1 - Gulf Coast Wildlife Rescue

Where starlings are present there appears to be competition for nest sites for Downy Woodpeckers. McLaren (1963) suggested that there may not have been competition prior to the introduction of starlings. Hitchcox (1997) detected 27 European Starling pairs nesting in her burned study sites in Montana; only four Downy Woodpecker nests were reported. ................
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