BIOLOGY 207 LABORATORY 1
LAB 6B CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY:HR, BP, CV FITNESSREADING in HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY, 7th Edition, SilverthornBlood pressure, pulse pressure, MAP: pp. 482-483Measuring BP Sphygmomanometer: pp. 484-485Cardiac cycle and conduction: pp. 454-5, 457-460Body mass index (BMI): p. 697 OBJECTIVESMeasure Body Fat % and Calculate Body Mass IndexUse a sphygmomanometer to measure blood pressureDemonstrate the relationship between Korotkoff sounds and systolic and diastolic pressureCalculate and discuss the significance of pulse pressure and mean arterial pressurePerform the Harvard Step Test and estimate cardiovascular fitnessEvaluate cardiovascular risk Exercise 1: Cardiovascular Fitness and Risk AssessmentEx. 1A: BODY FAT PERCENTAGEYour body fat percentage is simply the percentage of fat your body contains.? If you are 150 pounds and 10% fat, it means that your body consists of 15 pounds fat and 135 pounds lean body mass (bone, muscle, organ tissue, blood and everything else).A certain amount of fat is essential to bodily functions.? Fat regulates body temperature, cushions and insulates organs and tissues and is the main form of the body's energy storage. However, researchers at the National Institute of Health report that people with high percentages of body fat have an increased risk of diabetes, elevated blood cholesterol, heart disease, stroke and high blood pressure. Table 1 describes body fat ranges and their associated categories: Table 1: Body Fat Guidelines & Classification from American Council on ExerciseClassificationWomen (% Fat)Men (% Fat)Essential Fat10-132-5Athletes14-206-13Fitness21-2414-17Average25-3118-24Obese32 % and higher25 % and higherHow body fat is measured: Bioelectrical ImpedanceUntil recently, measuring body fat percentage required the help of professionals. Bioelectrical impedance technology means that body fat monitors are now easy to operate and available for home use. A very low level electrical signal is sent through the body - normally by standing on or holding a body fat monitor. The signal travels quickly through lean tissue, which has a high percentage of water and is therefore a good conductor of electricity, and more slowly through fat, as fat has a lower percentage of water and is therefore a poor conductor of electricity. Bioelectrical impedance devices use the information from this signal to work out body fat percentage. Answer questions #1ab on the worksheet on p.4. Ex. 1B: BODY MASS INDEXBody mass index, or BMI, is the measurement of choice for many physicians and researchers studying obesity. BMI uses a mathematical formula based on both a person's height and weight. BMI is equal to a person’s weight in kilograms divided by his or her height in meters squared. (BMI=kg/m2).Table 2: Associated Heart Disease Risk According to BMI and Waist SizeBMI?Waist less than 40 in. (men) or35 in. (women)Waist greater than40 in. (men) or35 in. (women)18.5 or lessUnderweightNo Increased RiskNo Increased Risk18.5 - 24.9NormalNo Increased RiskNo Increased Risk25.0 - 29.9OverweightIncreasedHigh30.0 - 34.9ObeseHighVery High35.0 - 39.9ObeseVery HighVery High40 or greaterExtremely ObeseExtremely HighExtremely HighIf your BMI is 25 or greater, use a tape measure to measure your waist and refer to Table 2 to determine your risk of associated heart disease based on your BMI, gender and waist size. Record data and answer questions #2abcd on the worksheet on p.4. Ex. 1C: HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSUREWorking together in pairs/small groups, measure each other’s Heart Rate and Blood Pressure. Each person should record his/her individual data on their data sheet and calculate their own Pulse Pressure and Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP).Heart Rate (HR)While subject is sitting at rest, use your finger to feel for the radial pulse at the distal end of the radius near the thumb. You can also use the carotid pulse if you cannot get an adequate pulse from the radial artery. Count the number of heart beats (pulse) in one minute to get the number of beats per minute (HR/min). Record data and answer questions #3abc on the worksheet on p.5. Measuring Blood Pressure (BP)To take a manual blood pressure, wrap the blood pressure cuff snuggly around the left arm above the elbow with the hoses for the gauge and the pump in front of the antecubital region. Use your fingertip to find a pulse from the brachial artery in the antecubital region. Put the stethoscope in the place where you felt the strongest pulse. Close the release valve located near the pump. Begin pumping the cuff up to approximately 160mmHg. Once the cuff is inflated, open the release valve slightly so that the pressure drops slowly. Listen carefully through the stethoscope for a thumping noise in the artery (Korotkoff sound). This sound is the turbulent flow of blood pushing past the cuff pressure. Record the pressure indicated by the gauge at which you first hear the Korotkoff sound. Here the pressure exerted by heart muscle (contraction of left ventricle) is high enough to override the resistance imposed on the brachial artery by the cuff. This pressure produced while the heart is contracting is called the systolic pressure. Although it varies with each person, and changes with activity and throughout the day, a normal systolic value should fall below 120 mmHg. Continue releasing the pressure, and listen for the moment that the sound of turbulent flow ceases. This is the diastolic pressure, which represents the pressure remaining in the arteries when the heart is at rest between heartbeats. The normal resting diastolic value should fall below 80 mmHg. Measure BP while sitting at rest. Calculate Pulse Pressure and MAP. Enter data and answer questions 4a-f on the worksheet p.5.Harvard Step TestThis 5 minute test of cardiovascular fitness will require a 45cm high step stool, a stopwatch, and help from a classmate. (Please advise instructor if you have any health concerns, injuries or disabilities. Refrain from participating if you are unable.)Warm up for several minutes then start once given the signal by your classmate.Step up and down for 5 minutes at the rate of 30 steps/min. The same foot should start the step up each time, and try to maintain an erect posture. Continue the activity for 5 minutes (150 steps) or until you are unable to maintain the set rate. Your classmate should indicate when to stop.Measure heart rate (pulse) 1 minute after finishing the test – HR 1.Measure heart rate (pulse) 2 minutes after finishing the test – HR 2.Measure heart rate (pulse) 3 minutes after finishing the test – HR 3. Table 3: Harvard Step Test Cardiovascular Fitness LevelGenderExcellentAbove AverageAverageBelow AveragePoorMale>90.080.0-90.065.0-79.955.0-64.9<55Female>86.076.0-86.061.0-75.950.0-60.9<50Estimate your Cardiovascular Fitness: 30,000 ÷ (HR 1 + HR 2 + HR 3) = _________Record data and answer the questions on worksheet p.6 (Q #5ab). Ex. 1D: CARDIOVASCULAR FITNESS AND RISK ASSESSMENTEvaluate your cardiovascular fitness and assess your risk of cardiovascular disease. Discuss your lifestyle and activity level. Discuss your HR, BP, fitness scores, body fat %, BMI, etc...and whether they support your hypothesis. Research and comment on the main risk factors for heart disease and if there are any that put you at increased risk. Finally, comment on any lifestyle changes you could make to improve your cardiovascular fitness and decrease your risk of cardiovascular disease. Discuss your results on the worksheet p.6 (Q #6) NAME: Frankie Guevara GROUP MEMBERS: Lisa Reyes, Alexandrea Ruiz, Anusara Thawpinit, and Christy BalderramaLAB DAY & TIME: Monday/Wednesday 7:00-10:10AMLab 6B Results & Questions Worksheets(Turn in as Individual Lab) Ex. 1A: BODY FAT PERCENTAGE (from p.1)1. Hypothesis: Make a prediction about your Cardiovascular fitness. Include your reasoning.Based on my daily lifestyle that includes exercising 5 days a week and eating 2 meals day with small snacks in between and eating out possibly twice a week, I’m hypothesizing that my cardiovascular fitness will be above average. a) Measure and record your % Body Fat: 11.7% b) What is your Body Fat Classification? (Table p.1)My body fat classification is athlete. There is no surprise there because ever since high school I’ve always maintained an active lifestyle. Ex. 1B: BODY MASS INDEX (from p.2)2. Measure your weight and height, and then calculate your BMI (show work). a) Weight: 58.0643593 (Kg) b) Height 1.692 (m) (Height)2 2.863 (m2) c) Calculate your BMI: Weight (Kg) / (Height (m))2 58.0643593 2.863=20.3 kg/m? d) What is your risk of associated heart disease? (Table p.2)My associated heart disease risk, according to the BMI and Waist Size, is normal which means that I have no risk associated with heart disease. Ex. 1C: HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE (from p.2) 3. Record your resting heart rate (pulse) and answer the questions below. a) Resting Heart Rate: 66 bpm b) What is the normal range for resting heart rate for an adult? 60 to 100 beats a minute c) Is your heart rate within this range? Yes, my heart rate is within normal range. 4. Record your resting Blood Pressure (BP) with correct units and answer the questions below. a) What is your resting blood pressure (systolic/diastolic)? 11976 b) Define blood pressure and explain if your BP is in the normal range.The pressure of the blood in the circulatory system, often measured for diagnosis since it is closely related to the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter and elasticity of the arterial walls. Based on my BP, it is normal since normal is considered 120/80. c) What is the term for high blood pressure? Why is this a concern? A condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high. This is a concern because over time, if untreated, it can cause health conditions, such as heart disease and stroke. d) What is the term for low blood pressure? Is this a concern? Why or why not? e) Calculate pulse pressure and explain what it represents. Pulse pressure = systolic pressure – diastolic pressure = 119 – 76 = 43 mmHG Represents: It represents the force that the heart generates each time it contracts. f) Calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP) and explain what useful information this provides.MAP = diastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure = 76 + 433 = 90.3Information provides: MAP, or mean arterial pressure, is defined as the average pressure in a patient's arteries during one cardiac cycle. It is considered a better indicator of perfusion to vital organs than systolic blood pressure 5. Enter data for the Harvard Step Test. Heart Rate in BPM(Pulse)HR 1 after 1 min Rest87HR 2 after 2 min Rest70HR 3 after 3 min Rest61 a) Estimate your Cardiovascular Fitness: 30,000 ÷ (HR 1 + HR 2 + HR 3) = 138 b) Cardiovascular Fitness Level based on Harvard step test (Table 3 p.3): ExcellentEx. 1D: CARDIOVASCULAR FITNESS AND RISK ASSESSMENT6. Evaluate your cardiovascular fitness and assess your risk of cardiovascular disease. Discuss and analyze your results. (See p.3 for details)Based on my cardiovascular fitness, I am not at risk for cardiovascular diseases. The results are not a surprise to me since I work out daily. In addition, throughout my high school career I did cross country and ran 8-10 miles daily too. I continue to work out, but not as intense as high school. I run 6 laps daily and do work-out such as pushups, sit-ups and planks. ................
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