Perineal Care Procedure



Canberra Hospital and Health ServicesClinical ProcedurePerineal Care- Maternity Contents TOC \h \z \t "Heading 1,1" Contents PAGEREF _Toc412018051 \h 1Purpose PAGEREF _Toc412018052 \h 2Alerts PAGEREF _Toc412018053 \h 2Scope PAGEREF _Toc412018054 \h 2Background PAGEREF _Toc412018055 \h 2Section 1 – Warm Compresses for use on the perineum PAGEREF _Toc412018056 \h 3Section 2 – Episiotomy PAGEREF _Toc412018057 \h 4Section 3 – First and second degree genital tract repair PAGEREF _Toc412018058 \h 5Section 4 – Third and fourth degree genital tract repair PAGEREF _Toc412018059 \h 6Section 5 – Postpartum management of genital tract trauma PAGEREF _Toc412018060 \h 8Implementation PAGEREF _Toc412018061 \h 9Related Policies, Procedures, Guidelines and Legislation PAGEREF _Toc412018062 \h 9References PAGEREF _Toc412018063 \h 9Definition of Terms PAGEREF _Toc412018064 \h 10Search Terms PAGEREF _Toc412018065 \h 11PurposeUsing best practice to optimise perineal outcomes following vaginal birth, women who are labouring are offered warm compresses to the perineum to increase comfort, reduce pain and genital tract trauma. To ensure that episiotomies and genital tract repairs are done by appropriately skilled midwives or doctors in appropriate situations as defined by evidence, and that all women with genital tract trauma have appropriate postnatal perineal care, management and follow up.ScopeAlertsMidline episiotomies are not recommended unless absolutely necessary and are to be done by experienced midwives or doctors only. A midline episiotomy increases the chances of the cut extending through to the anus and causing a 3rd or 4th degree tear.ScopeDoctors and Medical Students under the direct supervision of a skilled medical officerMidwives and student midwives (who have undertaken the accredited competency through the Maternity Unit, Woman and Babies, CHWC or under the direct supervision of an accredited midwife or doctor,).BackgroundPerineal injury is the most common maternal morbidity associated with vaginal birth. Anal sphincter injury is a major complication that can significantly affect women’s quality of life.Although risk factors have been identified it is difficult to predict the occurrence of severe perineal trauma.Risk factors for anal sphincter injuryKnowledge of anal sphincter injury risk factors is not generally useful in the prevention or prediction of anal sphincter injury. Risk factors for third and fourth degree tears include:birth weight over 4 kg persistent occipitoposterior position nulliparity induction of labour epidural analgesia second stage longer than 1 hour shoulder dystocia midline episiotomy forceps delivery Intrapartum interventions to reduce perineal traumaEither the 'hands on' (guarding the perineum and flexing the baby's head) or the 'hands poised' (with hands off the perineum and baby's head but in readiness) technique can be used to facilitate spontaneous birthWarm Compresses to the perineum should be appliedWomen should be encouraged to adopt upright positions which she finds comfortableWomen should be encouraged with physiological pushing rather than directed pushing in the second stage of labourDo not perform perineal massage in the second stage of labourDo not carry out a routine episiotomy during spontaneous vaginal birthSection 1 – Warm Compresses for use on the perineumWarm compresses to the perineum during the second stage of labour have been identified in studies to increase comfort, reduce pain to the perineum and to reduce third and fourth degree tears.Physiology literature supports the potential beneficial effects of warm packs in dilating blood vessels, increasing bloods flow, influencing transmission of pain by reducing the level of nociceptive stimulation, and increasing collagen extensibility (Dahlen et al, 2007)ProcedureObtain consent from the woman for use of warm compresses to her perineum and document in her clinical recordEnsure the woman is able to discriminate between cold by applying a cool pack or ice first, if ok you can proceed with warm compressesFill a sterile bowl with warm water, to ensure that it is a safe temperature add 300mls of boiling water to 300mls of cold tap water. Replacing the whole bowl of water every 15 mins. Do not “top up” or add hot water as this increases the risk of burningSoak a perineal pad in the warm water; wring out the water before placing the warm compress to the perineum. The pad is resoaked to maintain warmth between contractionsApply lightly without pressure and check skin after each application Do not use when skin has reduced thermal sensitivity (e.g. epidural)Discontinue or modify practice as directed by the womanBe aware that this may be a suitable pain relief option for some women who prefer to use non-pharmacological pain reliefBack to Table of Contents Section 2 – EpisiotomyAn episiotomy is a surgical enlargement of the vaginal orifice by an incision of the perineum during the last part of the second stage of labour or delivery, routine episiotomy does not protect the perineum from severe injury.It is used to facilitate birth if there is a non-reassuring Cardiotocograph (CTG) or if there are non-reassuring fetal heart sounds birth if the if birth of the fetal head is being prevented by a tight perineumto aid a difficult delivery with instrumental deliveries where necessaryEquipmentCurved mayo scissors1% lignocaine20ml syringe and 23g needleProcessDiscuss with the woman why you are recommending an episiotomy is needed, explain procedure and gain verbal, informed consent. Document in clinical notesUtilise local anaesthetic if the perineum is not already anaesthetised (e.g.: epidural/spinal anaesthesia)Elevate the perineum from the presenting part by inserting 2 fingers (usually of the left hand) into the woman's vagina. Using curved mayo scissors, placed at a 450 angle from the midline of fourchette, make a single incision to form a medio-lateral episiotomy.Note: control the presenting part as the episiotomy is done to prevent a precipitous birth.Midline episiotomies are not recommended unless absolutely necessary and are performed by experienced midwives or doctors onlyFemale genital mutilation If a women is identified as having Female genital mutilation (FGM) refer to an obstetrician in the antenatal period for assessment and discussion on management. Refer to the Female genital mutilation guideline on sharepoint for further information. Back to Table of Contents Section 3 – First and second degree genital tract repairWomen who sustain a first and second degree genital tract tear may require genital tract repair. Women who sustain a second degree tear will always require a repair.First degree : Injury to perineal skin, includes the fourchette, the hymen, labia and vaginal epitheliumSecond degree : Injury to perineum involving perineal muscles but not involving the anal sphincterEquipment 2/0 Vicryl round bodied needle2/0 or 3/0 Vicryl Rapide (absorbable suture material) cutting needlelight sourcesterile drapesdressing packsterile glovesLocal anaesthetic (if regional block is not in place)Syringe and needle for local infiltrationProcedure Staff performing the repair must be accredited through the competency through the Maternity Unit, Woman and Babies, CHWC (Junior medical staff and midwives who are not accredited to perform repairs will be supervised by a senior colleague) Ascertain the degree of injury and the need for repair – including significant anatomical disruption, poor tissue alignment and/or bleeding. Some first degree tears, labial lacerations or vaginal wall tears may not require suturingObtain consent from the woman Document ij clinical recordPosition the woman comfortably with optimal light and exposure for the practitioner completing the repairDocument the time if the woman is placed in lithotomy with leg supports being careful to note that prolonged placement can have an effect on the sacral spinePerform surgical scrub and gloveSlowly administer local anaesthetic by slow, local infiltration avoiding inadvertent blood vessel injection. This will not be necessary if a working epidural or pudendal nerve block is in placeConsider IDC if excessive periuretheral trauma or swellingRepair the tear or episiotomy: A variety of different surgical techniques may be used depending on the skill and experience of the staff member. The evidence suggests that the following method(s) are the most appropriate: Vaginal epithelium - single layer continuous non-locking 2/0 Vicryl round bodied needle Muscles - continuous, non-locking or interrupted (for deeper muscle) 2/0 Vicryl round bodied needle Skin – single layer subcuticular 2/0 or 3/0 Vicryl Rapide cutting needle Labial lacerations – interrupted 2/0 or 3/0 Vicryl Rapide cutting needle On completion of the repair perform a vaginal then rectal examination. Or document why this was considered unnecessary Place clean pad and icepack on perineum Complete a surgical count Discuss pain relief, ice, hygiene, diet, pelvic floor exercises, bowel and bladder function. Prescribe (medical staff) and administer appropriate pain relief and urinary alkalinisers. Consider rectal analgesics initially at the time of repair, then oral NSAIDs, paracetamol +/- codeine Document details of repair which may include a diagram to illustrate the extent of the traumaOnce repaired, offer to show the woman the repair Advise woman if she has any concerns about her repair after discharge from hospital to contact her CMP or Midcall midwife or staff in Birthing if discharged from Midcall.Back to Table of ContentsSection 4 – Third and fourth degree genital tract repairRepair should be undertaken by an experienced consultant or registrar experienced in the recognition, repair and management of third and fourth degree tears. Junior staff may undertake the repair only if directly supervised by a senior accredited member of staff.A third degree tear is defined as injury to the perineum involving the anal sphincter complex and is classified as: 3a: less than 50% of the external anal sphincter (EAS) thickness torn, 3b: more than 50% of the EAS torn, 3c: the internal anal sphincter (IAS) torn. A fourth degree tear involves the anal sphincter complex (EAS and IAS) and the rectal mucosa. On occasion there may be interruption to the rectal mucosa without EAS or IAS involvement and these should be documented as fourth degree tears.Equipment 2/0 Vicryl round bodied needle2/0 or 3/0 PDS (Polydioxanone, a monofilament synthetic absorbable suture) may be requestedlight sourcesterile drapesdressing packsterile glovesProcedure Obtain informed consent to examine all women after vaginal birth to assess the degree of perineal/vaginal/rectal injury and obtain consent to perform the repair.Women who have had an extensive perineal laceration should be examined by a consultant or experienced registrar.Classify degree of tear; in conjunction with the Third and Fourth degree clinical Pathway guideline and this Clinical Procedure, follow and complete Third and Fourth degree tear Pathway degree tears should always be repaired under general anaesthetic or adequate regional anaesthesia, preferably in the operating rooms (OR) with a consultant or registrar who is experienced in third and fourth degree tears present.An evidence based method of repair is described as follows: Identify the internal anal sphincter and include in repair if involvedIdentify the extent of the external anal sphincter involvement and perform the appropriate repair. Repair the remaining part of the tear as per the MPG for 2nd degree tearsConsideration should be given to repairing the muscle layers with PDS not Vicryl (50% of tensile strength remains at 5 days and is lost within 10-14 days for Rapide whereas approx. 75% remains at 2 weeks and approx 50% remains at 3 weeks for Vicryl).Complete a surgical count or, if in the Operation room (OR), according to OR protocol.Document on the third and fourth degree tear clinical pathway, vacuum/forceps pathway (or OR notes) details of repair, which may include a diagram to illustrate the extent of the tear. To avoid repetition, document repair details clearly in one area only and write ‘refer to ….’ on the various pathways.Prescribe and administer appropriate analgesia. Avoid rectal administration of medications for women with 4th degree tears.IV broad-spectrum antibiotics should be administered at the time of repair for third and fourth degree tears. For fourth degree tears intraoperative and postoperative broad-spectrum antibiotics should be considered. A single dose of iv antibiotics should be prescribed for 3rd and 4th degree tears, plus 7 days oral antibiotics following anal sphincter tearsExternal ointment maybe prescribed for haemorrhoids if present. Preference should be given to topical ointment containing high dosage steroids and analgesia (eg Scheriproct or similar)Regular aperients should be prescribed. These should be bulking agents such as Normicol and psyllium husks (eg Metamucil) rather than peristaltic agents or stimulants.The midwife responsible for the Birth Register entry records in the register, classification of tear, repaired by whom and location.The Accoucheur should complete the Riskman for all third and fourth degree tears, the CMC of Birthing or the CMP ensures that this has been attended to.Advise the use of a stool softener and bulking agent for about ten days after the repair.Appointment/s for the Postnatal Follow up clinic are made by Postnatal or CMP midwife.Back to Table of ContentsSection 5 – Postpartum management of genital tract traumaProcedureWith the woman’s consent, assess through observation of the vulva and perineum daily or more often if required and document condition. Assess for signs of healing with particular reference to oedema, haematoma formation, signs of infection and pain.Inspection of vaginal trauma is required if signs or symptoms of haematoma present.Consultation with RMO is required for haematoma and analgesia more than paracetamol.Ice packs inside a sanitary pad and then applied to the perineum may be beneficial to reduce swelling and pain during the first 48 hours (change when melted according to woman’s comfort).Discuss the healing process with the woman and daily hygiene including washing, drying and frequent pad change.Respond to specific concerns.Provide dietary and fibre supplement information about the prevention of constipation.Provide analgesia as required avoiding narcotics.Liaise with the Women’s Health physiotherapist to access appropriate assessment, treatment and follow up for any woman that may require this serviceEnsure woman has been provided with education in regards to pelvic floor exercises.Record observations and interventions on the clinical pathway and in the clinical record as necessary.Advise the woman to consult a health professional if concerned about pain or healing after discharge.Third and Fourth Degree Trauma:In addition to the above management:Ensure third and fourth degree pathway is initiatedEnsure correct management of In-dwelling Catheter Commence regular fibre and/or aperients as orderedDietician consultation is offeredFollow up appointments are arranged at the Gynaecology Outpatients Oasis (Postnatal Perineal) Clinic at six weeks and six monthsAdvise the woman to consult a health professional if concerned about pain or healing after dischargeAdvise the woman to consult a health professional if concerned about incontinence after dischargeImplementation This guideline will be:discussed at Maternity inservice educationdiscussed at Maternity multidisciplinary education;placed on notice boards in tea rooms; anddistributed to maternity staff via emailAvailable on SharepointBack to Table of ContentsRelated Policies, Procedures, Guidelines and LegislationGuidelines ACT Health; Intimate CareACT Health; Heat and Cold ApplicationACT Health; Aseptic Non Touch TechniqueACT Health; Wound managementACT Health; Clinical record documentationACT Health; Maternity-Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)Back to Table of ContentsReferencesAlbers, L.L., Sedler, K. D., Bedrick, E. J., teaf, D. And Peralta, P. (2005) Midwifery care measures in the second stage of labour and reduction of genital tract trauma at birth: a randomized trial. Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health 5, 12, 365-372Aasheim, V., Nilsen, A.B., Lukasse M. and Reiner L. Perinela techniques during the seconf stage of labour for reducinh perinela trauma. Cochrane Datebase of Systemataic Reviews. 2011; Issue 3. Art.No.: CD006672. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006672.pub2.Carroli G, Mignini L. Episiotomy for vaginal birth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009 (1).Available from: Dahlen, H.F., Homer, C.S.E., Upton, A.M., Nunn, R. and Brodrick, B. (2007) Perineal outcomes and maternal comfort related to the application of perineal warm packs in the second stage of labour: a randomized controlled trial. Birth 34, 4, 282-290Hastings-Tolsma, M., Vicent, D., Emeis, C. and Francisco T. (2007) Getting through birth in one piece: protecting the perineum. The American Journal of maternity Care Nursing 32, 3, 158-164National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2006) NICE Clinical Guideline 37. Routine Care of Postnatal Women and Their Babies. College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Guideline No. 23 Methods and Materials Used in Perineal Repair June 2004 Sanders, J., Peters, T.J. and Campbell, R. 2005 Techniques to reduce perineal pain during spontaneous vaginal delivery and perineal suturing: a UK survey of midwifery practice. Midwifery 21, 154-160The Cochrane Collaboration , Copyright ? 2009, Episiotomy for vaginal birth (Review) 47. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. abstract fshtmlLai, C.Y., Cheung, H.W., Lao, T.T.H., Lau, T.K & Leung, T.Y. 2009 Is the policy of restrictive episiotomy generalisable? A prospective observational study. The Journal of maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 22(12), 1116-1121.Back to Table of ContentsDefinition of Terms Accoucheur: person assisting to birth babyAnterior perineal injury: Injury to the labia, anterior vagina, urethra or clitoris.Episiotomy: Episiotomy is the surgical enlargement of the vaginal orifice by an incision of the perineum during the last part of the second stage of labour or birth.Female genital mutilation: A cultural or non-therapeutic procedure that involves partial or total removal of female external genitalia and/or injury to the female genital organsFirst degree Injury to the skin only (i.e. involving the fourchette, perineal skin andvaginal mucous membrane; but not the underlying fascia and muscle sometimes referred to as a ‘graze’)Fourchette: The labia minora extend to approach the midline as low ridges of tissue thatfuse to form the fourchette.Fourth degree Injury to perineum involving the anal sphincter complex (external andinternal anal sphincter) and anal epithelium (i.e. involving anal epitheliumand/or rectal mucosa)Intact No tissue separation at any siteNulliparity: a woman who has never given birth Posterior perineal injury: Injury to the posterior vaginal wall, perineal muscles or anal sphincter that may include disruption to the anal epitheliumSecond degree Injury to the perineum involving perineal muscles but not involving the analSphincterThird degree Injury to perineum involving the anal sphincter complex? 3a: Less than 50% of external anal sphincter thickness torn? 3b: More than 50% of external anal sphincter thickness torn? 3c: Both internal and external anal sphincter tornBack to Table of ContentsSearch Terms PerineumPerineal tearGenital tract trauma1st degree 2nd degree3rd degree4th degreeWarm compressRepairPostnatalLabourEpisiotomyDisclaimer: This document has been developed by ACT Health, <Name of Division/ Branch/Unit> specifically for its own use. Use of this document and any reliance on the information contained therein by any third party is at his or her own risk and Health Directorate assumes no responsibility whatsoever.Date AmendedSection AmendedApproved ByEg: 17 August 2014Section 1ED/CHHSPC Chair ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download