturesWest Nile VirusVirus passed by infected mosquito's, typically affects very young/old and immunocompromised Symptoms: abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea, swollen lymph nodes, rash, muscle aches and can lead to encephalitis or meningitisRx- Treat symptoms, wait for virus to clear (3-6 days)Functions of the CerebrumFrontal Lobecontrols motor functions, R side controls ______________movement of the L; 2 areas for speech EmotionsPersonalityMoralityIntellectSpeechParietal LobeSensory area, receptors for ______________, touch, heat, and coldOccipital Lobevisual area, controls ______________Temporal LobeAuditory area, ______________area______________cortexCovers the brain, aka gray matterControls ______________thought, judgment, memory, reasoning, and ______________Functions of the CerebellumMaintain ______________and muscle toneCoordinate ______________movement, control of all voluntary movementInjury or ______________results in ______________impairmentFunctions of the Limbic SystemActs as brains ______________centerDopamine is released from limbic systemControls fear, ______________and rageFunctions of the DiencephalonThalamus Relays sensory ______________to cerebrum Hypothalamus______________nervous control, cardiac control, temperature control, appetite control, water ______________, oxytocin manufactured, GI control, ______________state and ______________control9 vital functions Functions of the BrainstemMidbrainResponsible for ______________and hearingPons ______________controlMedulla Oblongata ______________rate and B/P control, depth and rate of respiration, ______________and vomitingFunctions of the Spinal Cord and CSFSpinal cordReflex center and ______________pathway to and from the brainCSF______________absorber, transports nutrients and removes waste 428625254000 Sensory System-Health Science ISight, ______________, Smell, Taste, ______________Structures of the Eye1” in diameterProtected by ______________socket of skull, ______________, eyelashes and eyelidsExternal eye______________Eyelids and eyelashesConjunctiva______________apparatusExtrinsic musclesInternal EyeSclera______________IrisChoroid Coat______________Ciliary bodyLensAqueous humor______________Vitreous humorScleraOuter layer______________of the eyeTough coating, helps maintain shape of eye and protects what’s inside______________responsible for moving the eye are attached to the sclera- ______________musclesCorneaFront of sclera – ______________part (no blood vessels)Transparent so light rays can pass throughGets ______________and nutrients through lymphIris______________, muscular layer surrounding pupil Choroid Coat______________layerContains blood vesselsPupilOpening into choroid coat, ______________part of eye______________muscle change size of iris to control amount of light entering through the pupilLens______________structure located behind iris and pupilElastic, ______________-shaped, biconvexSituated between the ______________and posterior chambers______________humorwatery fluid that fills ______________eye Structures of the Eye ContinuedRetina______________layerLight rays focus an image on the retinaThe image travels to the ______________cortex via the ______________NERVE______________Humortransparent, jellylike substance fills ______________eyeIf light rays don’t focus properly on the retina, corrective lenses can ______________the light rays as required.Retina contains specialized cells – ______________and ______________RODS – sensitive to ______________lightCONES – sensitive to ______________light and color______________DISC – on the retina, known as the blind spot – nerve fibers gather here to form the optic nerve, _____ rods or conesVISION PATHWAYImages in light - cornea -pupil - lens - light is bent/refracted - Retina - Rods and cones - Optic nerve - Optic chiasma (where two nerves meet) - Optic tract - Occipital lobe for interpretationMake sure you can answer these questions!What are the external structures of the eye?What are the internal structures of the eye?What is the pathway of vision?Structures of the Ear3 partsOuter______________inner earOuter EarPINNA (______________) – outer ear, collects sound wavesEXTERNAL ______________CANAL – ear canal______________– earwax, protects the ear______________MEMBRANE – ear drum, separates outer and middle earStructures of the Ear ContinuedMiddle EarCavity in ______________boneConnects with ______________by ______________TUBE – which equalizes pressure in the middle ear with outside atmosphereBones in middle ear that ______________sound waves from ear drum to inner ear______________ (hammer)INCUS (______________)______________ (stirrup)Inner EarContains spiral shaped organ of hearing – the ______________The cochlea contains a membranous tube, the cochlear duct – which is filled with fluid that ______________when sound waves are transmitted by the stapesORGAN OF ______________– delicate ______________cells that pick up vibrations of fluid and transmit them as a sensory impulse along the auditory nerve to the brain______________CANALS – three structures in the inner ear, contain liquid that is set in motion by head and body movements – impulses sent to ______________to help maintain body balance (______________)Hearing PathwaySound, caught by the ______________, to the external auditory canal, to the tympanic membrane, to the ______________ (______________, incus, stapes), to the cochlea, to the ______________nerve, to the brain…..Structures of the NoseThe NoseNares______________ciliaNasal septum______________receptorsTurbinatesSmell accounts for ____ of tasteTissue in the ______________, olfactory epithelium, contains specialized nerve cell receptors.Those receptors stimulate the ______________NERVE to the brain.Structures of the tongueThe TongueMass of ______________tissueBumps on the surface are PAPILLAE, they contain the TASTE ______________Receptors in ______________buds send stimuli through 3 cranial nerves to the ______________cortexTaste ______________also known as ______________buds or taste budsFunctions of the Special SensesEyesVisionEarsHearingBalanceNoseSmellTongueTasteEye DisordersCataractLens of eye gradually becomes ______________Frequently occurs in people over ____Causes a painful, gradual blurring and loss of visionPupil turns from black to ______________whiteRx – ______________removal of the lens______________BlindnessDisorder of the cones which sense ______________Red-green or blue-yellow depending on the pigment missingRx- no cure, ______________to help tell apart colorsConjunctivitis______________eyeInflammation of conjunctival membranes in front of the eyeRedness, pain, swelling and dischargeHighly ______________Rx – antibiotic eye dropsSTY (______________)Abscess at the base of an eyelash (in sebaceous gland)Symps – red, painful and swollenRx – ______________, wet compressesDetached ______________From ______________or agingTearing or ______________of retina from choroid coatLoss of ______________vision and central visionRx- early detection can be repaired w/ surgeryDiabetic ______________Change in blood vessels in eyes due to diabetes, can leak or hemorrhage blood into eye______________vision, ______________, trouble seeing at night, shadows or missing visionDiabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness inworking-age AmericansRx- ______________eye surgery, treat high blood pressure and steroids GlaucomaExcessive ______________pressure causing destruction of the retina and atrophy of the optic nerveCaused by ______________of aqueous humor, lack of drainage, or agingSymps – develop ______________– mild aching, loss of peripheral vision, halo around the light______________– measures intraocular pressureRx – drugs or laser surgeryMacular ______________Center of retina (macula) is responsible for ______________vision______________, distortion, blind spots, wavy lines, observed when reading2 types_______- thinning of retina, no RxWet –______________under retina from blister, laser RxCentral vision will be greatly ______________but usually not total ______________PresbyopiaLens loses ______________resulting in decreased focus on close object, occurs after ___Hyperopia (______________)Focal point is beyond ______________b/c eyeball is shorterObjects are moved away to see clearer______________lens helpMyopia (______________)Focal point is before retina b/c eye is elongatedObjects brought closer to see______________lens correct, different eye surgery Astigmatism______________curve of cornea or lensBlurred vision or eye strainRx- eyeglasses or contactsVision test are done with ______________EYE CHART – chart that uses letters or symbols in calibrated heights to check for vision defects______________– instrument for viewing inside the eyeWhat is 20/20?20/100 means that when you stand 20 feet from the chartyou can see what a normal person standing 100 feet away can see.PERRLAPupils equal round reactive to light and accommodationMake sure you can answer these questions!What are the disorders of the eyes?How are they treated? Disorders of the EarExternal ______________Swimmer’s Ear Symptoms-pain, ______________, dischargeCauses- swimming in contaminated water, break in skinRx- avoid getting ear wet, medications to dry ear if in humid area Otitis ______________Infection of the middle earOften a complication of a common cold in childrenRx – ______________If chronic or if fluid builds up – MYRINGOTOMY (opening in the ______________membrane) with tubes inserted will relieve the pressureOtosclerosisthe abnormal ______________of bone of the middle earCause is ______________, runs in familiesSymptom is hearing lossRx- ______________to allow sound to pass into inner ear ______________DiseaseSymptoms: change in hearing, ______________in the ear, ringing or roaring in the affected ear and ______________Cause ______________may be related to head trauma or ear infections Rx- low ______________diet, diuretics, no sudden mov’t, gradually resume activityTinnitus ______________in earsCause: excessive wax, ear pressureTinnitus is a ______________, not a disorder.Presbycusis________related hearing lossCause: Hair ______________lossSymptoms: Certain sounds seem overly loud, difficulty hearing in noisy areas, ______________sounds such as "s" or "th" are hard to distinguish, men's voices are easier to hear than ______________, other people's voices sound mumbled or slurred, ringing in the earsRx- hearing aids, ______________Conductive Hearing losssound is not ______________efficiently through the?outer ear canal to the ______________and the tiny bones (ossicles) of the middle earCauses: ______________, ear infection, perforated ear drum, malformation of earRx- hearing aids, ASLSensorineural Hearing lossdamage to the inner ear (cochlea), or to the nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brainCause: Ototoxic meds, trauma, malformation, agingRx- hearing aid, ASLWeber Test- unilateral hearing loss ______________Test- air conduciton vs bone conductionMake sure you can answer these questions!!What are the disorders of the ears?How are they treated?Disorders of the Nose______________nasal septumthin wall (nasal septum) between your nostrils is displaced to one sidereduce ______________, causing difficulty breathing, nosebleeds and other symptomsRx- medications or ______________strips to manage symptoms to correct a deviated septum, surgery is neededNasal ______________sac-like growths of inflamed tissue lining the nose and sinusesMouth ______________, nose feeling blocked (nasal obstruction), reduced or loss of smell, runny noseRx- steroid spray or pills, antibiotics, or surgery RHINITIS ______________of the lining of the nose with nasal congestion, drainage, sneezing and itchingCaused by allergies, infection, fumes, odors, emotion, or drugsRx – eliminate causes, ______________Disorders of the TongueGlossitis______________and changes color, often making the surface of the tongue appear smooth______________with chewing, swallowing, or speaking, smooth surface, sore and tender, color changes ( pale or fiery red), tongue swelling Rx- good oral hygiene, antibiotics, diet changes, avoid irritants (hot or spicy foods, alcohol, and tobacco)Strawberry tongue inflamed red papillae, giving an appearance suggestive to a red ______________Scarlet fever, ______________disease, vitamin deficiencies, Rx- antibiotics, treat deficienciesThrush ______________Candida ______________accumulates on the lining of mouthSymptoms: whitish, velvety sores in the mouth and on the tongueCx: poor health, very old or very young, HIV/AIDS, Long-term antibiotics, ______________, steroidsRX: Usually no Rx it clears on it’s ownMake sure you can answer these questions!!What are the disorders of the nose?What are the disorders of the mouth?How are they treated? Integumentary System - Health Science IStructures of the SKINStructures of the SkinSkin = ______________= Cutaneous Membrane 3 layersEpidermis Outermost covering______________cellsAvascularDermis______________skin, inner layerConnective tissueVascular____________ EpidermisSTRATUM ____________________________layerIn cells, cytoplasm replaced by KERATIN – making them waterproof.Flat and ______-like cells that flake offFirst line of ______________against surface bacteriaThickest on palms of hands, soles of feetSTRATUM ______________Innermost or deepest epidermal layer______________layer – cells form and push their way up, become keratinized, and replace the top layerContains ______________– cells that contain a pigment = ______________protects against rays and gives skin its colorMelaninBlack, ______________, or has a ______________tint – depending on racial originThe more melanin, the darker the skin______________don’t have much melanin in their melanocytesFreckles = patches of melanin______________= no melaninSunlight stimulates melanocytes to make more melanin ______________produced by UV rays.Prolonged exposure may lead to skin cancer!PAPILLAE______________in stratum germinativum that arise from dermisCreate permanent ridges in fingers, palms and soles of feetThese “friction ridges” help with gripCause “fingerprintsDermisThicker ______________layer that contains:Connective tissueBlood vessels______________endingsMuscles______________folliclesOil and sweat glands_________cellsNerve Receptors in ____________________________nerves – heat, cold, touch, pain and pressure Touch ______________close to the surface______________receptors are deeper______________LayerLies under the dermis (not really part of ______________system)Made up of loose connective tissueContains half of the body’s stored ______________tissue (fat)Also called hypodermisAppendages of the skinHAIRAlmost everywhere on the bodyLength, thickness, type and color variesOuter layer = ______________Inner layer = ______________Part under the skin = ______________Part outside the skin = ____________________________= pocket in epidermis, hair inside______________= tuft of tissue in root, contains capillaries______________PILI MUSCLE = smooth muscle attached to follicle. How does this muscle cause goose bumps?NAILSNail is formed in the nail bed or ______________Epidermal cells fused together and fill with keratinSWEAT GLANDS (______________GLANDS)Perspiration is _____ waterDistributed over the entire skin surfaceLarge numbers under the arms, palms of hands, __________of feet and foreheadDuct extends to form a ___________in the skin, ______________excreted through the poresMay be activated by heat, pain, fever and nervousnessAverage fluid loss is 500 ml per day______________GLANDSSecret ______ (______________) that protects and lubricates the skinIntact skin = best protection against pathogens, toxins and water lossSkin generally too dry for microbial growth – they do grow in moist areas?Most skin bacteria associated with hair follicles or sweat glands ?Underarm perspiration odor caused by bacteria and perspirationFYIThe best way to prevent the spread of disease is by ______________!!Functions of the Skin7 Functions:______________coveringFirst line of defense against pathogens Regulates body ______________Blood vessels constrict or dilate to regulate heat loss, perspiration also changes body temperatureManufactures ______________Sunlight causes the skin to make vitamin D which helps with healthy bone growth______________functionThe skin reacts to heat, cold, pressure and pain which can protect against injuryStorage of _____, glucose, water and saltsSkin stores water and lipids which helps store vitamins and mineralExcretionExcretes _________and excessive mineralsAbsorbs certain ____________________________medications can be absorbed through the skinDisorders of the SkinAcne ______________Common and chronic disorder of sebaceous glandsSebum plugs pores area fills with ______________Also – ______________, cysts, pimples and scarring______________FootContagious fungal infectionUsually contracted in public baths and showersRx – ______________agentsDermatitisNon-specific ______________of skinCan be rash – reaction to soap, plants, etc.Can be emotional – stress can cause skin blotchesEczemaAcute, chronic or ______________inflammation of the skinDry, red, itchy or scaly skinHerpes 1HSV 1 ______________infectionCauses ______________to form ex cold sore or fever blisterCan spread through ______________contactHerpes 2HSV 2 ______________in genital areaSpread through ______________contactPeriods of ______________and exacerbationRx – AcyclovirCan be passed to newborn during ______________deliveryImpetigoAcute inflammation and ______________skin diseaseCause- ______________or streptococcus______________that rupture and crustRx- antibacterial cream and antibioticsPsoriasis______________of skin Dry reddish patches with scales______________, knees, skin and scalpCause is ______________Rx- moisturizers Ringworm______________contagious infectionRaised, itchy circular patch with crustRx- griseofulvinScabieseasily spread skin disease caused by a very small species of ______________Rash, thin lines on skinRx- permethrin 5% creamBurnsRule of 9’sBURNSCaused by ______________, sun, boiling water, chemicals, fire or ______________RULE OF NINES – Measures percent of body burned. Body divided into ____ area, each is 9% of body surface.Staging of BurnsFIRST DEGREE______________Skin red and dryInvolves only ______________Rx – cold waterHealing within __________weekSECOND DEGREEEpidermis and ______________Pain, swelling, redness and blisteringSkin may be exposed to ______________Rx – pain medication, dry sterile dressingHealing within ______________THIRD DEGREEEpidermis, dermis and ______________layers Symptoms – loss of skin, blackened skin May be ____________________________Skin CancersMALIGNANT ______________Occurs in ______________Metastasizes to other areas quicklyAppears as brown or black irregular patch that occurs suddenlyA ______________in an existing wart or mole may indicate melanomaRx – ______________removal of melanoma and surrounding area and chemotherapy______________cell carcinomaMost common skin cancer, least malignantRx- surgical removal, radiation or ______________cell carcinomaArises from epidermisGrows and ______________quicklyRx- surgical removal or radiation______________is good with early detectionTerminology of skin lesions______________- flat area with different color ex. frecklesPapule- ______________solid are ex. elevated molePustule- pus filled area ex. acne______________- deep tissue loss ex. decubitus Vesicle- fluid filled raised area ex. chickenpoxWartsWarts small, usually ______________growths on the skin caused by a virus called human papillomavirus (________)Lighter or ______________in color, may be smoothRx- medication, cryotherapy, burningUrinary SystemStructures of the Urinary SystemKidney: An important ______________organ ______________shaped organ Located between the ______________and the back muscles (retroperitoneal) Held in position by ______________tissue Enclosed in a capsule of adipose tissue Protected by the ribs Renal ______________ (tough fibrous tissue covering of the kidney)Renal ______________ (indentation along the concave medial border) Renal ______________ (outer granular layer of the kidney composed of millions of microscopic units called nephrons)The ______________Functional unit of kidneyRenal ______________Bowman’s capsuleGlomerulusRenal ____________________________convoluted tubuleLoop of ______________Distal ______________tubuleCollecting tubules Renal ______________The inner striated layerRenal ______________are the striated conesthe base of each pyramid faces the cortex, while the apex empties into cuplike cavities called Renal ______________.Renal ______________are located between the pyramids and are composed of cortical tissue.Renal ______________ (where urine empties into before leaving the kidney via the ureter) Funnel shaped structure at the beginning of the ureter…Each kidney has a muscular tube extending from it to the urinary bladder called a ______________.Each ureter is lined with mucous membrane and is 10-12 inches long.The ______________is a hollow muscular organ, located in the pelvic cavity, made of elastic fibers and involuntary muscles.The ______________connects the bladder to the outside of the body, and is 1-2 inches long in females, or _____ inches long in males. The Pathway of Urine FormationUrinary System Functions and DisordersFunctionsExcretionRemoving ____________________________of urineFluid and electrolyte balanceElectrolytes are selectively secreted to maintain body’s ______________balanceElimination of ______________Formation of ______________FiltrationFirst step in ______________formationBlood from renal artery enters ______________High blood pressure in glomerulus forces fluid (FILTRATE) to filter into Bowman’s capsule______________does not contain plasma ______________or RBCs – they’re too _____Bowman’s capsule filters out _______ of fluid/min. – ______________As filtrate continues through nephron, _____ of water is reabsorbedREABSORPTIONWater and useful substances are ____________________________antidiuretic hormone allows for this reabsorption blood levels of certain ______________are high (glucose, amino acids, vitamins, sodium) then those substances will not be ______________SECRETIONOpposite of ______________Secretion transports substances from ______________into collecting tubulesSubstances include creatinine, hydrogen ions, potassium ions, and some drugsElectrolytes are selectively secreted to maintain body’s acid-base balance______________: hormone that controls secretionChemical ControlReabsorption of H20 in distal convoluted tubule controlled by ADH (antidiuretic hormone)Secretion and regulation of ADH controlled by hypothalamus______________inhibit reabsorption of H20______________: hormone released when ____ dropsNervous Control______________control through nerve impulses on kidney blood vesselsIndirect control though stimulation of ______________glandsElimination of UrineUrinary output - avg ___________/dayUrinalysis – examination of urine to determine presence of blood cells, ______________, acidity level, specific gravity and ______________characteristics (color, clarity and odor)Disorders______________: Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the urinary bladderMost common cause – E. ColiSymp – ______________ (painful urination) and frequencyUsually in ______________ (shorter urethra)Rx – antibioticsGlomerulonephritis (______________vs. chronic) inflammation of the tiny filters?(______________) Causes: kidney infections, immune disorders, HTN, DiabetesCan lead to ______________failureRx: treat the cause and ______________kidneys, plenty of fluids, limit salt and protein intakeRenal CalculiRENAL ______________ (______________Stones)Made of crystals of ______________phosphate and uric acidGradually they get larger until they ______________uretersFirst symptom – severe ______________Other symptoms – nausea and vomiting, frequency, chills, fever, hematuriaDiagnosis – by symptoms, ultrasound, or x-ray Rx – increase ______________to flush out stone, medications, and if needed – ______________: ______________procedure to remove kidney stones, ______________waves hit dense stones and break them up, Done on ______________basisRenal ______________AcuteSudden change in function s/s: decreased or no urination, tired, ______________, nausea, wgt loss, Cause: meds, infection, tumorRx: treat cause, fluids, possible ______________,Kidney function is restored or back to functional ChronicCauses: HTN, diabetes, long-tern NSAID’s (ibuprofen), other kidney diseasesRx: dialysis, low salt/protein diet, change medsMay progress to complete kidney ______________Used for kidney failureHemodialysis: involves the passage of blood through device with ______________membrane Dialysis serves as substitute kidneyBlood from patient flows through machine and is filteredCan be done at home or in clinicTakes 2-4 hours, 2-3 times a week______________Dialysis: involves the insertion of a dialysate fluid into the ______________cavity (abdomen) which is left for a period of time (usually overnight) and drained by gravity. ENURESIS – bedwettingGLYCOSURIA – sugar in urine______________– frequent urination at nightPOLYURIA – large amounts of urinePYURIA – pus in urineANURIA – no urine produced______________– blood in urine______________– drug or substance to increase urine productionINCONTINENCE – ______________urinationEndocrine SystemGlandsGland--any organ that produces a ______________HormonesChemical ______________ENDOCRINE GLANDSSecrete hormones directly into ______________Ductless?______________GLANDS – secrete substances through a duct (______________, salivary, lacrimal and pancreas) Pituitary GlandTiny structure the size of a ______________Located at the base of the ______________Connected to the ______________Divided into anterior and posterior lobesThe “______________Gland”Anterior Pituitary Hormones:______________HORMONE – GH responsible for growth and development______________– develops breast tissue, stimulates production of milk after childbirthTHYROID-______________HORMONE – TSH - stimulates thyroxine____________________________HORMONE – ACTH – stimulates adrenal cortexFOLLICLE-______________HORMONE – FSH -stimulates growth of ______________follicle and production of estrogen in females, sperm in males______________HORMONE – LH – stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum, which produces progesterone in femalesPosterior Pituitary Hormones:______________– converts to ADH (antidiuretic hormone) in the bloodstream, acts on kidney to concentrate urine and preserve H2O in the body______________– released during childbirth causing contractions of the uterusThyroid Gland______________-shaped mass of tissueOn either side of larynx, over tracheaH-shapedMain hormone – ______________– is controlled by the secretion of TSHThyroxine controls the rate of metabolism______________– controls calcium ion concentration in the body, prevents hypercalcemiaParathyroid GlandFour glands, each the size of a grain of ______________Attached to posterior thyroidProduce ______________which helps control blood calcium level, prevents hypocalcemiaThymus GlandEndocrine gland and ______________organLocated behind the sternum, above and in front of the heartBegins to disappear at ______________Important for ______________Adrenal GlandsLocated on top of each ______________Adrenal cortex secretes hormones known at corticoids – they are anti-inflammatory______________are male sex hormones Adrenal medulla(inside) secretes epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine______________is a powerful cardiac ______________– “fight or flight” hormones that prepare the body for an emergency situationGonads______________in female______________in male______________– development of female reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics______________– plays a part in the menstrual cycle______________– male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristicsPancreasLocated behind the stomachEndocrine and exocrine functionsInvolved in production of INSULIN by ______________OF ____________________________– promotes utilization of glucose by the cells, fatty acid and amino acid transport, and facilitates protein synthesisHormones______________- tissue hormones that can cause constriction of the blood vessels and muscle contractionsEndocrine DisordersGIGANTISM______________of pituitary – too much growth hormoneIn ______________– overgrowth of long bones leads to excessive tallnessCx- usually ______________tumorRx- remove tumor or medication to stop release of GHACROMEGALYHyperfunction of pituitary – too much growth hormone in ______________Overdevelopment of bones in face, hands and feetAttacks ______________– so the chin protrudes, lips nose and extremities enlargeRx – drugs to inhibit growth hormone, radiationGrowth Hormone DeficiencyS/S- much ______________than most or all children of the same age and gender, puberty may come late or may not come at allCx- may be unknown, poorly developed pituitary glandsRx- growth hormone ______________given at home, side effects are headache fluid retention muscle and joint aches slipped bones at the hip? DWARFISM______________of pituitary in childhoodSmall size, but body proportions and intellect are normalSexual ______________Rx – early diagnosis, injection of growth hormone______________DiseaseCause- adrenal glands not working properly, decrease in androgens or corticosteroidss/s- Weight ______________, muscle weakness ,fatigue that gets worse over time, low blood pressure, patchy or dark skin Rx- corticosteroid or androgen replacement ______________SyndromeCx- body tissues exposed over time to too much of the hormone cortisol, usually from a medication or tumors/s-Upper body ______________, thin arms and legs, severe fatigue and muscle weakness, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, easy bruising Rx- wean medication or remove tumorDiabetes ______________Caused by secretion of insulinCan be insulin dependent (juvenile/Type I) or non-insulin dependent (Type II)Symps – ______________, polyphagia, ______________, weight loss, blurred vision, and possible diabetic comaSince glucose not available for cellular oxidation, body starts to burn up protein and fatIf not treated, excess glucose in blood (______________) and glucose secreted in urine (glycosuria)If too much insulin is given, blood sugar may go too low (______________ insulin shock)If blood sugar gets too high – ______________ diabetic comaType II (non-insulin dependent) is most common, usually familial, occurs later in life, control with oral hypoglycemic drugs and dietTests for Diabetes – blood sample measured in glucometer – done by patient in home – normal blood sugar ______________mg Hyperthyroidism______________thyroid, thyroid releases too much of its hormonesCx- ______________Disease, too much ______________, thyroiditis, tumors, large amounts of thyroid hormone S/S- Difficulty ______________, fatigue, ______________, thyroid nodules, ______________intolerance, increased appetite, sweating, irregular periods, nervousness, weight lossRx- ______________medications, radioactive iodine (which destroys the thyroid gland and stops the excess production of hormones), or surgery to remove the thyroidHypothyroidism______________thyroid, usually in women over 50Cx- medications, congential, radiation, ______________idoine, S/S- sensitivity to cold, heavier periods, brittle hair and nails, paleness, ______________, weight gain, decreased taste and smellRx- medication to ______________blood levels Tetany In ______________, decreased calcium levels affect function of nervesS/S- ______________twitching develops, person dies of spasms in the respiratory musclesRx – Vitamin D, calcium and ______________ Reproductive System NotesFemale Reproductive Structures Ovary (______________gonad)Located in the pelvic cavityAbout the size of an ______________primary sex organs of the femaleEach ovary contains thousands of ______________sacsOva Known as the female ______________or Graafian follicleEggA single follicle matures every _____ days – an ovum matures inside – during the reproductive yearsReproductive ability begins at puberty – when ______________occurs (first menstrual period)When the ovum is mature in the follicle, it is released (______________) about 2 weeks before the menstrual period begins ______________TUBES4” long - not attached to ovariesPregnancy that implants in tube – ______________PREGNANCYSmooth muscle and cilia help propel ova into the uterusUterusHollow, thick-walled, ______________-shaped, highly muscular organLies behind the urinary bladder and in front of the rectumFundus Bulging ______________part of the uterusBodyThe body is the middle portion___________The narrow portion that extends into the vaginaUterus Perimetrium ______________EndometriumCervixThe cervix is the ______________of the uterusLocated at the top of the vagina Approximately ______________longVagina Smooth muscle with a mucous membrane liningApproximately ______________longAlso known as the birth canal________________ External opening of the vagina may be covered by a ______________membraneExternal genitalia______________External organs of ______________LabiaFolds of skin that surround the vaginaLabia majoraLabia minoraClitorisErectile tissue______________Area between the vagina and rectumMammary Glands ______________Accessory organs______________– darkened area that surrounds the nipple______________stimulates the mammary glands to secrete milk following childbirthMale Reproductive StructuresScrotumSac of skin that contains the ______________Testes Testes produce male gametes (______________) and male sex hormone Size of a small egg______________tubulesEach testis contains 1-4 mill, convoluted tubulesWhere ______________developsEpididymisCoiled duct on the posterior and lateral part of the testesWhere ______________is storedVAS DEFERENSRuns from ______________to ejaculatory ductSEMINAL ______________connect to vas deferens, secretions nourish sperm______________DUCT – connect vas deferens with urethra_________________Connects to reproductive system of ductsPassage way for urine and sperm______________GLANDSurrounds beginning of ______________size and shape of a ______________Secretes a fluid that enhances sperm motility______________GLANDSLocated on either side of prostate below prostateAdd alkaline secretion to semen that helps sperm ________ longerPENISContains erectile tissueForeskin removed during CIRCUMCISIONPrepuceEnd of penis covered by loose fitting skin – ______________Foreskin removed during CIRCUMCISIONERECTION AND EJACULATIONUrethra has dual role – excretion of urine and to expel semenErection caused when erectile tissue fills with bloodEjaculation expels semenIMPOTENCE – unable to copulate______________AND EJACULATIONUrethra has dual role – excretion of urine and to expel semenErection caused when erectile tissue fills with bloodEjaculation expels semen______________– unable to copulate HormonesEstrogen______________Ovulation At day 14 in the menstrual cycle, the ______________ruptures and the ovum is releasedPregnancy Gestation MenopauseMonthly menstrual cycle comes to an endApproximately age ________Symptoms include:hot flashes______________and headachesemotional changesMenstruation Occurs every _____ daysDivided into 4 stages______________stage – FSH to ovary, stimulates follicle with egg to mature releases estrogen and prepares uterine lining, lasts 10 days______________stage FSH stops and releases ____, 14th day – follicle ruptures and mature ovum released______________luteum stage –secretes progesterone. If fertilized, corpus luteum continues secrete ______________, which prevents further ovulation and maintains uterine lining, lasts 14 days______________stage – If no embryo, corpus luteum dissolves progesterone decreases and uterine lining breaks down and is discharged, 3-6 days FERTILIZATIONDuring sexual intercourse sperm enter female reproductive tract and live or a day or twoApproximately ______________sperm in 1 cc of semen – if count less than 20 million, man is sterileEventually, one sperm penetrates and fertilizes the ovumTrue ______________occurs when the sperm nucleus combines with the ovum nucleus to form a fertilized egg cell – ZYGOTEIt divides, and those cells divide, and so on______________continues to divide as it travels down fallopian tube and is implanted in wall of uterus.At 7 days, the zygote becomes an ______________At 3 months, it becomes a ______________Normal ______________= 40 weeks or 280 daysAlso divided into 3 trimesters (3 month periods)______________= first recognizable movement of fetus between 4th and 5th month______________= Spontaneous Abortion Reproductive DisordersCervical CancerDetected by a PAP SMEAR (_________________) -sample of cell scrapings taken for microscopic studyShould be done ______________Rx – early detection, hysterectomy, chemotherapy and radiationLinked to HPV, ______________availableENDOMETRIOSIS______________tissue found outside the uterus Abnormal patches of the uterine liningResults in internal bleeding, ______________of surrounding areas and formation of scar tissue, ______________, infertility, heavy or irregular bleedingCause – ______________TOXIC ______________SYNDROME______________infection caused by staphylococcusSymps – fever, rash, hypotensionCause – use of tamponsRx – ______________Pelvic ______________DiseaseSpread of ______________to upper reproductive systempelvis and abdominal pain, heavy vaginal discharge, Irregular bleeding, low back pain, fever, fatigue, diarrhea or vomiting Rx- antibiotics Yeast infectionvaginal irritation, intense ______________and vaginal dischargeCx- fungus candidaRisk factors- uncontrolled Diabetes, antibiotics, intercourse, high estrogrenRx- vaginal cream or pill______________Disorders ______________-absence of menstruation ______________- pain with menstruationPrimary is crampsSecondary is r/t some disorder______________- bleeding is abnormally heavy or prolongedPremenstrual Syndrome-variety of symp:mood swings, tender breasts, food cravings, fatigue, irritability and depression______________Cancercancer that forms in the cells of the breastss/s-breast lump or thickening, redness or pitting of the skin, change in the size or shape, Inverted nipple Rx- chemo, radiation, surgeryRuns in ______________Mastitis infection of the ______________tissues/s- breast pain, swelling, warmth and redness Cx- ______________milk duct, Bacteria Rx- antibioticsMale reproductive FunctionsReproductionSpermatozoaHormone ProductionTestosteroneDisordersEpididymitisinflammation of the ______________caused by the spread of a ______________infection from the urethra, ______________,?or the bladders/s- blood in semen, discharge, painful urination/ejaculation, Cx- STI’s, uncircumcisedRx- ______________Erectile Dysfunctiontrouble getting or keeping an erections/s: trouble getting or keeping an erection, decreased sexual desireCx- physical and psychological issues (medications, tobacco, obese, mental illness, bicycling )Rx- ______________, testosterone replacement, dietary changesBenign Prostatic ______________Enlarged ______________More than half of men in their 60’sand 90% of men in their 70’shave some symptoms______________enlarges but capsule does not, causing prostate to clamp down on urethra.This causes the bladder to become irritable, causing urinary frequencyDiagnosis by ______________exam, ultrasound, and cystoscopyRx – usually prostatectomy – laser surgery, sometimes no RxProstate CancerS/S- Trouble ______________, blood in urine/semen, decrease force of streamRisk factors- older, black heritage, family history, obesityRx- watchful waiting, radiation, hormone therapy, surgery, chemoTesticular Cancers/s- lump in ______________, heaviness, pain in testicles, sudden fluid Rx-removal of ______________, radiation, chemoRisk factors- undescended testicle, abnormal development, ______________history, age (15-34), race (white)ContraceptionMethods of preventing pregnancy and in some instances, some degree of protection against STDs. MethodEffectiveness______________100%Sterilization 100%Birth Control pills______________IUD 93-99%Diaphragm 90-99%Condom______________Spermacides, Douching, Withdrawl and Rhythm ???-85%SterilizationMale – ______________(Vas Deferens)Female – ______________(Fallopian Tube)PregnancyTerms to remember:Embryo1-8 weeksFetus9-40 weeksNewbornAt birthSexually Transmitted Diseases________________most frequently reported bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the United StatesCaused by a ______________1 in 15 sexually active females aged 14-19 years has chlamydia.s/s- ______________because most infected people have no symptom, pain or discharge from vagina or penisRx-______________Gonorrheacaused by a ______________highest reported rates of infection are among sexually active teenagers, young adults, and African Americanss/s-may have no symptoms, men have ____________________________discharge women usually have no or very mild symptomsRX- ______________, complete all medication due to antibiotic resistant gonorrheaSyphillis caused by ______________Takes 10-90 days for symptoms to appears/s- primary= ______________or sores, secondary= Skin ______________and/or sores in the mouth, vagina, or anus, latent= difficulty coordinating muscle movements, paralysis, numbness, gradual blindness, and dementiaRx- ______________and f/u bloodworkTrichomoniasis caused by infection with a protozoan ______________called Trichomonas vaginaliss/s- ____________________________, itching or irritation inside the penis, burning after urination or ejaculation, or some discharge from the penis, itching, burning, redness or soreness of the genitals, discomfort with urination, or a thin discharge with an unusual smell that can be clear, white, yellowish, or greenishRx- ______________Genital WartsCaused by ______________most common STI can appear within weeks or months after sexual contact with an infected partnernot the same as the types of HPV that can cause cancers. rx=- wait and see or remove warts ______________HerpesCaused by ______________s/s- one or more blisters on or around the genitals, rectum or mouth.______________can cure herpes ................
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