CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE YEAR 7 SCIENCE
STEAMER
Science, Technology, English, Art, Math, Environment, Religion
Peter J Faulks
The Student Compendium
Useful facts and information
TABLE of CONTENTS
Contents
SCIENCE 4
The Rainbow 4
Richard 4
Of 4
York 4
Gave 4
Battles 4
In 4
Vain 4
Red 4
Orange 4
Yellow 4
Green 4
Blue 4
Indigo 4
Violet 4
i.e. List Order Acronyms 5
Periodic Table 6
TECHNOLOGY 7
The first computer ever made was almost 2.5m and weighed nearly 30,000kg- more than 60 times heavier than an average computer today 7
The QWERTY layout used for the English language. It was originally invented for a new form of typewriter. 7
ENVIRONMENT Humanities and Social Sciences consists of Civics and Citizenship, Economics and Business, Geography and History. 8
ENVIRONMENT - History 8
Timeline of the Kings and Queens of England 8
ENVIRONMENT - Geography 9
9
ARTS 12
How To Draw 12
12
How to Draw a Tropical Beach Scene 13
How to Draw a Rowboat at a Seawall 17
How to Draw a Harbour Scene 20
How to Draw Pirate Ships 23
How to Draw Sailboats 28
How to Draw a Country Church 31
How to Draw a Cityscape 35
How to draw a bulldozer. 40
How to Draw a Field of Flowers 46
How to Draw a Rural Lane 49
How to Draw a Mountain Stream 54
How to Draw a Mountain Vista 59
How to Draw an Icy Water Pump 62
How to Draw a Waterfall 66
How to Draw a Woodland Trail 71
How to Draw a Barn and Pond 76
How to Draw a Village 80
MATHEMATICS 82
The 11 Times Trick 82
2. Quick Square 82
3. Multiply by 5 83
4. Multiply by 9 83
5. Multiply by 4 84
6. Calculate a Tip 84
7. Tough Multiplication 84
8. Dividing by 5 84
9. Subtracting from 1,000 85
10. Assorted Multiplication Rules 85
Bonus: Percentages 86
ENGLISH 87
LETTER OF APPLICATION 87
RÉSUMÉ 88
RÉSUMÉ: TRADITIONAL 89
Glossary of Mapping Terms Curriculum Terms Made Easy 90
F 91
Initiatives: Programs, projects, and/or ideas implemented by schools and/or districts to improve some aspect of the system. 92
ENGLISH 95
Commonly Confused Word 95
(These are some of the pairs of words that are most often confused with each other.) 95
English Words 99
THE PHOBIA NAMES 126
ADJECTIVES & NOUNS 141
ADJECTIVES - AD-JEC-TIVESˆ - and NOUNS 141
A COMMON NOUN 142
A PROPER NOUN 142
A COLLECTIVE NOUN 142
An ABSTRACT NOUN 142
Exam questions survival kit (Technology) 144
General 144
Multiple Choice 144
Glossary of words used in an exam (General) 145
Acronyms 147
Life in the 1500's 150
someone was "saved by the bell" or he was a "dead 151
RELIGION 152
Science 154
SCIENCE
The Rainbow
An acronym to help you remember the sequence of colours
|Richard |
|The Normans |
|(1066 - 1154) |
|Plantagenets |
| |
|1154-1216 |
|1216-1399 |
| |
| |
| |
|The House of Lancaster |The House of York |
|(1399 - 1461) |(1461 - 1485) |
|The Tudors |
|(1485 -1603) |
|Kings and Queens of the United Kingdom |
|from 1603 to the present day |
|The Stuarts |
|(1603 - 1649) (1660 - 1714) |
|The House of Hanoverians |
|(1714 -1901) |
|Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and The Windsors |
|(1901 -1910) (1910 - Today) |
ENVIRONMENT - Geography
Cyprus has a map on it's flag.
Nepal is the only country without a rectangular flag (it looks like two pennants glued on on top of the other).
Libya has the only flag which is all one color with no writing or decoration on it.
Australia is the richest source of mineral sands in the world. Source: Benn Skender
Iowa is the only state bordered on both east and west entirely by rivers. (Mississippi on the east, Missouri and Big Sioux on the west.)
I, Q, and X are the only letters that don't start a city that ends in -ville in the state of Ohio. i.e. Brownsville, Zanesville, etc.
The Atlantic Ocean is saltier than the Pacific Ocean. Source: "Uncle John's Bathroom Reader"
In 1771 the kingdom of Poland was larger in area than any other European country except Russia, and had a bigger population of any other European country except France. But within 25 years it had vanished from the map.
In 1772, Russia, Prussia and Austria between them annexed about one-fifth of Poland. Twenty years later Russia took over half of what remained, and all three powers shared in the final carve-up in 1795. It was not until 1918, in the aftermath of the First World War, that an independent Poland surfaced again, to be overrun yet again in 1939. Source: "Reader's Digest Book of Facts"
The bridge of Sighs, most famous of the 400 bridges in Venice, Italy, connects the Dodge's palace to the old state prisons and the place of execution. It was built in 1600 and is believed to have got its name from the sigh of the condemned. Source: "Reader's Digest Book of Facts"
32% of all land in the U.S. is owned by the federal government. Source: "Uncle John's Bathroom Reader"
There are, surprisingly, very few nations in the world named after an actual person. Among those are Bolvis, for Simon Bolivar; Columbia, for Christopher Columbus; Nicaragua, for Chief Nicarao, Liechtenstein, for Johann von Liechtenstein; Saudi Arabia, for King Saud; and the Philippines, named after King Philip. The United States of America got its name from Amerigo Vespucci. Source: "Knowledge in a Nutshell"
More than 25 percent of the world's forests are in Siberia. Source: "2201 Fascinating Facts"
There are two independent nations, both in Europe, that are smaller than Central Park in New York City. They are Vatican City and Monaco. Each is less than one square mile. The next three smallest countries are Bauru, eight square miles, in the western Pacific Ocean; Tuvalu, ten square miles, the Southwest Pacific; and San Marino, 24 square miles, in Europe. Source: "Knowledge in a Nutshell"
The Philippine flag is displayed with its blue field on top in times of peace. When war is declared, it is flown with the red field on top. Source: "Selwyn Clyde Alojipan"
The capital of Portugal was moved to Rio de Jeneiro, Brazil (at the time a colony of Portugal) from 1807 until 1821 while Portugal was fighting france in the Napoleonic Wars. Source: "Knowledge in a Nutshell"
If the world's total land area was divided equally among the world's people, each person would get 8.5 acres.
Maine is the toothpick capital of the world.
Seoul, the South Korean capital, just means "the capital" in the Korean language.
Libya is the only country in the world with a solid, single-colored flag -- it's green.
Panama hats come from Ecuador not Panama.
Ogdensburg, New York is the only city in the United States situated on the St. Lawrence River.
St. Paul, Minnesota was originally called Pigs Eye after a man who ran a saloon there.
The Boston University Bridge (on Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts) is the only place in the world where a boat can sail under a train driving under a car driving under an airplane. Source: "Random Trivia" fact contributed by Jim Cobb
Rhode Island is the smallest state with the longest name. The official name, used on all state documents, is Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
The state of Maryland has no natural lakes.
Seattle, Washington, like Rome, was built on seven hills.
Kitsap County, Washington, was originally called Slaughter County, and the first hotel there was called the Slaughter House.
The coast line around Lake Sakawea in North Dakota is longer than the California coastline along the Pacific Ocean
Brooklyn is the Dutch name for "broken valley"
There are four states where the first letter of the capital city is the same letter as the first letter of the state: Dover, Delaware; Honolulu, Hawaii; Indianapolis, Indiana; and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
Lake Nicaragua boasts the only fresh-water sharks in the entire world.
The flag of the Philippines is the only national flag that is flown differently during times of peace or war. A portion of the flag is blue, while the other is red. The blue portion is flown on top in time of peace and the red portion is flown in wartime.
The only city in the United States to celebrate Halloween on the October 30 instead of October 31 is Carson City, Nevada. October 31 is Nevada Day and is celebrated with a large street party.
Eleven square miles of southwest Kentucky (Fulton County) is cut off from the rest of the state by the Mississippi River. If you wish to travel from this cut off section to the rest of the state or vice-versa, you must first cross a bordering state.
ARTS
How To Draw
How to draw
How to Draw a Tropical Beach Scene 2
How to Draw a Rowboat at a Seawall 6
How to Draw a Harbour Scene 9
How to Draw Pirate Ships 12
How to Draw Sailboats 16
How to Draw a Country Church 19
How to Draw a Cityscape 23
How to draw a bulldozer. 27
How to Draw a Field of Flowers 33
How to Draw a Rural Lane 36
How to Draw a Mountain Stream 41
How to Draw a Mountain Vista 46
How to Draw an Icy Water Pump 49
How to Draw a Waterfall 53
How to Draw a Woodland Trail 58
How to Draw a Barn and Pond 63
How to Draw a Village 67
Before you start drawing, there are some basic tools you need. Make sure you have a pencil, a pencil sharpener, an eraser, a felt-tip pen, and, of course, the grid paper where you'll make your drawings.
Throughout this article, the sketches start with larger basic shapes. Draw the full shape, even if all of it will not be seen in the final drawing. You can erase the part you don't need later.
Each consecutive step adds more detail until you have the finished drawing. The steps are collared to show exactly what to draw when: The drawings for each new step are shown with red lines, while the lines from previous steps are shown in gray.
After all the steps are drawn, use a felt-tip pen to trace the pencil lines. Go over only the lines you need in the final drawing. After giving the felt-tip ink some time to dry so it won't smear, use an eraser to erase the extra pencil lines.
Start off by using colouring tools that are familiar to you. For example, if you enjoy colouring with crayons, use them. When you get more comfortable with colouring, you can try other methods like collared pencils, watercolour paints, markers, or even collared chalk. Try different techniques on the drawings to see what looks best.
When you are ready to start colouring, pick colours that seem to fit the drawing best. Start by lightly adding the main colour to the drawing. Remember to keep the colours light at first -- it is much easier to make a colour darker than it is to make it lighter.
After the main colour is finished, gently add darker colours to areas on the boat that would be in shadows or less light. Adding colours this way is called shading, and it helps the drawing to look more realistic.
After shading the drawing, add lighter colours where more light would be. This is called highlighting, and it is usually done on the top areas of the shapes in the drawing. Think of sunlight coming down and lighting the boat from above.
Look at the colour pictures in the article and try to copy the light and dark shading of the colours. Once you fill in all the colours, your illustration is complete!
How to Draw a Tropical Beach Scene
The sun shines and palm trees sway in the breeze in this tropical beach scene. Learning to draw this landscape can be as relaxing as being in it.
In this section, we'll show you how to draw this tropical beach landscape. You can draw it freehand while looking at your computer monitor, or you can print out this page to get a closer look at each step.
Here, we'll show you an illustration of each step and then give you a description of how to draw it. Follow the red lines in each illustration to learn exactly what to draw in that step. The lines drawn in previous steps are shown in gray.
To start drawing the tropical beach landscape, place a light horizon line in about the middle of the page.
[pic]
Step 1: Place a light horizon line in about the middle of the page. Draw the hull of a sailboat with a long rectangle that has an upturned and sharply pointed end or bow. Make the sail using a triangle with two curved sides and a flat bottom. Draw a second, gently curving line below the boat to represent the shoreline.
To draw a tropical beach landscape, show waves near the shoreline with pairs of squiggly lines.
[pic]
Step 2: Shape the trunks of palm trees with two sets of curving lines that taper as they go up. Sketch some rounded shapes on the sandy beach for coconuts and rocks. Show waves near the shoreline with pairs of squiggly lines. Extend each wave with single lines.
To draw a tropical beach landscape, add jagged lines near the trees and rocks to give contour to the beach.
[pic]
Step 3: Sketch in the basic outline for the large leaves at the tops of the palm trees. Add jagged lines near the trees and rocks to give contour to the beach.
To draw a tropical beach scene, use long, jagged lines to give form to the palm leaves.
[pic]
Step 4: Give form to the palm leaves with long, jagged lines, as shown. Use a pair of curved lines to make stripes on the boat's sail. Sketch a few more waves on the surface of the sea. Put in short lines on the front surface of the first wave. Add very short lines to the coconuts.
To complete your tropical beach drawing, add dots and squiggles to show the foam of a breaking wave.
Step 5: Use a series of diagonal parallel lines to shade one side of the tree trunks, the sailboat, and the rock. Complete the drawing with dots and squiggles to show the foam of a breaking wave. Add several lines to the surface of the water.
Your landscape drawing is finished! Even if you don't get it right the first time, keep practicing until you're happy with your drawing. A stone path leads to a charming country church in our next section. Keep reading to learn how to draw this scene in just five steps.
How to Draw a Rowboat at a Seawall
In this landscape scene, the sun shines on a rowboat tied to a seawall. This is a great landscape drawing for people who love the water and the shore.
In this section, we'll show you how to draw this rowboat at a seawall landscape. You can draw it freehand while looking at your computer monitor, or you can print out this page to get a closer look at each step.
Here, we'll show you an illustration of each step and then give you a description of how to draw it. Follow the red lines in each illustration to learn exactly what to draw in that step. The lines drawn in previous steps are shown in gray.
To start drawing the rowboat at a seawall landscape, sketch a straight line to represent the horizon.
[pic]
Step 1: Sketch a straight line to represent the horizon. Use your ruler to outline a long rectangle that widens and is open at the right end. To show the position of the rowboat, make a second, closed rectangle that overlaps the first. Draw a line through its centre.
To draw the rowboat at a seawall landscape, sketch an irregular line that meets the horizon for the shoreline.
[pic]
Step 2: Sketch an irregular line that meets the horizon on the right for the shoreline. With a ruler, place five tall, narrow rectangles next to the longer, horizontal rectangle, as shown. Make sure the tops and bottoms are in a straight line (check with a ruler).
Continue the rowboat by forming the bow or front end with three curved lines. Then arrange two seats with sets of parallel lines. Use a ruler to help get the lines to match. Draw another line parallel to the seats for the stern or rear end of the boat. Extend lines down from the ends of the last line and connect them to make another four-sided figure.
To draw the rowboat at a seawall landscape, sketch a few irregular shapes for clouds in the sky.
[pic]
Step 3: Make an irregular, jagged line in the background, above the horizon line, to represent a mountain range. Add depth to the posts by using slanted rectangles at the sides and L-shaped lines at the top. Arrange two sets of curving, closely parallel lines for ropes to tie up the boat at both ends. Draw a few straight and curving lines to show the inside of the rowboat. Sketch a few irregular shapes for clouds in the sky.
To draw the rowboat at a seawall landscape, place a circular sun in the lower part of the sky.
[pic]
Step 4: Place a circular sun in the lower part of the sky. Suggest the surface of the water with curvy lines placed at random, both near the boat and in the distance. Put sets of diagonal lines inside the boat to show its riblike structure. Fill in a name of your choice on the side or back surface. Form the sea wall with parallel horizontal lines between the posts. Make a bunch of jagged or spiky shapes for tufts of grass, then add a few large ovals as rocks.
To finish your drawing of the rowboat at a seawall landscape, use heavy shading for the distant tree line.
[pic]
Step 5: Use heavy shading for the distant tree line. Shade the sides of the posts and the inside of the boat with diagonal lines. Finish the ropes with a series of very short curved lines.
How to Draw a Harbour Scene
If you love marine life, you’ll love this landscape. Learn to draw this landscape scene and you’ll also learn how to draw three very different looking boats.
[pic]
In this section, we'll show you how to draw this harbour scene landscape. You can draw it freehand while looking at your computer monitor, or you can print out this page to get a closer look at each step.
Here, we'll show you an illustration of each step and then give you a description of how to draw it. Follow the red lines in each illustration to learn exactly what to draw in that step. The lines drawn in previous steps are shown in gray.
To start the harbour scene landscape, draw three long, narrow shapes with a pointed end on the right side.
[pic]
Step 1: Begin this scene in the upper centre of the drawing area. For the boats, draw three long, narrow shapes with a pointed end, or bow, on the right side. Make them with nearly straight lines for the tops and curved lines for the bottoms.
Draw the pointed end of the fourth boat on the left. To place the piers between boats, first draw small but long rectangles near the hulls as shown. These will be the ends of the piers. Draw three straight lines back to the left that come together slightly (it may help to practice drawing these pier shapes on a separate piece of paper).
To draw the harbour scene landscape, put in the vertical posts at the ends of the piers with straight lines.
[pic]
Step 2: Put in the vertical posts at the ends of the piers with straight lines. Make the post tops and bottoms slightly rounded. Create the top surfaces of the boats, or decks, with long curves running from the tip of the bow. Draw the two cabins on the right with more straight lines. Carefully sketch curved lines on the boat on the left.
To draw the harbour scene landscape, add details to the boat cabins with straight and slightly curved lines.
[pic]
Step 3: Form the guard rails on the front of the decks with two intersecting curved lines. Draw the vertical rail supports with a series of angled straight lines that are parallel to one another and evenly spaced. Add details to the cabins with straight and slightly curved lines. Place a boxlike shape above the cabin of the boat in the centre. Use a wide, upside down, U-shaped line for the upper part of the boat on the left.
To draw the harbour scene landscape, add detail to three boat antennas with short horizontal lines.
[pic]
Step 4: Attach four heavy ropes to the bows of the boats with pairs of curved lines. Draw one or two tall poles or radio antennas on each boat. Use thin lines made with a ruler. Add detail to three antennas with short horizontal lines. Make windows and portholes on the cabins with slanted rectangles. Draw a round life preserver on the side of one of the boat cabins using a circle within a circle.
To finish your harbour scene landscape, add texture to the ropes with short, diagonal lines.
[pic]
Step 5: Carefully shade around the bottoms of the boats with a back-and-forth movement of your pencil. Outline individual planks on the piers by adding short, straight lines, spaced closely together on the sides. Put straight and curved lines on the posts for texture. Shade the underside of the cabin's roof with diagonal lines. Add texture to the ropes with short, diagonal lines.
How to Draw Pirate Ships
Ahoy, mateys! Use the easy instructions on this page to draw your own pirate ship, in the Caribbean or elsewhere.
Follow the red lines in each illustration to learn exactly what to draw in that step. The lines drawn in previous steps are shown in gray. Here, we'll show you an illustration of each step and then give you a description of how to draw it.
How to Draw Pirate Ships: Draw the body of the pirate ship.
Step 1: Draw the long, triangular main form for the boat.
[pic]
How to Draw Pirate Ships: Add details to the deck of the boat.
[pic]
Step 2: Add an angled shape on the back end of the boat. Draw a line along the side of the boat, and continue it on to form a post coming off the front end of the ship. Bring the line back along the far side of the hull.
How to Draw Pirate Ships: Outline the top structures to add depth.
[pic]
Step 3: Outline the back shape and the top of the boat's hull to add depth and create the ship's deck. Use stacked rectangles to add details to the back deck and deck steps.
How to Draw Pirate Ships: Draw three tall masts.
[pic]
Step 4: Draw three tall masts rising from the deck. Add a fourth mast angling forward from the deck. Draw a long, curved bar that extends to the end of the post on the boat's tip. Use lines to sketch some side beam details on the hull.
How to Draw Pirate Ships: Add crossbars to the masts and portholes to the side of the ship.
[pic]
Step 5: Sketch long, thin sticks on the masts to create the crossbars. Add six circular porthole windows on the boat's side.
How to Draw Pirate Ships: Add flags to the masts and details to the ship.
[pic]
Step 6: Draw three rectangular windows on the back of the ship. Add a long, thin rectangle underneath them to create detail. Sketch flags on each mast. Draw two small wedges and a shape like a pickaxe on the far side of the deck.
How to Draw Pirate Ships: Draw sails.
[pic]
Step 7: Draw sails using the crossbars and masts as guides. The lowest sails on the back two masts are rolled up on the crossbars. To create this look, draw a squiggly-lined rectangular shape.
How to Draw Pirate Ships: Add lines between the sails.
[pic]
Step 8: Draw lines going from one crossbar to another. Add several lines angling down from the centre mast.
How to Draw Pirate Ships: Trace the final drawing with a felt-tip pen.
[pic]
Step 9: Trace the pencil lines you want to keep with a felt-tip pen. Erase any extra lines.
Draw a day at the lake with water skiing or maybe a swift race around an aquatic track with our next drawing project.
How to Draw Sailboats
Sailboats travel far and wide, exploring the ocean and seeking out tropical locales. Use our step-by-step instructions to create your own sailboat scenes.
In this section, we'll show you how to draw the above sailboat.
Follow the red lines in each illustration to learn exactly what to draw in that step.
The lines drawn in previous steps are shown in gray. Here, we'll show you an illustration of each step and then give you a description of how to draw it.
Draw the body and sail of the sailboat.
Step 1: Start the sailboat with two big curved triangles for the sails. Add a pointed shape for the hull.
How to Draw Sailboats: Add a seating area to the sailboat.
Step 2: Draw a curved line to form the side of the hull. Sketch a rectangle with a rounded end for the seating area. Add a fat bracket shape on top of it.
How to Draw Sailboats: Add the mast to the sailboat.
Step 3: Draw the mast between the sails. Add edge lines following the hull. Sketch a V-shape bar to create deck detail, and add lines for depth in the seating area. Draw a small post on the front of the boat.
Add details to the sails and seating area.
Step 4: Add rectangular crossbars at the bottom of both sails. Draw detail lines on the V shape and in the seating space. Add detail lines to each sail.
Draw wavy lines for water.
Step 5: Draw wavy lines under the boat for the water.
Trace the final drawing with a felt-tip pen.
[pic]
Step 6: Use a felt-tip pen to trace the lines you want to keep. Erase any extra pencil lines.
How to Draw a Country Church
This country church lies at the end of a stone-lined path surrounded by lush trees. You’ll have a great time learning to draw all the components of this charming landscape.
In this section, we'll show you how to draw this country church landscape. You can draw it freehand while looking at your computer monitor, or you can print out this page to get a closer look at each step.
Here, we'll show you an illustration of each step and then give you a description of how to draw it. Follow the red lines in each illustration to learn exactly what to draw in that step. The lines drawn in previous steps are shown in gray.
To start your country church landscape drawing, sketch a light horizontal line for the horizon.
[pic]
Step 1: Sketch a light horizontal line for the horizon. Place it in about the middle of your drawing area. Make a closed rectangle for the long side of the church building. Add an three-sided rectangle that is open at the top for the front. Make all vertical lines parallel.
Use a slanted rectangle for the visible side of the roof. Connect the top of the roof to the top of the slanted line on the left to complete the outline. Indicate the beginning of a road with two curving lines that come together near the side of the church building.
To draw this country church landscape, use rectangles with half-circles at the top for the front windows.
[pic]
Step 2: Add a few gentle curves to the horizon line. Begin the windows, the door, and the steeple on the church with rectangles. Use rectangles with half-circles at the top for the front windows. Add a second set of lines along the roadway as the beginning of a stone wall.
To draw this country church scene, place a couple of trees in the landscape for depth.
[pic]
Step 3: Place a couple of trees in the landscape for depth. Use a thick trunk that changes to two large main branches for the first tree. Top both trees with an oval of leaves, made with squiggly lines. Add five or six upside down U-shapes as gravestones. Give depth to each of them by adding a curved line on the right side.
Begin adding details to the church. Finish the steeple with two side-by-side, upside-down V shapes. Evenly space six lines on the roof, parallel to the lines already there. Use squiggly lines in the shape of flattened ovals for shrubs in front. Put short horizontal lines under each window and a vertical line down the centre of the doorway.
To draw a country church landscape, add a tree line in the distance to provide depth.
[pic]
Step 4: Outline individual stones in the walls along the road with irregular ovals of different sizes. Use mostly vertical lines on the sides of the trees to give them the look of bark. Add a tree line in the distance to provide depth.
Draw some birds in the sky with pairs of short rounded lines. Put in a series of long curving lines for ruts in the road. Complete the church with small rectangles on the door, short vertical lines for handles, and straight intersecting lines for the windows. Make a cross above the door.
To finish the country church landscape, lightly shade part of the surface of the stones in the wall.
[pic]
Step 5: Use dark shading for the trees in the background. Create a shadow at the side of the church with a series of crooked horizontal lines. Add clumps of grass around the gravestones and tree with short, straight lines, spaced closely together.
Scatter spiked, jagged shapes as tufts of grass on the sides of the road and in random spots in the surrounding fields. Form sills beneath each window by adding short vertical lines to finish the long rectangles, which are slightly wider than the windows themselves. With diagonal lines, lightly shade part of the surface of the stones in the wall.
Your landscape drawing is finished! Even if you don't get it right the first time, keep practicing until you're happy with your drawing. The village scene in the next section includes it all -- a small church, house, and even a barn. Keep reading to learn how to draw this landscape in just five steps.
How to Draw a Cityscape
The city has its own brand of amazing landscapes, like this dazzling, towering skyline. This landscape is a great drawing project for city and country lovers alike.
In this section, we'll show you how to draw this cityscape. You can draw it freehand while looking at your computer monitor, or you can print out this page to get a closer look at each step.
Here, we'll show you an illustration of each step and then give you a description of how to draw it. Follow the red lines in each illustration to learn exactly what to draw in that step. The lines drawn in previous steps are shown in gray.
To start drawing the cityscape landscape, sketch a horizontal line below the centre of the drawing area.
[pic]
Step 1: Sketch four horizontal lines below the centre of the drawing area. Using a ruler, add a number of rectangles of different sizes, as shown, some overlapping others. These shapes are the front surfaces of the buildings. All vertical lines should be parallel.
To draw the cityscape landscape, place a building in the left part of the background with a tall, narrow shape.
[pic]
Step 2: Add a second side to each building to convey a sense of depth. Do this by drawing a vertical line shorter than the two lines for the front of the building.
Connect the sideline to the front with a diagonal line. Then lay down evenly spaced horizontal lines on the front surfaces of the two buildings near the middle of the scene. Place another building in the left part of the background with a tall, narrow shape that has steps on one side.
To draw the cityscape landscape, evenly space pairs of vertical lines on the sides of some of the buildings.
[pic]
Step 3: Sketch five trees in front of the middle buildings using squiggly half circles around the top railing. Evenly space pairs of vertical lines on the sides of some of the buildings, as shown.
Use diagonal lines on the sides of the two tall middle buildings to continue the bands. Draw a few more buildings in the background. Give the tall narrow building on the left a second side using parallel lines connected to the front with diagonal lines. Complete the roof using two triangles.
To draw the cityscape landscape, draw intersecting horizontal and vertical lines on the sides of the buildings for windows.
[pic]
Step 4: Draw intersecting horizontal and vertical lines on the sides of the buildings for windows. Sketch columns on the corners of the tall building at left using vertical lines with an inverted V shape on top.
Use half circles for arches on the roof of the building at the far right. With more half circles, make the tops of the upper windows. Use dark squares for the windows of the smaller building in the middle, and form the outlines of more buildings in the distance. Draw vertical lines around the base of the tallest building.
To finish drawing the cityscape landscape, sketch curving lines in the foreground to make it look like a watery surface.
[pic]
Step 5: Thicken the lines at the bottom of the tallest building and give them rounded tops. Put vertical lines between the bands of the tallest building. Darken the buildings at the back.
Place horizontal lines on the tall buildings at the right and left of the tallest building. Shade the sides of some buildings using diagonal lines. Add short, curved lines to the trees. Sketch curving lines in the foreground to make it look like a watery surface.
How to draw a bulldozer.
You can draw this construction vehicle freehand while looking at your computer monitor or print out this page to get a closer look at each step.
Follow the red lines in each illustration to learn exactly what to draw in that step. The lines drawn in previous steps are shown in gray. Here, we'll show you an illustration of each step and then give you a description of how to draw it.
To draw a bulldozer, start by drawing the wheels that run the track.
Step 1: To make the wheels that run the track, draw five small circles on the bottom; add outlines to provide depth. On each side of the five circles, draw a ring.
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Attach a curved rectangle to the side of the furthest ring to add depth. Above the circles, draw two more rings; add curved rectangles to these as well.
When drawing a bulldozer track, add a curved rectangular shape over the bottom wheels.
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Step 2: Draw a curved rectangular shape over the bottom wheels; notice how the shape dips down at both ends. Draw a similar, smaller shape inside the first. Add outlines to provide depth.
When drawing a bulldozer track, create lines around the circles of the track and inside of the track.
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Step 3: Draw a line around all the circles; make another line just outside the first. Draw the outside line to make the side edge and face of the track. Also notice the small lines you need to make on the inside of the track.
To draw a bulldozer, you must add a blade.
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Step 4: To make the blade, draw a curved rectangular shape; add a tab to the top middle of the rectangle. Draw the sides of the blade and the details as shown.
When drawing a bulldozer, draw the lift arm that connects the blade to the bulldozer, and the fender.
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Step 5: Draw the rounded triangle and rectangle that make up the lift arm that connects the blade to the bulldozer; add outlines for depth. Draw the fender -- follow the example shown.
When drawing an excavator, draw the hood and the grille.
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Step 6: For the hood, make a rounded square shape with a tab at the fender. Draw outlines where shown. On the front of the hood, draw the grille, which is a rectangle with the top edges rounded.
To draw a bulldozer cab, draw four thin, slightly curved bars.
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Step 7: To make the cab, draw four thin, slightly curved bars. Outline each for depth. Draw the roof as shown.
When drawing a bulldozer, add a driver's seat, headlights, a safety light, and an exhaust pipe.
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Step 8: Draw the driver's seat in the cab, and add two headlights and a safety light on top of the roof. On the hood, draw a curved exhaust pipe. Add a circle to the end of the pipe.
When drawing the final body parts of the bulldozer, draw vents and a hydraulic cylinder.
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Step 9: Draw three rectangular vents in the hood. Each vent is a little larger than the one above it.
Draw a hydraulic cylinder extending from the triangular part of the lift arm to below the fender. Look carefully, and draw the other lines that finish the body of the dozer.
When drawing a bulldozer, use a ruler to draw cleats on the tread faces.
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Step 10: To make cleats on the tread faces, use a ruler to draw the small evenly spaced rectangles across the track. On the back and underside of the tread, draw small triangular bumps.
When finished drawing the bulldozer, trace the permanent lines with a felt-tip pen, and erase pencil lines.
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Step 11: Use a felt-tip pen to trace over the lines you want to keep, and erase the extra pencil lines.
You did it! So let's move on to a construction vehicle that does a lot more than push materials around. It lowers, lifts, and moves heavy materials high into the sky, and in any direction they need to go.
How to Draw a Field of Flowers
Several elements of nature combine to create this lovely landscape scene -- sun and clouds, trees, stone, and a field of flowers. This landscape will give you a great chance to practice drawing a variety of flowers.
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In this section, we'll show you how to draw this field of flowers landscape. You can draw it freehand while looking at your computer monitor, or you can print out this page to get a closer look at each step.
Here, we'll show you an illustration of each step and then give you a description of how to draw it. Follow the red lines in each illustration to learn exactly what to draw in that step. The lines drawn in previous steps are shown in gray.
To start drawing the field of flowers landscape, place a line above the middle for the horizon.
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Step 1: Place a line above the middle of the drawing area for the horizon. Sketch a large, oblong oval shape to outline a boulder in the foreground on the right side. Draw a smaller oval near it for a stone. Make many tiny circles scattered at random beneath the horizon line. These will be the centres of flowers. Add many small, narrow ovals, pointing mostly up and down.
To draw the field of flowers landscape, change the horizon line to one that is slightly wavy.
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Step 2: Change the horizon line to one that is slightly wavy. Using a ruler as a guide to level the tops, draw five narrow open rectangles for fence posts. Space them equally. Add a few blades of grass near the boulder with short jagged lines. To form flowers, draw six or seven round petals on about half the tiny circles. Do the same, using fewer petals in a somewhat different shape, for the remainder of the circles.
To draw the field of flowers landscape, add stems to flowers with straight or slightly curving lines.
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Step 3: Add stems to some of the flowers with straight or slightly curving lines. Draw leaves, using a curving line on top and a jagged line below. Give shape to the boulder with broken line. Attach rails to the fence posts with the help of a ruler. Remember to keep the upper and lower rails the same width. Above the fencepost, sketch in a wavy tree line.
To draw the field of flowers landscape, put stems on the remaining flowers with slightly curved lines.
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Step 4: Trace around a coin to form a round sun in the background. Add three irregular shapes with curved but not jagged lines for clouds. Put stems on the remaining flowers with slightly curved lines. Draw long, narrow leaves for the oval-shaped flowers. Use squiggly lines for the remaining leaves. Make shapes like an upside-down V for tall and short tufts of grass.
To finish your field of flowers landscape, fill in between the flowers with short, squiggly lines for grass.
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Step 5: Fill in between the flowers with short, squiggly lines for grass. Draw long lines in the fence posts and rails for texture. Darken the tree line as shown. Shade the boulder with diagonal lines.
How to Draw a Rural Lane
With a forest silhouette in the background and a canopy of trees in the foreground, this rural lane is a peaceful nature scene. This landscape is a wonderful drawing challenge for nature lovers.
In this section, we'll show you how to draw this rural lane landscape. You can draw it freehand while looking at your computer monitor, or you can print out this page to get a closer look at each step.
Here, we'll show you an illustration of each step and then give you a description of how to draw it. Follow the red lines in each illustration to learn exactly what to draw in that step. The lines drawn in previous steps are shown in gray.
To start drawing a rural lane landscape, draw a horizon line just above the centre of the page.
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Step 1: Lightly draw a horizon line just above the centre of the page. Rough in two long, curving lines that come together somewhat for the outline of the road. Draw a few large ovals for rocks, placing them randomly along the sides of the road. Make three bushes with squiggly lines to define the roadway and distinguish it from the surrounding fields.
To draw a rural lane landscape, sketch a tree and branches on the left, with a tall main trunk.
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Step 2: Sketch a tree and branches on the left, with a tall main trunk. Show the bark on the side of the trunk with long up-and-down lines. Use short horizontal lines for the tree on the right, a birch, which has a smaller main trunk. When filling in lines on the birch, notice that the lines are roughly horizontal, not vertical like the other tree.
To draw a rural lane scene, sketch several irregular oblong shapes on the road to look like rocks and stones.
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Step 3: Draw a squiggly line across the page, just above the horizon line, to indicate the tops of distant trees. Add smaller branches to the trees with a few crooked lines. Arrange dozens of leaves in random clumps by sketching shapes like teardrops. Place one more tree in the background and another bush by the roadway with squiggly, circular lines. Sketch several irregular oblong shapes on the road to look like rocks and stones.
To draw a rural lane landscape, make roughly parallel lines to look like ruts on the surface of the roadway.
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Step 4: Make a series of roughly parallel lines to look like ruts on the surface of the roadway. Sketch several clumps of tall grass at the edge of the road and around the bushes. Shape them like spikes: mostly upright, but a few are bent over.
To finish your rural lane drawing, lightly shade the rocks
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Step 5: Heavily shade the area between the horizon and the top of the tree line. Add short, squiggly lines to the distant tree. Use the same method for the bushes along the roadway. Sketch a few very short lines to look like tufts of grass in the field. As the last step, lightly shade the rocks.
Your landscape drawing is finished! Even if you don't get it right the first time, keep practicing until you're happy with your drawing.
How to Draw a Mountain Stream
This stream sits high atop a mountain, surrounded by lush trees, boulders, and sunshine. This landscape drawing is a great opportunity to practice attention to detail and perspective.
In this section, we'll show you how to draw this mountain stream landscape. You can draw it freehand while looking at your computer monitor, or you can print out this page to get a closer look at each step.
Here, we'll show you an illustration of each step and then give you a description of how to draw it. Follow the red lines in each illustration to learn exactly what to draw in that step. The lines drawn in previous steps are shown in gray.
To start drawing the mountain stream landscape, draw a horizontal line about halfway down the page.
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Step 1: About halfway down the page draws a horizontal line. Sketch the edges of the streambed with curving lines extending upward from right to left. For pine trees, sketch in a series of tall triangles that overlap one another. Lightly add a line from the top of each triangle down to the base horizontal line.
To draw the mountain stream landscape, carefully shape the outline of the pine trees with jagged lines of different lengths.
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Step 2: Carefully shape the outline of the pine trees with jagged lines of different lengths. Maintain the sense of depth by showing some trees standing in front of others. Place a large, bumpy, oblong shape to form a boulder along the side of the stream.
To draw the mountain stream landscape, draw scalloped shapes for puffy clouds above the trees.
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Step 3: Add more pine trees behind the ones you have already drawn by making triangles as before. Draw scalloped shapes for puffy clouds above the trees. Show rocks on both sides of the stream with irregular ovals. Put more rock shapes on the surface of the stream itself.
To draw the mountain stream landscape, show the contour of the boulders with slightly curving lines.
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Step 4: Draw a circle for the sun. Shape the two trees in the rear with jagged lines. Add details to the pine trees with short jagged lines. Show the contour of the boulders with slightly curving lines. Put in more curving lines to show the surface of the water.
To finish the mountain stream landscape, add shape to the boulders by shading with diagonal lines.
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Step 5: Darken the trees in the rear with many jagged lines. Shade the area under the trees with crisscross lines. Add shape to the boulders by shading with diagonal lines.
How to Draw a Mountain Vista
A paved road leads to a range of snow-capped mountains, gleaming in the sun, in this landscape. You can almost smell the crisp winter air when gazing at this scene.
In this section, we'll show you how to draw this mountain vista landscape. You can draw it freehand while looking at your computer monitor, or you can print out this page to get a closer look at each step.
Here, we'll show you an illustration of each step and then give you a description of how to draw it. Follow the red lines in each illustration to learn exactly what to draw in that step. The lines drawn in previous steps are shown in gray.
To draw the mountain vista landscape, lightly draw a line across the page for the horizon.
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Step 1: Lightly draw a line across the page for the horizon. Place it about one-third of the way from the top. Add four curving lines, beginning from the lower centre of the page and running first to the left and then sharply to the right. Show that the road goes off into the distance by bringing the lines closer together at the top. This use of lines that come together to show depth is known as perspective.
To draw the mountain vista landscape, draw inverted V-shapes using jagged lines to show a distant range of mountains.
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Step 2: Draw inverted V-shapes using jagged lines to show a distant range of mountains. Alter the horizon line with curved lines to look like gently rolling hills. Create another hill with a lazy curve to the right of the centre.
To draw the mountain vista landscape, add grass on the hillsides and near the road.
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Step 3: Draw sharply jagged lines for snowcaps on the tops of the highest mountains. Add grass on the hillsides and near the road with many slanted and jagged lines. Make a series of narrow fence posts with double vertical lines, making them smaller as they fade off toward the end of the road. Use nearly straight lines to show fence rails. Sketch the edge of the road with squiggly lines. Draw rocks near the road with irregular ovals.
To draw the mountain vista landscape, sketch a circular sun in the sky.
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Step 4: Draw a circular sun in the sky, and then put in some tall grass in the middle distance with short lines. Use more short lines for clumps of low grass along the fence. Scatter a few daisy like flowers on the hillside. Add two more curved lines in the centre of the road.
To finish your mountain vista landscape, add further details to the shoulder area at the edge of the road.
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Step 5: Finish this sketch by adding further details to the shoulder area at the edge of the road. Use plenty of dots and short, squiggly lines to look like rocks and gravel. Place more grass on the hills to the left and right sides using a mixture of short lines, straight and jagged.
Your landscape drawing is finished!
How to Draw an Icy Water Pump
A country water pump has iced over in the winter chill in this landscape. Pay close attention to perspective when working on this drawing.
In this section, we'll show you how to draw this icy water pump landscape. You can draw it freehand while looking at your computer monitor, or you can print out this page to get a closer look at each step.
Here, we'll show you an illustration of each step and then give you a description of how to draw it. Follow the red lines in each illustration to learn exactly what to draw in that step. The lines drawn in previous steps are shown in gray.
To begin your icy water pump landscape, sketch a horizon line as the starting point.
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Step 1: Sketch a horizon line as the starting point. On the right side of the line, use a five-sided figure for the front wall of a house. Extend parallel lines backward from three points of the figure to form the side and roof. Attach a smaller boxlike shape to the side. In the foreground, outline a narrow post like shape, using parallel lines. This forms the beginning of the water pump. Make the top of a wooden barrel with a large oval. Hang straight lines down from the ends of the oval.
To draw the icy water pump landscape, change the horizon from a straight line to one that is slightly curved.
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Step 2: For a mound of snow, extend a wavy line along the foreground below the pump and barrel. Change the horizon in the background from a straight line to one that is slightly curved. Sketch a small circle over a rounded rectangle for the top of the pump. Form a faucet with a long rectangle with a twist at one end. Use tiny rectangles to form the door and chimney on the house.
To draw an icy water pump landscape, form the pump handle with gently curving lines and a rounded end.
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Step 3: Make footprints in the snow with some oblong shapes to the left of the pump. Give thickness to the barrel by drawing a second oval just inside the first one. Draw a curved double line for a band around the barrel. Use a curved line for snow inside the container. Form the pump handle with gently curving lines and a rounded end. Use jagged lines to form a clump of ice.
Add an icicle with a long pointed shape on the tip of the faucet, more jagged than on the handle. In the background, make a long wavy line to give the appearance of a mountain range. Sketch the trunks of two trees with jagged tops near the house. Add a curved line to the roof to give the appearance of snow. Place two windows on the house by drawing tiny squares. Add a combination of ovals and triangles to form the rough shape of a bird on the pump handle.
To draw the icy water pump landscape, sketch long, thin winter clouds to fill the sky.
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Step 4: Carefully add a great many closely spaced parallel lines to look like slats on the barrel. Draw some tall, spindly grass with pointed shafts that overlap one another. Fill in the space between the barrel and the house with some short lines, tiny ovals, and other odd shapes. Complete the branches at the tops of the two trees with a mixture of straight and jagged lines. Sketch long and thin winter clouds, with both gently and sharply curving lines, to fill the sky.
Use careful shading when finishing your icy water pump landscape.
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Step 5: Finish the landscape with careful shading. The darkest shading blackens the bird and the space between the horizon line and the mountaintops. Add a cross to each of the windows for windowpanes. Draw a dot on the door for the doorknob. Use diagonal lines for lighter shading on the tree trunks, the side of the house, inside the water barrel, and on the pump itself.
Your landscape drawing is finished! Even if you don't get it right the first time, keep practicing until you're happy with your drawing. The delightful barn and pond landscape includes a peaceful pond, a rustic barn, and even a floating duck.
How to Draw a Waterfall
The centrepiece of this landscape is a majestic, rushing waterfall. Surrounded by stone and plants, this waterfall landscape promises a wonderful escape.
[pic]In this section, we'll show you how to draw this waterfall landscape. You can draw it freehand while looking at your computer monitor, or you can print out this page to get a closer look at each step.
Here, we'll show you an illustration of each step and then give you a description of how to draw it. Follow the red lines in each illustration to learn exactly what to draw in that step. The lines drawn in previous steps are shown in gray.
To start the waterfall landscape, begin with a rough outline of the watery part of the scene.
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Step 1: Begin with a rough outline of the watery part of the scene. Form it like a long rectangle with an open, twisted bottom and a boxy, foot-like shape at the top. Use a few curving lines, but most of them should be straight.
When drawing the waterfall landscape, make tree branches with short, Y-shaped lines.
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Step 2: Sketch two enormous boulders at the base of the waterfall with bumpy, oblong shapes. Suggest the movement of water over the falls with gently downward-curving lines. Use curving horizontal lines to indicate the contours of the cliff surrounding the falls. Make tree branches with short, Y-shaped lines.
When drawing the waterfall landscape, make jagged lines to look like grass near the bottom.
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Step 3: Add teardrop shapes along the branches for leaves on both sides of the water. Use short, scalloped lines to show clumps of leaves. Make jagged lines to look like grass near the bottom. Create the impression of turbulent water at the base of the falls with some squiggly lines. Provide background and a sense of distance with more horizontal lines at the top.
To finish the waterfall landscape, add depth by shading with patterns of diagonal lines alongside the water.
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Step 4: Sketch a series of long vertical lines in the water area to add to the appearance of falling water. Add depth by shading with patterns of diagonal lines alongside the water. Complete the landscape with additional shading in the upper water area, around the leaves, and on the boulders at the bottom.
How to Draw a Woodland Trail
This landscape is right out of a holiday story. Pine trees frosted with snow, trees made bare by the winter chill -- even fresh footsteps in the snow.
In this section, we'll show you how to draw this woodland trail landscape. You can draw it freehand while looking at your computer monitor, or you can print out this page to get a closer look at each step.
Here, we'll show you an illustration of each step and then give you a description of how to draw it. Follow the red lines in each illustration to learn exactly what to draw in that step. The lines drawn in previous steps are shown in gray.
To start the woodland trail landscape drawing, sketch a line across the middle of the page as the horizon.
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Step 1: Draw a single line across the middle of the page as the rough horizon. To show the position of the pine trees, construct two tall triangles, a large triangle on the right and a smaller one on the left.
To draw the woodland trail landscape, sketch the outline of a tall tree trunk.
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Step 2: Sketch the outline of a tall tree trunk to the left of the smaller triangle. Wake it wider at the base and narrow it slightly up to the main fork. Then it tapers much more. Put a second trunk on the right side, narrower than the first one. Alter the horizon slightly by adding a few very gentle curves. Use jagged lines to show the profile of the trees.
To draw the woodland trail landscape, add curved lines under and beside the trees to look like snow drifts.
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Step 3: Outline two more trunks for smaller trees in the middle area, between the existing trees. Add some heavy, pointed branches to the larger tree trunks. Form layers of snow on the pine trees by drawing angular shapes with squiggly lines. On the main fork of the larger tree, draw a patch of snow with a rounded triangle. Then sketch a long, narrow oval on the trunk of the tree. Add curved lines under and beside the trees to look like snow drifts.
Add a bark like texture to the trees in the woodland trail landscape with long, straight lines.
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Step 4: Extend existing large branches with smaller ones made with single, jagged lines. Off to the left side, draw a bush with angular lines. Add a bark like texture to the trees with a series of long, mostly straight lines. Make footsteps in the snow with a string of very rough oblong shapes that look smaller as they disappear into the distance.
To finish the woodland trail landscape, draw a number of bare trees on the horizon with sketchy, angular lines.
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Step 5: Draw a number of bare trees on the horizon with sketchy, angular lines. Lightly shade in the footsteps with diagonal lines. Add many scribble like lines on the sides of the pine trees. These lines should be nearly vertical in the middle area of the pine trees but point toward the outer ends of the branches at the sides. Finally, add a few light, angular lines to show drifts of snow.
How to Draw a Barn and Pond
This farm life scene even includes an adorable duck, floating happily upon a pond. This landscape scene has a good variety of elements to draw -- water, building, plants, and animals.
In this section, we'll show you how to draw this barn and pond landscape. You can draw it freehand while looking at your computer monitor, or you can print out this page to get a closer look at each step.
Here, we'll show you an illustration of each step and then give you a description of how to draw it. Follow the red lines in each illustration to learn exactly what to draw in that step. The lines drawn in previous steps are shown in gray.
To start your barn and pond landscape drawing, lightly sketch a horizon line across the middle of the page.
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Step 1: Lightly sketch a horizon line across the middle of the page. Start the outline of the barn with a rectangle for the long side, and then add the front as a rectangle that is open at the top. All the vertical lines should be parallel. Connect two of the vertical lines with two angled lines, as shown.
Use slanted rectangles for the roof. Begin the edge of the lake with a nearly straight line to show the edge of the water. Draw another, irregular line above it to show the limit of the sandy area.
To draw the barn and pond landscape, draw rectangles for windows and a door.
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Step 2: Alter the horizon line so that it dips down in front of the barn and rises up behind it. Begin defining the barn by putting in rectangles for windows and a large door. Frame twin silo towers with tall rectangles, and cap them with half circles.
Start a tree to the left by sketching in the leafy top with a squiggly line. Draw fence posts with narrow open rectangles. Line up the tops of the posts with a ruler. Combine a small circle with an oval and a half circle to make the outline of a duck in the pond.
To draw the barn and pond scene, use V-shaped, horizontal, and vertical lines for boards on the barn door.
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Step 3: Add a dot for the duck's eye, a tiny V-shaped figure for a beak, and a fluffy tail to make the duck look more real. Form a thin oval around it for a circular wave. Attach the rails between the posts by drawing horizontal and diagonal lines with the help of a ruler. Use a combination of V-shaped and horizontal and vertical lines for boards on the barn door.
Show sections in the silo with curved lines. Sketch the tree trunk using wavy lines. Use a squiggly line to form the top of the tree line in the background. Add tufts of grass along the edge of the pond with a series of jagged lines.
To draw the barn and pond landscape, give texture to the barn door with vertical lines.
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Step 4: Add clouds in the sky above the barn with irregular shapes. Give texture to the barn door with vertical lines. For the barn roof, use angled lines that follow the shape of the roof. Put crosses in the windows for windowpanes. Finish the top of the silo with four curved lines. Give texture to the tree trunk with broken lines. Show the reflections of the tree and fence on the water with wavy lines. Add a few feathers to the duck with tiny hooked lines.
Finish your barn and pond landscape with light shading to give texture to the fence.
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Step 5: Darken the tree line in the background. Give the barn the look of wood siding with many closely spaced, parallel lines. Shade under the barn roof with crisscross lines. Finish with light shading to give texture to the fence.
How to Draw a Village
This charming village scene has it all -- a church, a house, and a barn against the backdrop of a sunset. Best of all, it’s easy to draw with the help of our simple instructions.
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In this section, we'll show you how to draw this village landscape. You can draw it freehand while looking at your computer monitor, or you can print out this page to get a closer look at each step.
Here, we'll show you an illustration of each step and then give you a description of how to draw it. Follow the red lines in each illustration to learn exactly what to draw in that step. The lines drawn in previous steps are shown in gray.
To start your village landscape, sketch a horizontal line slightly below the middle of the page.
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Step 1: Sketch a horizontal line slightly below the middle of the page. Draw the first tree line just above the horizontal line, using an unbroken squiggly line. For each building, use a ruler to make three straight vertical lines parallel to one another.
For the two buildings on the left, connect two of the lines with an inverted V shape. Then draw the roof as a slanted rectangle. For the barn on the right, connect two of the vertical lines with two angled lines as shown. Use two slanted rectangles for the roof.
To draw this village landscape, add windows and doors to the buildings with small squares and rectangles.
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Step 2: Continue by adding windows and doors to the buildings with small squares and rectangles. The vertical lines should be parallel. Begin drawing a church steeple for the building on the left with a two-sided boxlike shape. Add a small square to the middle house for a chimney. Draw a second line near the roofline of the barn to give it depth.
To draw this village landscape, draw long, slightly jagged lines to show wispy clouds.
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Step 3: Add a second tree line above the first one to show trees in the background. Finish the top of the steeple with two triangular shapes, and place a cross directly above the door. Draw two irregular, rounded shapes for trees. Use slightly curved lines for the trunks. Position part of a circle for the sun near the horizon. Draw long, slightly jagged lines to show wispy clouds.
To draw this village landscape, add a doorknob to each building with a dot.
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Step 4: For the church, give texture to the roof with diagonal lines. Use horizontal lines for the roof of the house. For the roof of the barn, use angled lines that follow the shape of the roof. Show panes in the windows with crosses, as shown. Draw a rectangle in the door of the house and the church. Add a doorknob to each with a dot. Use a combination of V-shaped and horizontal and vertical lines for boards on the barn door.
To finish your village landscape drawing, create wooden siding on the barn with vertical lines.
Step 5: Darken the upper tree line in the background to separate it from the lower one in the foreground. Place a series of tiny round and oval shapes at random on the walls of the church for a stone like effect. Create the appearance of wooden siding on the barn with a series of vertical lines.
Your landscape drawing is finished! Even if you don't get it right the first time, keep practicing until you're happy with your drawing. In the next section, a canopy of trees covers a peaceful rural lane
MATHEMATICS
2007/09/17/10-easy-arithmetic-tricks/Cached - Similar
The 11 Times Trick
We all know the trick when multiplying by ten – add 0 to the end of the number, but did you know there is an equally easy trick for multiplying a two digit number by 11? This is it:
Take the original number and imagine a space between the two digits (in this example we will use 52:
5_2
Now add the two numbers together and put them in the middle:
5_(5+2)_2
That is it – you have the answer: 572.
If the numbers in the middle add up to a 2 digit number, just insert the second number and add 1 to the first:
9_(9+9)_9
(9+1)_8_9
10_8_9
1089 – It works every time.
2. Quick Square
If you need to square a 2 digit number ending in 5, you can do so very easily with this trick. Mulitply the first digit by itself + 1, and put 25 on the end. That is all!
252 = (2x(2+1)) & 25
2 x 3 = 6
625
3. Multiply by 5
Most people memorize the 5 times tables very easily, but when you get in to larger numbers it gets more complex – or does it? This trick is super easy.
Take any number, then divide it by 2 (in other words, halve the number). If the result is whole, add a 0 at the end. If it is not, ignore the remainder and add a 5 at the end. It works everytime:
2682 x 5 = (2682 / 2) & 5 or 0
2682 / 2 = 1341 (whole number so add 0)
13410
Let’s try another:
5887 x 5
2943.5 (fractional number (ignore remainder, add 5)
29435
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4. Multiply by 9
This one is simple – to multiple any number between 1 and 9 by 9 hold both hands in front of your face – drop the finger that corresponds to the number you are multiplying (for example 9×3 – drop your third finger) – count the fingers before the dropped finger (in the case of 9×3 it is 2) then count the numbers after (in this case 7) – the answer is 27.
5. Multiply by 4
This is a very simple trick which may appear obvious to some, but to others it is not. The trick is to simply multiply by two, then multiply by two again:
58 x 4 = (58 x 2) + (58 x 2) = (116) + (116) = 232
6. Calculate a Tip
If you need to leave a 15% tip, here is the easy way to do it. Work out 10% (divide the number by 10) – then add that number to half its value and you have your answer:
15% of $25 = (10% of 25) + ((10% of 25) / 2)
$2.50 + $1.25 = $3.75
7. Tough Multiplication
If you have a large number to multiply and one of the numbers is even, you can easily subdivide to get to the answer:
32 x 125, is the same as:
16 x 250 is the same as:
8 x 500 is the same as:
4 x 1000 = 4,000
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8. Dividing by 5
Dividing a large number by five is actually very simple. All you do is multiply by 2 and move the decimal point:
195 / 5
Step1: 195 * 2 = 390
Step2: Move the decimal: 39.0 or just 39
2978 / 5
step 1: 2978 * 2 = 5956
Step2: 595.6
9. Subtracting from 1,000
To subtract a large number from 1,000 you can use this basic rule: subtract all but the last number from 9, then subtract the last number from 10:
1000
-648
step1: subtract 6 from 9 = 3
step2: subtract 4 from 9 = 5
step3: subtract 8 from 10 = 2
answer: 352
10. Assorted Multiplication Rules
Multiply by 5: Multiply by 10 and divide by 2.
Multiply by 6: Sometimes multiplying by 3 and then 2 is easy.
Multiply by 9: Multiply by 10 and subtract the original number.
Multiply by 12: Multiply by 10 and add twice the original number.
Multiply by 13: Multiply by 3 and add 10 times original number.
Multiply by 14: Multiply by 7 and then multiply by 2
Multiply by 15: Multiply by 10 and add 5 times the original number, as above.
Multiply by 16: You can double four times, if you want to. Or you can multiply by 8 and then by 2.
Multiply by 17: Multiply by 7 and add 10 times original number.
Multiply by 18: Multiply by 20 and subtract twice the original number (which is obvious from the first step).
Multiply by 19: Multiply by 20 and subtract the original number.
Multiply by 24: Multiply by 8 and then multiply by 3.
Multiply by 27: Multiply by 30 and subtract 3 times the original number (which is obvious from the first step).
Multiply by 45: Multiply by 50 and subtract 5 times the original number (which is obvious from the first step).
Multiply by 90: Multiply by 9 (as above) and put a zero on the right.
Multiply by 98: Multiply by 100 and subtract twice the original number.
Multiply by 99: Multiply by 100 and subtract the original number.
Bonus: Percentages
Find 7 % of 300. Sound Difficult?
Percents: First of all you need to understand the word “Percent.” The first part is PER , as in 10 tricks per listverse page. PER = FOR EACH. The second part of the word is CENT, as in 100. Like Century = 100 years. 100 CENTS in 1 dollar… etc. Ok… so PERCENT = For Each 100.
So, it follows that 7 PERCENT of 100, is 7. (7 for each hundred, of only 1 hundred).
8 % of 100 = 8. 35.73% of 100 = 35.73
But how is that useful??
Back to the 7% of 300 question. 7% of the first hundred is 7. 7% of 2nd hundred is also 7, and yep, 7% of the 3rd hundred is also 7. So 7+7+7 = 21.
If 8 % of 100 is 8, it follows that 8% of 50 is half of 8 , or 4.
Break down every number that’s asked into questions of 100, if the number is less then 100, then move the decimal point accordingly.
EXAMPLES:
8%200 = ? 8 + 8 = 16.
8%250 = ? 8 + 8 + 4 = 20.
8%25 = 2.0 (Moving the decimal back).
15%300 = 15+15+15 =45.
15%350 = 15+15+15+7.5 = 52.5
Also it’s usefull to know that you can always flip percents, like 3% of 100 is the same as 100% of 3.
35% of 8 is the same as 8% of 35.
ENGLISH
LETTER OF APPLICATION
[Insert your letterhead]
or
[Your name]
[Company/business]
[Address]
[Telephone no.]
[Facsimile no.]
[Email address]
[Date]
[Recipient’s name]
[Recipient’s position]
[Recipient’s company/business]
[Recipient’s address]
[Salutation]
I would like to be considered for the position of [title of position] advertised in the [name of newspaper or magazine] on [date].
Attached (*) is a copy of my résumé, which outlines both my educational background and previous employment history.
For the past [period], I was employed as [briefly describe the nature of your job and job functions].
Your advertisement caught my attention because [explain briefly why the position is of interest].
I am available to attend an interview at any time [alternative: specify times], and can be contacted at the above address, or by telephone on [telephone number].
[Ending]
[Signature]
[Your name]
[Your title (optional)]
[*Attached: Copy of résumé]
RÉSUMÉ
RÉSUMÉ OF [FULL NAME]
[Full name]
[Street address]
[Telephone, facsimile and mobile numbers]
[Short description of your qualifications and a statement of the type of job that you seek. e.g. Business manager with 10 years experience in running an IT consultancy, seeks a position in a dynamic and challenging environment with good career growth potential.]
Profile
[Generally outline the nature of your prior work experience, including any specific skills that you have developed and displayed.]
Professional development
[Outline any courses, workshops and seminars you have attended that are relevant to your industry/position.]
Credentials
[List in point form your key “credentials” — the type of skills/attributes that potential employers are likely to seek.]
Employment history
[Starting with your most recent position, provide a brief but concise summary of your employment history.]
References
[Include a list of potential referees, attach a few references, or include the generic “References available upon request”.]
RÉSUMÉ: TRADITIONAL
RÉSUMÉ: TRADITIONAL
Name: [full name]
Address: [home address]
Date of birth: [date and place of birth]
Marital status: [optional]
Qualifications: [list of post-school professional qualifications]
Education: [outline secondary/tertiary education]
Memberships: [list memberships of relevant professional/social associations]
Directorships: [optional]
Experience: [summary of experience and specific skills]
Employment: [employment history]
Referees: [provide names and contact details of at least two referees]
Glossary of Mapping Terms Curriculum Terms Made Easy
A
Active Literacy: The integration of critical language skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing into the daily curriculum in every class.
Alignment: Agreement or coherence between the essential questions, content, skills, assessments, and the standards adopted by the district. Maps allow us to see three types of alignment: internal alignment, external alignment to standards, and cumulative alignment K-12.
Assessment Type: The various kinds of assessments such as quiz, test, performance assessment, essay, etc. that allow students to demonstrate their learning.
Assessments: Demonstrations of learning aligned to the benchmarks and standards that allow students to show you what they know. They are products and performances used as evidence of skill development and content understanding.
B
enchmarks: Specific developmental statements regarding performance based standards. Benchmarks are usually defined in behavioral and observable terms.
Bi-level analysis: The examination of student work and performance data on two levels – the subject matter concepts and skills and the requisite language capacity (e.g. linguistic patterns, three types of distinctive vocabulary, and editing and revising strategies.
Big Ideas: Are important core concepts, understandings, or theories. They go beyond discrete skills and focus on larger concepts, processes, or themes.
C
oaching Protocols: Tools that include the critical criteria for exemplary products. They are used to sharpen focus and ensure quality work.
Concept: A relational statement that provides the focus and basis for acquiring knowledge. It is synonymous with the enduring understanding or big idea.
Content: Is the subject matter; key concepts; facts; topics; important information.
Consensus/Core Maps: Agreed upon curriculum identified by teachers and administrators that determines which elements must be consistently taught by all teachers in a course/or subject and where flexibility will be critical.
Curriculum Mapping: Is a systemic process that can improve student performance by sharpening the alignment of all aspects of the curriculum to reduce repetitions, gaps, and strengthen the articulation of skills.
D
iary Maps: A map where data are entered on an ongoing basis. Periodically, whether every few weeks or trimester, you will stop and reflect on your work with learners and make an entry.
Differentiation: The process of modifying or delineating some aspect of instruction: the content, process, product, and/or learning environment to address the needs of the learners.
Differentiated Professional Development: Is modified professional development based on the level of understanding of the learners.
E
nduring Understanding: The important understandings that have lasting value beyond the classroom.
Entry Points: Possible openings or entrances where curriculum mapping can be integrated into the current structure or processes in a school and/or district. This allows it to become part of the system.
Essential Questions: Over-arching questions that focus based on a key concept, enduring understanding, and/or big idea to prompt inquiry.
Essential Maps: A revision of agreements that are made by teachers and administrators that determine which elements must be consistently taught by all teachers in the course and where flexibility will be critical.
F
G
H
UB: a connector or linchpin that connects all aspects of the school improvement process.
I
ndividual Maps: Maps developed by an individual teach that reflect what they teach in their class or subject. They include: essential questions, content, skills, and assessments.
Initiatives: Programs, projects, and/or ideas implemented by schools and/or districts to improve some aspect of the system.
L
essons: Organized instructional plans aligned to assessment targets. The concept of "planning backwards" suggests that you start your design work with the assessment targets and tasks fully described. Once that is accomplished, you design your lessons so students are fully instructed around the content and skills that will be called for in those assessments. It is a reverse of the model that asked for lesson plans and then later for assessment designs. The "backward planning" provides a clear lens for examining your instructional time to make certain that it is purposeful toward benchmarks and standards.
Like Group Reviews: Read Throughs that focus on a specific curricular area. For example, all of the teachers in the Language Arts Department might read through the course maps for their department to look for gaps, repetitions, and the articulation of skills.
M
ap: A visual method for projecting yearly plans as well as monthly plans for the classroom based on a calendar sequence from month to month that describes the scope of what is taught. Maps include: essential questions, content, skills, and assessments.
Mixed Group Reviews: Read Throughs of maps that involve teachers from different curricular areas. These types of reviews can help provide a better understanding of the curriculum across the school and/or district. They can also be used to identify where specific cross curricular skills or specific school and/or district goals are included in the curriculum.
N
onnegotiables: The core elements that must be taught in the curriculum.
P
ower Standards: The most important standards.
Professional/Implementation Development Map: Is an organizational tool that using the mapping format to develop a yearlong plan for implementation. It includes: the training times, the essential questions, the content to be taught, the skills that participants should demonstrate, the products or evidence that will be produced during the training, and the assignment(s) that participants should complete prior to the next training.
Professional Learning Communities (PLCs): A conceptual model developed by Richard DuFour and his colleagues for transforming schools. It focuses on the following principles: A Shared Mission, Vision, Values, and Goals; Collaborative Teams; Collective Inquiry; Action Orientations and Experimentations, Continuous Improvement, and Results Orientation.
Projected/Projection Maps: A map that has been created prior to teaching a course or subject and then revised on an ongoing basis as the school year progresses.
Portfolios: Is a representative collection of a person’s work that serves as evidence of understanding.
Q
uality Lenses: Are exemplary samples (e.g. maps, standards, etc.) from other schools and states that can serve as filters when developing quality Consensus maps.
R
ead Through Process: The process following the development of the maps in which the teachers become editors for the maps for the entire building.
S
chool based Support Structures: Key programmatic structures that have a direct effect on curriculum, assessment, and instruction: Schedule (daily, annual, long-term), grouping of students (within classrooms, throughout the institution, and by class size), grouping of personnel (into teams, departments, and roles).
Seven Essentials Strategies for Integrating Literacy: Are specific strategies for integrating critical language skills across the curriculum identified by Heidi Hayes Jacobs. The strategies include: revising and expanding the role of all teaches so they incorporate speaking, reading, listening, and writing activities with all learners in all subjects; organizing vocabulary into three distinctive types (high-frequency words, specialized terminology, and embellishing words) with specific instructional approaches in every classroom; developing creative notetaking strategies that cause students to extract and react to information; designing and employing a consistent editing and revising framework for writing K-12; assessing formal speaking skills through the use of discussion approaches; employing technical instruction to develop the human voice and body as communication instruments; and using curriculum mapping as the school- and district-wide tool for implementing and monitoring the use of these strategies.
Seven-Step Curriculum Mapping Review Process: The process or sequence developed by Heidi Hayes Jacobs for creating and analyzing curriculum maps in a school and/or district. The steps include:
• Collecting the Data,
• The First Read Through,
• Small Like/Mixed-Group Review,
• Large Like/Mixed Group Review Comparisons,
• Determine Immediate Revision Points,
• Determine Points Requiring Some Research and Planning, and
• Plan for the Next Review Cycle.
Skills: Are the targeted proficiencies; technical actions and strategies.
Standards: Statements that reflect the larger outcomes that we expect all students to be able to demonstrate before they leave our school. Most State Departments of Education have already established standards. Districts often add to those standards based on their local needs.
Student Mapping: Digital portfolios.
T
argeted Work Groups: Task forces that are organized flexibly to respond to specific emerging needs. When the work of the task force is completed, it is disbanded.
21st Century Skills: Are skills students need to be successful in the 21st century. They include: cross-curricular skills and learning to learn skills.
U
nderstanding by Design: Is a set of ideas and practices that helps you think more purposefully and carefully about the nature of any design that has understanding as its goal. It is based on the work of Jay McTighe and Grant Wiggins and focuses on the principles of “Backwards Design”.
Unit: Curricular units aligned to standards that encompass some of the major areas of focus in a given developmental period. They include: the essential questions, content and skills that will be addressed, specific lessons that will be used, and assessments that will be required.
Unpacking Standards: Process of clearly defining the critical content and skills embedded in a standard that students need to know and be able to demonstrate to show mastery of the standard.
ENGLISH
Commonly Confused Word
(These are some of the pairs of words that are most often confused with each other.)
DO NOT CONFUSE
adoptive with adopted: children are adopted, but parents are adoptive.
adverse, `unfavourable, bad', with averse, which means `strongly disliking or opposed to', as in I am not averse to helping out.
affect and effect: affect means `make a difference to', whereas effect means `a result' or `bring about (a result)'.
ambiguous with ambivalent: ambiguous primarily means `having more than one meaning, open to different interpretations', while ambivalent means `having mixed feelings'.
amoral with immoral: amoral means `not concerned with morality', while immoral means `not conforming to accepted standards of morality'.
appraise with apprise: appraise means `assess', while apprise means `inform'.
augur, `be a sign of (a likely outcome)', with auger (a tool used for boring).
censure with censor: censure means `express strong disapproval of', whereas censor means `suppress unacceptable parts of (a book, film, etc.)'.
climactic, `forming a climax', with climatic, which means `relating to climate'.
complacent, `smug and self-satisfied', with complaisant, which means `willing to please'.
complement, `a thing that enhances something by contributing extra features', with compliment, which means `an expression of praise' or `politely congratulate'.
continuous and continual: continuous primarily means `without interruption', and can refer to space as well as time, as in the cliffs form a continuous line along the coast; continual, on the other hand, typically means `happening frequently, with intervals between', as in the bus service has been disrupted by continual breakdowns.
council, an administrative or advisory body, with counsel, advice or guidance.
councillor with counsellor: a councillor is a member of a council, whereas a counsellor is someone who gives guidance on personal or psychological problems.
credible with creditable: credible means `believable, convincing', whereas creditable means `deserving acknowledgement and praise'.
definite (`certain, sure') with definitive, which means `decisive and with authority'.
defuse, `remove the fuse from (an explosive device)' or `reduce the danger or tension in (a difficult situation)', with diffuse, which means `spread over a wide area'.
desert (a waterless area) with dessert (the sweet course)!
discreet, `careful not to attract attention or give offence', with discrete, which means `separate, distinct'.
draft and draught. In British English draft means `a preliminary version' or `an order to pay a sum', whereas a draught is a current of air or an act of drinking; in North American English the spelling draft is used for all senses. The verb is usually spelled draft.
draw, which is primarily a verb, with drawer meaning `sliding storage compartment'.
egoism and egotism: it is egotism, not egoism, that means `excessive conceit or self-absorption'; egoism is a less common and more technical word, for an ethical theory that treats self-interest as the foundation of morality.
envelop with envelope: envelop without an e at the end means `wrap up, cover, or surround completely', whereas an envelope with an e is a paper container used to enclose a letter or document.
exceptionable (`open to objection; causing disapproval or offence') with exceptional (`not typical' or `unusually good').
fawn with faun: a fawn is a young deer, and a light brown colour; a faun is a Roman deity that is part man, part goat.
flaunt with flout; flaunt means `display ostentatiously', while flout means `openly disregard (a rule)'.
flounder with founder: flounder generally means `have trouble doing or understanding something, be confused', while founder means `fail or come to nothing'.
forego and forgo: forego means `precede', but is also a less common spelling for forgo, `go without`.
grisly with grizzly, as in grizzly bear: grisly means `causing horror or revulsion', whereas grizzly is from the same root as grizzled and refers to the bear's white-tipped fur.
hoard with horde: a hoard is a store of something valuable; horde is a disparaging term for a large group of people.
imply and infer. Imply is used with a speaker as its subject, as in he implied that the General was a traitor, and indicates that the speaker is suggesting something though not making an explicit statement. Infer is used in sentences such as we inferred from his words that the General was a traitor, and indicates that something in the speaker's words enabled the listeners to deduce that the man was a traitor.
the possessive its (as in turn the camera on its side) with the contraction it's (short for either it is or it has, as in it's my fault; it's been a hot day).
loath (`reluctant; unwilling') with loathe, `dislike greatly'.
loose with lose: as a verb loose means `unfasten or set free', while lose means `cease to have' or `become unable to find'.
luxuriant, `rich and profuse in growth', with luxurious, which means `characterized by luxury; very comfortable and extravagant'.
marital, `of marriage', with martial, `of war'!
militate, which is used in the form militate against to mean `be an important factor in preventing', with mitigate, which means `make (something bad) less severe'.
naturism (nudism) and naturist (a nudist) with naturalism and naturalist: naturalism is an artistic or literary approach or style; a naturalist is an expert in natural history, or an exponent of naturalism.
officious, `asserting authority or interfering in an annoyingly domineering way', with official, which means `relating to an authority or public body' and `having the approval or authorization of such a body'.
ordinance, `an authoritative order', with ordnance, which means `guns' or `munitions'.
palate and palette: the palate is the roof of the mouth; a palette, on the other hand, is an artist's board for mixing colours.
pedal and peddle. Pedal is a noun denoting a foot-operated lever; as a verb it means `move by means of pedals'. Peddle is a verb meaning `sell (goods)'. The associated noun from pedal is pedaller (US pedaler), and the noun from peddle is pedlar or peddler.
perquisite and prerequisite: a perquisite is a special right or privilege enjoyed as a result of one's position; prerequisite is something that is required as a prior condition for something else; prerequisite can also be an adjective, meaning `required as a prior condition'.
perspicuous, `expressing things clearly', with perspicacious, which means `having a ready understanding of things'.
principal, `first in order of importance; main', with principle, which is a noun meaning chiefly `a basis of a system of thought or belief'.
proscribe with prescribe: proscribe is a rather formal word meaning `condemn or forbid', whereas prescribe means either `issue a medical prescription' or `recommend with authority'.
regretful, `feeling or showing regret', with regrettable, which means `giving rise to regret; undesirable'.
shear, `cut the wool off (a sheep)', with sheer, which as a verb means `swerve or change course quickly' or `avoid an unpleasant topic', and as an adjective means `nothing but; absolute', `perpendicular', or `(of a fabric) very thin'.
stationary and stationery: stationary is an adjective with the sense `not moving or changing', whereas stationery is a noun meaning `paper and other writing materials'.
story and storey: a story is a tale or account, while a storey is a floor of a building. In North America the spelling story is sometimes used for storey.
titillate and titivate: titillate means `excite', whereas titivate means `adorn or smarten up'.
tortuous, `full of twists and turns' or `excessively lengthy and complex', with torturous, which means `characterized by pain or suffering'.
turbid and turgid: turbid is generally used in reference to a liquid and means `cloudy or opaque'; turgid tends to mean `tediously pompous' or, in reference to a river, `swollen, overflowing'.
unexceptionable, `that cannot be taken exception to, inoffensive', with unexceptional, `not exceptional; ordinary'.
unsociable with unsocial and antisocial: unsociable means `not enjoying the company of or engaging in activities with others'; unsocial usually means `socially inconvenient' and typically refers to the hours of work of a job; antisocial means `contrary to accepted social customs and therefore annoying'.
venal (`susceptible to bribery; corruptible') with venial, which is used in Christian theology in reference to sin (a venial sin, unlike a mortal sin, is not regarded as depriving the soul of divine grace).
who's with whose; who's is a contraction of who is or who has, while whose is used in questions such as whose is this? and whose turn is it?
wreath and wreathe: wreath with no e at the end means `arrangement of flowers', while wreathe with an e is a verb meaning `envelop, surround, or encircle'.
your with you're; you're is a contraction of you are, while your is a possessive determiner used in phrases such as your turn.
|English Words |Other words in the family. |Definition* |
|abandon |abandoned, abandoning, abandonment, abandons, e.g. |abandon |
|abstract |abstraction, abstractions, abstractly, abstracts, e.g. |abstract |
|academy |academia, academic, academically, academics, academies, e.g. |academy |
|access |accessed, accesses, accessibility, accessible, accessing, inaccessible |access |
|accommodate |accommodated, accommodates, accommodating, accommodation |accommodate |
|accompany |accompanied, accompanies, accompaniment, accompanying, unaccompanied |accompany |
|accumulate |accumulated, accumulating, accumulation, accumulates |accumulate |
|accurate |accuracy, accurately, inaccuracy, inaccuracies, inaccurate |accurate |
|achieve |achievable, achieved, achievement, achievements, achieves, achieving |achieve |
|acknowledge |acknowledged, acknowledges, acknowledging, acknowledgement, acknowledgements |acknowledge |
|acquire |acquired, acquires, acquiring, acquisition, acquisitions |acquire |
|adapt |adaptability, adaptable, adaptation, adaptations, adapted, adapting, adaptive,|adapt |
| |adapts | |
|adequate |adequacy, adequately, inadequacies, inadequacy, inadequate, inadequately |adequate |
|adjacent | |adjacent |
|adjust |adjusted, adjusting, adjustment, adjustments, adjusts, readjust, readjusted, |adjust |
| |readjusting, readjustment, readjustments, readjusts | |
|administrate |administrates, administration, administrations, administrative, |administrate |
| |administratively, administrator, administrators | |
|adult |adulthood, adults |adult |
|advocate |advocacy, advocated, advocates, advocating |advocate |
|affect |affected, affecting, affective, affectively, affects, unaffected |affect |
|aggregate |aggregated, aggregates, aggregating, aggregation |aggregate |
|aid |aided, aiding, aids, unaided |aid |
|albeit | |albeit |
|allocate |allocated, allocates, allocating, allocation, allocations |allocate |
|alter |alterable, alteration, alterations, altered, altering, alternate, alternating,|alter |
| |alters, unalterable, unaltered | |
|alternative |alternatively, alternatives |alternative |
|ambiguous |ambiguities, ambiguity, unambiguous, unambiguously |ambiguous |
|amend |amended, amending, amendment, amendments, amends |amend |
|analogy |analogies, analogous |analogy |
|analyse |analysed, analyser, analysers, analyses, analysing, analysis, analyst, |analyse |
| |analysts, analytic, analytical, analytically | |
|annual |annually |annual |
|anticipate |anticipated, anticipates, anticipating, anticipation, unanticipated |anticipate |
|apparent |apparently |apparent |
|append |appendix, appended, appends, appending, appendices, appendixes |append |
|appreciate |appreciable, appreciably, appreciated, appreciates, appreciating, |appreciate |
| |appreciation, unappreciated | |
|approach |approachable, approached, approaches, approaching, unapproachable |approach |
|appropriate |appropriacy, appropriately, appropriateness, inappropriacy, inappropriate, |appropriate |
| |inappropriately | |
|approximate |approximated, approximately, approximates, approximating, approximation, |approximate |
| |approximations | |
|arbitrary |arbitrariness, arbitrarily |arbitrary |
|area |areas |area |
|aspect |aspects |aspect |
|assemble |assembled, assembles, assemblies, assembling, assembly |assemble |
|assess |assessable, assessed, assesses, assessing, assessment, assessments, reassess, |assess |
| |reassessed, reassessing, reassessment, unassessed | |
|assign |assigned, assigning, assignment, assignments, assigns, reassign, reassigned, |assign |
| |reassigning, reassigns, unassigned | |
|assist |assistance, assistant, assistants, assisted, assisting, assists, unassisted |assist |
|assume |assumed, assumes, assuming, assumption, assumptions |assume |
|assure |assurance, assurances, assured, assuredly, assures, assuring |assure |
|attach |attached, attaches, attaching, attachment, attachments, unattached |attach |
|attain |attainable, attained, attaining, attainment, attainments, attains, |attain |
| |unattainable | |
|attitude |attitudes |attitude |
|attribute |attributable, attributed, attributes, attributing, attribution |attribute |
|author |authored, authoring, authors, authorship |author |
|authority |authoritative, authorities |authority |
|automate |automatic, automated, automates, automating, automatically, automation |automate |
|available |availability, unavailable |available |
|aware |awareness, unaware |aware |
|behalf | |behalf |
|benefit |beneficial, beneficiary, beneficiaries, benefited, benefiting, benefits |benefit |
|bias |biased, biases, biasing, unbiased |bias |
|bond |bonded, bonding, bonds |bond |
|brief |brevity, briefed, briefing, briefly, briefs |brief |
|bulk |bulky |bulk |
|capable |capabilities, capability, incapable |capable |
|capacity |capacities, incapacitate, incapacitated |capacity |
|category |categories, categorisation, categorise, categorised, categorises, |category |
| |categorising, categorizing | |
|cease |ceased, ceaseless, ceases, ceasing |cease |
|challenge |challenged, challenger, challengers, challenges, challenging |challenge |
|channel |channelled, channelling, channels |channel |
|chapter |chapters |chapter |
|chart |charted, charting, charts, uncharted |chart |
|chemical |chemically, chemicals |chemical |
|circumstance |circumstances |circumstance |
|cite |citation, citations, cited, citing, cites |cite |
|civil | |civil |
|clarify |clarification, clarified, clarifies, clarifying, clarity |clarify |
|classic |classical, classics |classic |
|clause |clauses |clause |
|code |coded, codes, coding |code |
|coherent |coherence, coherently, incoherent, incoherently |coherent |
|coincide |coincided, coincides, coinciding, coincidence, coincidences, coincident, |coincide |
| |coincidental | |
|collapse |collapsed, collapses, collapsible, collapsing |collapse |
|colleague |colleagues |colleague |
|commence |commenced, commences, commencement, commencing, recommences, recommenced, |commence |
| |recommencing | |
|comment |commentaries, commentary, commentator, commentators, commented, commenting, |comment |
| |comments | |
|commission |commissioned, commissioner, commissioners, commissioning, commissions |commission |
|commit |commitment, commitments, commits, committed, committing |commit |
|commodity |commodities |commodity |
|communicate |communicable, communicated, communicates, communicating, communication, |communicate |
| |communications, communicative, communicatively, uncommunicative | |
|community |communities |community |
|compatible |compatibility, incompatibility, incompatible |compatible |
|compensate |compensated, compensates, compensating, compensation, compensations, |compensate |
| |compensatory | |
|compile |compilation, compilations, compiled, compiles, compiling |compile |
|complement |complementary, complemented, complementing, complements |complement |
|complex |complexities, complexity |complex |
|component |componentry, components |component |
|compound |compounded, compounding, compounds |compound |
|comprehensive |comprehensively |comprehensive |
|comprise |comprised, comprises, comprising |comprise |
|compute |computation, computational, computations, computable, computer, computed, |compute |
| |computerised, computers, computing | |
|conceive |conceivable, conceivably, conceived, conceives, conceiving, inconceivable, |conceive |
| |inconceivably | |
|concentrate |concentrated, concentrates, concentrating, concentration |concentrate |
|concept |conception, concepts, conceptual, conceptualisation, conceptualise, |concept |
| |conceptualised, conceptualises, conceptualising, conceptually | |
|conclude |concluded, concludes, concluding, conclusion, conclusions, conclusive, |conclude |
| |conclusively, inconclusive, inconclusively | |
|concurrent |concurrently |concurrent |
|conduct |conducted, conducting, conducts |conduct |
|confer |conference, conferences, conferred, conferring, confers |confer |
|confine |confined, confines, confining, unconfined |confine |
|confirm |confirmation, confirmed, confirming, confirms |confirm |
|conflict |conflicted, conflicting, conflicts |conflict |
|conform |conformable, conformability, conformance, conformation, conformed, conforming,|conform |
| |conformist, conformists, conformity, conforms, nonconformist, nonconformists, | |
| |nonconformity, non-conformist, non-conformists, non-conformity | |
|consent |consensus, consented, consenting, consents |consent |
|consequent |consequence, consequences, consequently |consequent |
|considerable |considerably |considerable |
|consist |consisted, consistency, consistent, consistently, consisting, consists, |consist |
| |inconsistencies, inconsistency, inconsistent | |
|constant |constancy, constantly, constants, inconstancy, inconstantly |constant |
|constitute |constituencies, constituency, constituent, constituents, constituted, |constitute |
| |constitutes, constituting, constitution, constitutions, constitutional, | |
| |constitutionally, constitutive, unconstitutional | |
|constrain |constrained, constraining, constrains, constraint, constraints, unconstrained |constrain |
|construct |constructed, constructing, construction, constructions, constructive, |construct |
| |constructs, reconstruct, reconstructed, reconstructing, reconstruction, | |
| |reconstructs | |
|consult |consultancy, consultant, consultants, consultation, consultations, |consult |
| |consultative, consulted, consults, consulting | |
|consume |consumed, consumer, consumers, consumes, consuming, consumption |consume |
|contact |contactable, contacted, contacting, contacts |contact |
|contemporary |contemporaries |contemporary |
|context |contexts, contextual, contextualise, contextualised, contextualising, |context |
| |uncontextualised | |
|contract |contracted, contracting, contractor, contractors, contracts |contract |
|contradict |contradicted, contradicting, contradiction, contradictions, contradictory, |contradict |
| |contradicts | |
|contrary |contrarily |contrary |
|contrast |contrasted, contrasting, contrastive, contrasts |contrast |
|contribute |contributed, contributes, contributing, contribution, contributions, |contribute |
| |contributor, contributors | |
|controversy |controversies, controversial, controversially, uncontroversial |controversy |
|convene |convention, convenes, convened, convening, conventional, conventionally, |convene |
| |conventions, unconventional | |
|converse |conversely |converse |
|convert |conversion, conversions, converted, convertible, converting, converts |convert |
|convince |convinced, convinces, convincing, convincingly, unconvinced |convince |
|cooperate |cooperated, cooperates, cooperating, cooperation, cooperative, cooperatively, |cooperate |
| |co-operate, co-operated, co-operates, co-operation, co-operative, | |
| |co-operatively | |
|coordinate |coordinated, coordinates, coordinating, coordination, coordinator, |coordinate |
| |coordinators, co-ordinate, co-ordinated, co-ordinates, co-ordinating, | |
| |co-ordination, co-ordinator, co-ordinators | |
|core |cores, coring, cored |core |
|corporate |corporates, corporation, corporations |corporate |
|correspond |corresponded, correspondence, corresponding, correspondingly, corresponds |correspond |
|couple |coupled, coupling, couples |couple |
|create |created, creates, creating, creation, creations, creative, creatively, |create |
| |creativity, creator, creators, recreate, recreated, recreates, recreating | |
|credit |credited, crediting, creditor, creditors, credits |credit |
|criteria |criterion |criteria |
|crucial |crucially |crucial |
|culture |cultural, culturally, cultured, cultures, uncultured |culture |
|currency |currencies |currency |
|cycle |cycled, cycles, cyclic, cyclical, cycling |cycle |
|data | |data |
|debate |debatable, debated, debates, debating |debate |
|decade |decades |decade |
|decline |declined, declines, declining |decline |
|deduce |deduced, deduces, deducing, deduction, deductions |deduce |
|define |definable, defined, defines, defining, definition, definitions, redefine, |define |
| |redefined, redefines, redefining, undefined | |
|definite |definitely, definitive, indefinite, indefinitely |definite |
|demonstrate |demonstrable, demonstrably, demonstrated, demonstrates, demonstrating, |demonstrate |
| |demonstration, demonstrations, demonstrative, demonstratively, demonstrator, | |
| |demonstrators | |
|denote |denotation, denotations, denoted, denotes, denoting |denote |
|deny |deniable, denial, denials, denied, denies, denying, undeniable |deny |
|depress |depressed, depresses, depressing, depression |depress |
|derive |derivation, derivations, derivative, derivatives, derived, derives, deriving |derive |
|design |designed, designer, designers, designing, designs |design |
|despite | |despite |
|detect |detectable, detected, detecting, detection, detective, detectives, detector, |detect |
| |detectors, detects | |
|deviate |deviated, deviates, deviating, deviation, deviations |deviate |
|device |devices |device |
|devote |devoted, devotedly, devotes, devoting, devotion, devotions |devote |
|differentiate |differentiated, differentiates, differentiating, differentiation |differentiate |
|dimension |dimensional, dimensions, multidimensional |dimension |
|diminish |diminished, diminishes, diminishing, diminution, undiminished |diminish |
|discrete |discretely, discretion, discretionary, indiscrete, indiscretion |discrete |
|discriminate |discriminated, discriminates, discriminating, discrimination |discriminate |
|displace |displaced, displacement, displaces, displacing |displace |
|display |displayed, displaying, displays |display |
|dispose |disposable, disposal, disposed, disposes, disposing |dispose |
|distinct |distinction, distinctions, distinctive, distinctively, distinctly, indistinct,|distinct |
| |indistinctly | |
|distort |distorted, distorting, distortion, distortions, distorts |distort |
|distribute |distributed, distributing, distribution, distributional, distributions, |distribute |
| |distributive, distributor, distributors, redistribute, redistributed, | |
| |redistributes, redistributing, redistribution | |
|diverse |diversely, diversification, diversified, diversifies, diversify, diversifying,|diverse |
| |diversity | |
|document |documentation, documented, documenting, documents |document |
|domain |domains |domain |
|domestic |domestically, domesticate, domesticated, domesticating, domestics |domestic |
|dominate |dominance, dominant, dominated, dominates, dominating, domination |dominate |
|draft |drafted, drafting, drafts, redraft, redrafted, redrafting, redrafts |draft |
|drama |dramas, dramatic, dramatically, dramatise, dramatised, dramatising, |drama |
| |dramatises, dramatisation, dramatisations, dramatist, dramatists, | |
| |dramatization, dramatizations, dramatizing | |
|duration | |duration |
|dynamic |dynamically, dynamics |dynamic |
|economy |economic, economical, economically, economics, economies, economist, |economy |
| |economists, uneconomical | |
|edit |edited, editing, edition, editions, editor, editorial, editorials, editors, |edit |
| |edits | |
|element |elements |element |
|eliminate |eliminated, eliminates, eliminating, elimination |eliminate |
|emerge |emerged, emergence, emergent, emerges, emerging |emerge |
|emphasis |emphasise, emphasised, emphasising, emphatic, emphatically |emphasis |
|empirical |empirically, empiricism |empirical |
|enable |enabled, enables, enabling |enable |
|encounter |encountered, encountering, encounters |encounter |
|energy |energetic, energetically, energies |energy |
|enforce |enforced, enforcement, enforces, enforcing |enforce |
|enhance |enhanced, enhancement, enhances, enhancing |enhance |
|enormous |enormity, enormously |enormous |
|ensure |ensured, ensures, ensuring |ensure |
|entity |entities |entity |
|environment |environmental, environmentalist, environmentalists, environmentally, |environment |
| |environments | |
|equate |equated, equates, equating, equation, equations |equate |
|equip |equipment, equipped, equipping, equips |equip |
|equivalent |equivalence |equivalent |
|erode |eroded, erodes, eroding, erosion |erode |
|error |erroneous, erroneously, errors |error |
|establish |disestablish, disestablished, disestablishes, disestablishing, |establish |
| |disestablishment, established, establishes, establishing, establishment, | |
| |establishments | |
|estate |estates |estate |
|estimate |estimated, estimates, estimating, estimation, estimations, over-estimate, |estimate |
| |overestimate, overestimated, overestimates, overestimating, underestimate, | |
| |underestimated, underestimates, underestimating | |
|ethic |ethical, ethically, ethics, unethical |ethic |
|ethnic |ethnicity |ethnic |
|evaluate |evaluated, evaluates, evaluating, evaluation, evaluations, evaluative, |evaluate |
| |re-evaluate, re-evaluated, re-evaluates, re-evaluating, re-evaluation | |
|eventual |eventuality, eventually |eventual |
|evident |evidenced, evidence, evidential, evidently |evident |
|evolve |evolution, evolved, evolving, evolves, evolutionary, evolutionist, |evolve |
| |evolutionists | |
|exceed |exceeded, exceeding, exceeds |exceed |
|exclude |excluded, excludes, excluding, exclusion, exclusionary, exclusionist, |exclude |
| |exclusions, exclusive, exclusively | |
|exhibit |exhibited, exhibiting, exhibition, exhibitions, exhibits |exhibit |
|expand |expanded, expanding, expands, expansion, expansionism, expansive |expand |
|expert |expertise, expertly, experts |expert |
|explicit |explicitly |explicit |
|exploit |exploitation, exploited, exploiting, exploits |exploit |
|export |exported, exporter, exporters, exporting, exports |export |
|expose |exposed, exposes, exposing, exposure, exposures |expose |
|external |externalisation, externalise, externalised, externalises, externalising, |external |
| |externality | |
|extract |extracted, extracting, extraction, extracts |extract |
|facilitate |facilitated, facilitates, facilities, facilitating, facilitation, facilitator,|facilitate |
| |facilitators, facility | |
|factor |factored, factoring, factors |factor |
|feature |featured, features, featuring |feature |
|federal |federation, federations |federal |
|fee |fees |fee |
|file |filed, files, filing |file |
|final |finalise, finalised, finalises, finalising, finality, finally, finals |final |
|finance |financed, finances, financial, financially, financier, financiers, financing |finance |
|finite |infinite, infinitely |finite |
|flexible |flexibility, inflexible, inflexibility |flexible |
|fluctuate |fluctuated, fluctuates, fluctuating, fluctuation, fluctuations |fluctuate |
|focus |focused, focuses, focusing, refocus, refocused, refocuses, refocusing |focus |
|format |formatted, formatting, formats |format |
|formula |formulae, formulas, formulate, formulated, formulating, formulation, |formula |
| |formulations, reformulate, reformulated, reformulating, reformulation, | |
| |reformulations | |
|forthcoming | |forthcoming |
|found |founded, founder, founders, founding, unfounded |found |
|foundation |foundations |foundation |
|framework |frameworks |framework |
|function |functional, functionally, functioned, functioning, functions |function |
|fund |funded, funder, funders, funding, funds |fund |
|fundamental |fundamentally |fundamental |
|furthermore | |furthermore |
|gender |genders |gender |
|generate |generated, generates, generating |generate |
|generation |generations |generation |
|globe |global, globally, globalisation, globalization |globe |
|goal |goals |goal |
|grade |graded, grades, grading |grade |
|grant |granted, granting, grants |grant |
|guarantee |guaranteed, guaranteeing, guarantees |guarantee |
|guideline |guidelines |guideline |
|hence | |hence |
|hierarchy |hierarchical, hierarchies |hierarchy |
|highlight |highlighted, highlighting, highlights |highlight |
|hypothesis |hypotheses, hypothesise, hypothesised, hypothesises, hypothesising, |hypothesis |
| |hypothetical, hypothetically | |
|identical |identically |identical |
|identify |identifiable, identification, identified, identifies, identifying, identities,|identify |
| |identity, unidentifiable | |
|ideology |ideological, ideologically, ideologies |ideology |
|ignorant |ignorance, ignore, ignored, ignores, ignoring |ignorant |
|illustrate |illustrated, illustrates, illustrating, illustration, illustrations, |illustrate |
| |illustrative | |
|image |imagery, images |image |
|immigrate |immigrant, immigrants, immigrated, immigrates, immigrating, immigration |immigrate |
|impact |impacted, impacting, impacts |impact |
|implement |implementation, implemented, implementing, implements |implement |
|implicate |implicated, implicates, implicating, implication, implications |implicate |
|implicit |implicitly |implicit |
|imply |implied, implies, implying |imply |
|impose |imposed, imposes, imposing, imposition |impose |
|incentive |incentives |incentive |
|incidence |incident, incidentally, incidents |incidence |
|incline |inclination, inclinations,inclined, inclines, inclining |incline |
|income |incomes |income |
|incorporate |incorporated, incorporates, incorporating, incorporation |incorporate |
|index |indexed, indexes, indexing |index |
|indicate |indicated, indicates, indicating, indication, indications, indicative, |indicate |
| |indicator, indicators | |
|individual |individualised, individuality, individualism, individualist, individualists, |individual |
| |individualistic, individually, individuals | |
|induce |induced, induces, inducing, induction |induce |
|inevitable |inevitability, inevitably |inevitable |
|infer |inference, inferences, inferred, inferring, infers |infer |
|infrastructure |infrastructures |infrastructure |
|inherent |inherently |inherent |
|inhibit |inhibited, inhibiting, inhibition, inhibitions, inhibits |inhibit |
|initial |initially |initial |
|initiate |initiated, initiates, initiating, initiation, initiations, initiative, |initiate |
| |initiatives, initiator, initiators | |
|injure |injured, injures, injuries, injuring, injury, uninjured |injure |
|innovate |innovation, innovated, innovates, innovating, innovations, innovative, |innovate |
| |innovator, innovators | |
|input |inputs |input |
|insert |inserted, inserting, insertion, inserts |insert |
|insight |insightful, insights |insight |
|inspect |inspected, inspecting, inspection, inspections, inspector, inspectors, |inspect |
| |inspects | |
|instance |instances |instance |
|institute |instituted, institutes, instituting, institution, institutional, |institute |
| |institutionalise, institutionalised, institutionalises, institutionalising, | |
| |institutionally, institutions | |
|instruct |instruction, instructed, instructing, instructions, instructive, instructor, |instruct |
| |instructors, instructs | |
|integral | |integral |
|integrate |integrated, integrates, integrating, integration |integrate |
|integrity | |integrity |
|intelligent |intelligence, intelligently, unintelligent |intelligent |
|intense |intensely, intenseness, intensification, intensified, intensifies, intensify, |intense |
| |intensifying, intension, intensity, intensive, intensively | |
|interact |interacted, interacting, interaction, interactions, interactive, |interact |
| |interactively, interacts | |
|intermediate | |intermediate |
|internal |internalise, internalised, internalises, internalising, internally |internal |
|interpret |interpretation, interpretations, interpretative, interpreted, interpreting, |interpret |
| |interpretive, interprets, misinterpret, misinterpretation, misinterpretations,| |
| |misinterpreted, misinterpreting, misinterprets, reinterpret, reinterpreted, | |
| |reinterprets, reinterpreting, reinterpretation, reinterpretations | |
|interval |intervals |interval |
|intervene |intervened, intervenes, intervening, intervention, interventions |intervene |
|intrinsic |intrinsically |intrinsic |
|invest |invested, investing, investment, investments, investor, investors, invests, |invest |
| |reinvest, reinvested, reinvesting, reinvestment, reinvests | |
|investigate |investigated, investigates, investigating, investigation, investigations, |investigate |
| |investigative, investigator, investigators | |
|invoke |invoked, invokes, invoking |invoke |
|involve |involved, involvement, involves, involving, uninvolved |involve |
|isolate |isolated, isolates, isolating, isolation, isolationism |isolate |
|issue |issued, issues, issuing |issue |
|item |itemisation, itemise, itemised, itemises, itemising, items |item |
|job |jobs |job |
|journal |journals |journal |
|justify |justifiable, justifiably, justification, justifications, justified, justifies,|justify |
| |justifying, unjustified | |
|label |labelled, labelling, labels |label |
|labour |laboured, labouring, labours |labour |
|layer |layered, layering, layers |layer |
|lecture |lectured, lecturer, lecturers, lectures, lecturing |lecture |
|legal |illegal, illegality, illegally, legality, legally |legal |
|legislate |legislated, legislates, legislating, legislation, legislative, legislator, |legislate |
| |legislators, legislature | |
|levy |levies |levy |
|liberal |liberalise, liberalism, liberalisation, liberalised, liberalises, |liberal |
| |liberalising, liberalization, liberate, liberated, liberates, liberation, | |
| |liberations, liberating, liberator, liberators, liberally, liberals | |
|licence |licences, license, licensed, licensing, licenses, unlicensed |licence |
|likewise | |likewise |
|link |linkage, linkages, linked, linking, links |link |
|locate |located, locating, location, locations, relocate, relocated, relocates, |locate |
| |relocating, relocation | |
|logic |illogical, illogically, logical, logically, logician, logicians |logic |
|maintain |maintained, maintaining, maintains, maintenance |maintain |
|major |majorities, majority |major |
|manipulate |manipulated, manipulates, manipulating, manipulation, manipulations, |manipulate |
| |manipulative | |
|manual |manually, manuals |manual |
|margin |marginal, marginally, margins |margin |
|mature |immature, immaturity, maturation, maturational, matured, matures, maturing, |mature |
| |maturity | |
|maximise |max, maximised, maximises, maximising, maximisation, maximum |maximise |
|mechanism |mechanisms |mechanism |
|media | |media |
|mediate |mediated, mediates, mediating, mediation |mediate |
|medical |medically |medical |
|medium | |medium |
|mental |mentality, mentally |mental |
|method |methodical, methodological, methodologies, methodology, methods |method |
|migrate |migrant, migrants, migrated, migrates, migrating, migration, migrations, |migrate |
| |migratory | |
|military | |military |
|minimal |minimalisation, minimalise, minimalises, minimalised, minimalising, |minimal |
| |minimalist, minimalists, minimalistic, minimally | |
|minimise |minimised, minimises, minimising |minimise |
|minimum | |minimum |
|ministry |ministered, ministering, ministerial, ministries |ministry |
|minor |minorities, minority, minors |minor |
|mode |modes |mode |
|modify |modification, modifications, modified, modifies, modifying, unmodified |modify |
|monitor |monitored, monitoring, monitors, unmonitored |monitor |
|motive |motivate, motivated, motivates, motivating, motivation, motivations, motives, |motive |
| |unmotivated | |
|mutual |mutually |mutual |
|negate |negative, negated, negates, negating, negatively, negatives |negate |
|network |networked, networking, networks |network |
|neutral |neutralisation, neutralise, neutralised, neutralises, neutralising, neutrality|neutral |
|nevertheless | |nevertheless |
|nonetheless | |nonetheless |
|norm |norms |norm |
|normal |abnormal, abnormally, normalisation, normalise, normalised, normalises, |normal |
| |normalising, normality, normally | |
|notion |notions |notion |
|notwithstanding | |notwithstanding |
|nuclear | |nuclear |
|objective |objectively, objectivity |objective |
|obtain |obtainable, obtained, obtaining, obtains, unobtainable |obtain |
|obvious |obviously |obvious |
|occupy |occupancy, occupant, occupants, occupation,occupational, occupations, |occupy |
| |occupied, occupier, occupiers, occupies, occupying | |
|occur |occurred, occurrence, occurrences, occurring, occurs, reoccur, reoccurred, |occur |
| |reoccurring, reoccurs | |
|odd |odds |odd |
|offset |offsets, offsetting |offset |
|ongoing | |ongoing |
|option |optional, options |option |
|orient |orientate, orientated, orientates, orientation, orientating, oriented, |orient |
| |orienting, orients, reorient, reorientation | |
|outcome |outcomes |outcome |
|output |outputs |output |
|overall | |overall |
|overlap |overlapped, overlapping, overlaps |overlap |
|overseas | |overseas |
|panel |panelled, panelling, panels |panel |
|paradigm |paradigms |paradigm |
|paragraph |paragraphing, paragraphs |paragraph |
|parallel |paralleled, parallels, unparalleled |parallel |
|parameter |parameters |parameter |
|participate |participant, participants, participated, participates, participating, |participate |
| |participation, participatory | |
|partner |partners, partnership, partnerships |partner |
|passive |passively, passivity |passive |
|perceive |perceived, perceives, perceiving, perception, perceptions |perceive |
|percent |percentage, percentages |percent |
|period |periodic, periodical, periodically, periodicals, periods |period |
|persist |persisted, persistence, persistent, persistently, persisting, persists |persist |
|perspective |perspectives |perspective |
|phase |phased, phases, phasing |phase |
|phenomenon |phenomena, phenomenal |phenomenon |
|philosophy |philosopher, philosophers, philosophical, philosophically, philosophies, |philosophy |
| |philosophise, philosophised, philosophises, philosophising | |
|physical |physically |physical |
|plus |pluses |plus |
|policy |policies |policy |
|portion |portions |portion |
|pose |posed, poses, posing |pose |
|positive |positively |positive |
|potential |potentially |potential |
|practitioner |practitioners |practitioner |
|precede |preceded, precedence, precedent, precedes, preceding, unprecedented |precede |
|precise |imprecise, precisely, precision |precise |
|predict |predictability, predictable, predictably, predicted, predicting, prediction, |predict |
| |predictions, predicts, unpredictability, unpredictable | |
|predominant |predominance, predominantly, predominate, predominated, predominates, |predominant |
| |predominating | |
|preliminary |preliminaries |preliminary |
|presume |presumably, presumed, presumes, presuming, presumption, presumptions, |presume |
| |presumptuous | |
|previous |previously |previous |
|primary |primarily |primary |
|prime |primacy |prime |
|principal |principally |principal |
|principle |principled, principles, unprincipled |principle |
|prior | |prior |
|priority |priorities, prioritisation, prioritise, prioritised, prioritises, prioritising|priority |
|proceed |procedural, procedure, procedures, proceeded, proceeding, proceedings, |proceed |
| |proceeds | |
|process |processed, processes, processing |process |
|professional |professionally, professionals, professionalism |professional |
|prohibit |prohibited, prohibiting, prohibition, prohibitions, prohibitive, prohibits |prohibit |
|project |projected, projecting, projection, projections, projects |project |
|promote |promoted, promoter, promoters, promotes, promoting, promotion, promotions |promote |
|proportion |disproportion, disproportionate, disproportionately, proportional, |proportion |
| |proportionally, proportionate, proportionately, proportions | |
|prospect |prospective, prospects |prospect |
|protocol |protocols |protocol |
|psychology |psychological, psychologically, psychologist, psychologists |psychology |
|publication |publications |publication |
|publish |published, publisher, publishers, publishes, publishing, unpublished |publish |
|purchase |purchased, purchaser, purchasers, purchases, purchasing |purchase |
|pursue |pursued, pursues, pursuing, pursuit, pursuits |pursue |
|qualitative |qualitatively |qualitative |
|quote |quotation, quotations, quoted, quotes, quoting |quote |
|radical |radically, radicals |radical |
|random |randomly, randomness |random |
|range |ranged, ranges, ranging |range |
|ratio |ratios |ratio |
|rational |irrational, rationalisation, rationalisations, rationalise, rationalised, |rational |
| |rationalises, rationalising, rationalism, rationality, rationally | |
|react |reacted, reacts, reacting, reaction, reactionaries, reactionary, reactions, |react |
| |reactive, reactivate, reactivation, reactor, reactors | |
|recover |recoverable, recovered, recovering, recovers, recovery |recover |
|refine |refined, refinement, refinements, refines, refining |refine |
|regime |regimes |regime |
|region |regional, regionally, regions |region |
|register |deregister, deregistered, deregistering, deregisters, deregistration, |register |
| |registered, registering, registers, registration | |
|regulate |deregulated, deregulates, deregulating, deregulation, regulated, regulates, |regulate |
| |regulating, regulation,regulations, regulator, regulators, regulatory, | |
| |unregulated | |
|reinforce |reinforced, reinforcement, reinforcements, reinforces, reinforcing |reinforce |
|reject |rejected, rejecting, rejection, rejects, rejections |reject |
|relax |relaxation, relaxed, relaxes, relaxing |relax |
|release |released, releases, releasing |release |
|relevant |irrelevance, irrelevant, relevance |relevant |
|reluctance |reluctant, reluctantly |reluctance |
|rely |reliability, reliable, reliably, reliance, reliant, relied, relies, relying, |rely |
| |unreliable | |
|remove |removable, removal, removals, removed, removes, removing |remove |
|require |required, requirement, requirements, requires, requiring |require |
|research |researched, researcher, researchers, researches, researching |research |
|reside |resided, residence, resident, residential, residents, resides, residing |reside |
|resolve |resolution, resolved, resolves, resolving, unresolved |resolve |
|resource |resourced, resourceful, resources, resourcing, unresourceful, under-resourced |resource |
|respond |responded, respondent, respondents, responding, responds, response, responses,|respond |
| |responsive, responsiveness, unresponsive | |
|restore |restoration, restored, restores, restoring |restore |
|restrain |restrained, restraining, restrains, restraint, restraints, unrestrained |restrain |
|restrict |restricted, restricting, restriction, restrictions, restrictive, |restrict |
| |restrictively, restricts, unrestricted, unrestrictive | |
|retain |retained, retaining, retainer, retainers, retains, retention, retentive |retain |
|reveal |revealed, revealing, reveals, revelation, revelations |reveal |
|revenue |revenues |revenue |
|reverse |reversal, reversed, reverses, reversible, reversing, reversals, irreversible |reverse |
|revise |revised, revises, revising, revision, revisions |revise |
|revolution |revolutionary, revolutionaries, revolutionise, revolutionised, revolutionises,|revolution |
| |revolutionising, revolutionist, revolutionists, revolutions | |
|rigid |rigidities, rigidity, rigidly |rigid |
|role |roles |role |
|route |routed, routes, routing |route |
|scenario |scenarios |scenario |
|schedule |reschedule, rescheduled, reschedules, rescheduling, scheduled, schedules, |schedule |
| |scheduling, unscheduled | |
|scheme |schematic, schematically, schemed, schemes, scheming |scheme |
|scope | |scope |
|section |sectioned, sectioning, sections |section |
|sector |sectors |sector |
|secure |insecure, insecurities, insecurity, secured, securely, secures, securing, |secure |
| |securities, security | |
|seek |seeking, seeks, sought |seek |
|select |selected, selecting, selection, selections, selective, selectively, selector, |select |
| |selectors, selects | |
|sequence |sequenced, sequences, sequencing, sequential, sequentially |sequence |
|series | |series |
|sex |sexes, sexism, sexual, sexuality, sexually |sex |
|shift |shifted, shifting, shifts |shift |
|significant |insignificant, insignificantly, significance, significantly, signified, |significant |
| |signifies, signify, signifying | |
|similar |dissimilar, similarities, similarity, similarly |similar |
|simulate |simulated, simulates, simulating, simulation |simulate |
|site |sites |site |
|so-called | |so-called |
|sole |solely |sole |
|somewhat | |somewhat |
|source |sourced, sources, sourcing |source |
|specific |specifically, specification, specifications, specificity, specifics |specific |
|specify |specifiable, specified, specifies, specifying, unspecified |specify |
|sphere |spheres, spherical, spherically |sphere |
|stable |instability, stabilisation, stabilise, stabilised, stabilises, stabilising, |stable |
| |stability, unstable | |
|statistic |statistician, statisticians, statistical, statistically, statistics |statistic |
|status | |status |
|straightforward | |straightforward |
|strategy |strategic, strategies, strategically, strategist, strategists |strategy |
|stress |stressed, stresses, stressful, stressing, unstressed |stress |
|structure |restructure, restructured, restructures, restructuring, structural, |structure |
| |structurally, structured, structures, structuring, unstructured | |
|style |styled, styles, styling, stylish, stylise, stylised, stylises, stylising |style |
|submit |submission, submissions, submits, submitted, submitting |submit |
|subordinate |subordinates, subordination |subordinate |
|subsequent |subsequently |subsequent |
|subsidy |subsidiary, subsidies, subsidise, subsidised, subsidises, subsidising |subsidy |
|substitute |substituted, substitutes, substituting, substitution |substitute |
|successor |succession, successions, successive, successively, successors |successor |
|sufficient |sufficiency, insufficient, insufficiently, sufficiently |sufficient |
|sum |summation, summed, summing, sums |sum |
|summary |summaries, summarise, summarised, summarises, summarising, summarisation, |summary |
| |summarisations | |
|supplement |supplementary, supplemented, supplementing, supplements |supplement |
|survey |surveyed, surveying, surveys |survey |
|survive |survival, survived, survives, surviving, survivor, survivors |survive |
|suspend |suspended, suspending, suspends, suspension |suspend |
|sustain |sustainable, sustainability, sustained, sustaining, sustains, sustenance, |sustain |
| |unsustainable | |
|symbol |symbolic, symbolically, symbolise, symbolises, symbolised, symbolising, |symbol |
| |symbolism, symbols | |
|tape |taped, tapes, taping |tape |
|target |targeted, targeting, targets |target |
|task |tasks |task |
|team |teamed, teaming, teams |team |
|technical |technically |technical |
|technique |techniques |technique |
|technology |technological, technologically |technology |
|temporary |temporarily |temporary |
|tense |tension, tensely, tenser, tensest, tensions |tense |
|terminate |terminal, terminals, terminated, terminates, terminating, termination, |terminate |
| |terminations | |
|text |texts, textual |text |
|theme |themes, thematic, thematically |theme |
|theory |theoretical, theoretically, theories, theorist, theorists |theory |
|thereby | |thereby |
|thesis |theses |thesis |
|topic |topical, topics |topic |
|trace |traceable, traced, traces, tracing |trace |
|tradition |non-traditional, traditional, traditionalist, traditionally, traditions |tradition |
|transfer |transferable, transference, transferred, transferring, transfers |transfer |
|transform |transformation, transformations, transformed, transforming, transforms |transform |
|transit |transited, transiting, transition, transitional, transitions, transitory, |transit |
| |transits | |
|transmit |transmission, transmissions, transmitted, transmitting, transmits |transmit |
|transport |transportation, transported, transporter, transporters, transporting, |transport |
| |transports | |
|trend |trends |trend |
|trigger |triggered, triggering, triggers |trigger |
|ultimate |ultimately |ultimate |
|undergo |undergoes, undergoing, undergone, underwent |undergo |
|underlie |underlay, underlies, underlying |underlie |
|undertake |undertaken, undertakes, undertaking, undertook |undertake |
|uniform |uniformity, uniformly |uniform |
|unify |unification, unified, unifies, unifying |unify |
|unique |uniquely, uniqueness |unique |
|utilise |utilisation, utilised, utilises, utilising, utiliser, utilisers, utility, |utilise |
| |utilities | |
|valid |invalidate, invalidity, validate, validated, validating, validation, validity,|valid |
| |validly | |
|vary |invariable, invariably, variability, variable, variables, variably, variance, |vary |
| |variant, variants, variation, variations, varied, varies, varying | |
|vehicle |vehicles |vehicle |
|version |versions |version |
|via | |via |
|violate |violated, violates, violating, violation, violations |violate |
|virtual |virtually |virtual |
|visible |visibility, visibly, invisible, invisibility |visible |
|vision |visions |vision |
|visual |visualise, visualised, visualised, visualising, visualisation, visually |visual |
|volume |volumes, vol |volume |
|voluntary |voluntarily, volunteer, volunteering, volunteered, volunteers |voluntary |
|welfare | |welfare |
|whereas | |whereas |
|whereby | |whereby |
|widespread | |widespread |
NAMES BY WHICH PERSONS WITH CERTAIN CHARACTERISTICS ARE KNOWN
Alphabetically
|A person who collects things belonging to ancient times |antiquary |
|A partner in crime |accomplice |
|One who devotes his life to the welfare and interests of other people |altruist |
|One who engages in any pursuit for the love of it, and not for gain |amateur |
|One who can use both hands |ambidexter |
|One who fishes with a rod |angler |
|One who shoots with bows and arrows |archer |
|One who kills secretly or by surprise |assassin |
|One who steals books |biblioklept |
|A woman with light-coloured hair |blonde |
|A woman with dark hair |brunette |
|One who feeds on human flesh |cannibal |
|One who tries to get votes for an election candidate |canvassei |
|One who accompanies a young lady to public places |chaperon |
|One who works along with another |coadjutor |
|A person who dresses up women's hair |coiffeur |
|One who has special skill in judging art, music |connoisseur |
|One who is compelled by law to serve as a soldier |conscript |
|One living at the same lixue as another |contemporary |
|An acrobat who bends his body into various shapes |contortionist |
|A messenger sent in great haste |courier |
|One who steers a boat |coxswain |
|One who sneers at the aims and beliefs of his fellow men |cynic |
|A young lady who is making her first appearance at a public dance, or being presented at Court |debutante |
| A leader of the people who can sway his followers by his oratory |demagogue |
|One who has an irresistible desire for alcoholic drinks |dipsomaniac, methomaniac |
|One who listens to the conversation of others |eavesdropper |
|One who delights to speak about himself or thinks only of his own welfare |egotist |
|A spy sent out on a secret mission |emissary |
|One devoted to the pleasures of eating and drinking |epicure |
|One who is banished from his home or his country |exile |
|One who feeds on fruits |fruitarian |
|One who runs away from justice or the law |fugitive |
|One who worries a candidate for election by interruption and awkward questions |heckler |
|One who entertains another |host, hostess |
|One who pretends to be what he is not |hypocrite, impostor
|
|One who breaks images or church ornaments |iconoclast |
|One who maliciously sets fire to a building |incendiary |
|An unthankful person |ingrate |
|
One who can enable people speaking different languages to understand each other |interpreter |
|One who journeys from place to place |itinerant |
|One who has an irresistible tendency to steal |kleptomaniac |
|One versed in many languages |linguist |
|One who dies for a noble cause |martyr |
|One who goes from place to place begging alms |mendicant, beggar |
|One who imitates the voice, gestures etc. of another |mimic |
|One who becomes the favourite of a distinguished personage and serves him as a slave |minion |
|A hater of mankind |misanthrope, misanthropist |
|A hater of marriage |misogamist |
|A hater of women |misogynist
|
|One who pretends to know a great deal about |mountebank, charlatan, quack |
|One new to anything |novice, tyro, neophyte |
|One who collects coins |numismatist
|
|One who is opposed to intellectual progress |obscurant |
|One who looks on the bright side of things |optimist |
|An authority on pronunciation |orthoepist |
|One who eats all kinds of food |pantophagist |
|One who loves his country and serves it devotedly |patriot |
|One who makes a display of his learning tastes, etc. |pedant |
|One who journeys on foot |pedestrian |
|One who looks on the dark side of things |pessimist |
|One who devotes his service or wealth for the love of mankind |philanthropist |
|One who journeys to a Holy Place |pilgrim |
|One who has been before another in office or employment |predecessor |
|One who foretells events |prophet |
|One who searches for minerals or mining sites |prospector |
|One under the protection of another |protege, ward |
|An expert at story telling |raconteur
|
|One who retires from society to live a solitary life |recluse, hermit |
|A soldier or a sailor newly enlisted |recruit |
|One who takes refuge in a foreign country |refugee, alien |
|One who walks in his sleep |somnambulist |
|One who talks in his sleep |somniloquist |
|One whose reasoning is clever yet false |sophist |
|One who hides away on a ship to obtain a free passage |stowaway
|
|
One who takes over after another in office or employment |successor |
|One given to sensual pleasures and bodily enjoyment everything |sybarite |
|One who abstains from alcoholic drinks |teetotaller |
|A noisy abusive scolding woman |termagant |
|A person in a low state of health, or over-anxious about his health |valetudinarian
|
|One who eats no animal flesh |vegetarian |
|One who has the art of speaking in such a way that the sound seems to come from another person |ventriloquist |
|One who offers his service of his own free will |volunteer |
|One given up to luxurious living |voluptuary |
|A lover of animals |zoophilist
|
THE PHOBIA NAMES
|A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |
A-
Ablutophobia- Fear of washing or bathing.
Acarophobia- Fear of itching or of the insects that cause itching.
Acerophobia- Fear of sourness.
Achluophobia- Fear of darkness.
Acousticophobia- Fear of noise.
Acrophobia- Fear of heights.
Aerophobia- Fear of drafts, air swallowing, or airbourne noxious substances.
Aeroacrophobia- Fear of open high places.
Aeronausiphobia- Fear of vomiting secondary to airsickness.
Agliophobia- Fear of pain.
Agoraphobia- Fear of open spaces or of being in crowded, public places like markets. Fear of leaving a safe place.
Agraphobia- Fear of sexual abuse.
Agrizoophobia- Fear of wild animals.
Agyrophobia- Fear of streets or crossing the street.
Aichmophobia- Fear of needles or pointed objects.
Ailurophobia- Fear of cats.
Albuminurophobia- Fear of kidney disease.
Alektorophobia- Fear of chickens.
Algophobia- Fear of pain.
Alliumphobia- Fear of garlic.
Allodoxaphobia- Fear of opinions.
Altophobia- Fear of heights.
Amathophobia- Fear of dust.
Amaxophobia- Fear of riding in a car.
Ambulophobia- Fear of walking.
Amnesiphobia- Fear of amnesia.
Amychophobia- Fear of scratches or being scratched.
Anablephobia- Fear of looking up.
Ancraophobia or Anemophobia- Fear of wind.
Androphobia- Fear of men.
Anemophobia- Fear of air drafts or wind.
Anginophobia- Fear of angina, choking or narrowness.
Anglophobia- Fear of England, English culture, etc.
Angrophobia - Fear of becoming angry.
Ankylophobia- Fear of immobility of a joint.
Anthrophobia or Anthophobia- Fear of flowers.
Anthropophobia- Fear of people or society.
Antlophobia- Fear of floods.
Anuptaphobia- Fear of staying single.
Apeirophobia- Fear of infinity.
Aphenphosmphobia- Fear of being touched. (Haphephobia)
Apiphobia- Fear of bees.
Apotemnophobia- Fear of persons with amputations.
Arachibutyrophobia- Fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of the mouth.
Arachnephobia or Arachnophobia- Fear of spiders.
Arithmophobia- Fear of numbers.
Arrhenphobia- Fear of men.
Arsonphobia- Fear of fire.
Asthenophobia- Fear of fainting or weakness.
Astraphobia or Astrapophobia- Fear of thunder and lightning.
Astrophobia- Fear of stars and celestial space.
Asymmetriphobia- Fear of asymmetrical things.
Ataxiophobia- Fear of ataxia (muscular incoordination)
Ataxophobia- Fear of disorder or untidiness.
Atelophobia- Fear of imperfection.
Atephobia- Fear of ruin or ruins.
Athazagoraphobia- Fear of being forgotton or ignored or forgetting.
Atomosophobia - Fear of atomic explosions.
Atychiphobia- Fear of failure.
Aulophobia- Fear of flutes.
Aurophobia- Fear of gold.
Auroraphobia- Fear of Northern lights.
Autodysomophobia- Fear of one that has a vile odor.
Automatonophobia- Fear of ventriloquist's dummies, animatronic creatures, wax statues - anything that falsly represents a sentient being.
Automysophobia- Fear of being dirty.
Autophobia- Fear of being alone or of oneself.
Aviophobia or Aviatophobia- Fear of flying.
B-
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | Top
Bacillophobia- Fear of microbes.
Bacteriophobia- Fear of bacteria.
Ballistophobia- Fear of missles or bullets.
Bolshephobia- Fear of Bolsheviks.
Barophobia- Fear of gravity.
Basophobia or Basiphobia- Inability to stand. Fear of walking or falling.
Bathophobia- Fear of depth.
Batonophobia- Fear of plants.
Batophobia- Fear of heights or being close to high buildings.
Batrachophobia- Fear of amphibians, such as frogs, newts, salamanders, etc.
Belonephobia- Fear of pins and needles. (Aichmophobia)
Bibliophobia- Fear of books.
Blennophobia- Fear of slime.
Bogyphobia- Fear of bogies or the bogeyman.
Bromidrosiphobia or Bromidrophobia- Fear of body smells.
Brontophobia- Fear of thunder and lightning.
Bufonophobia- Fear of toads.
C-
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Cacophobia- Fear of ugliness.
Cainophobia or Cainotophobia- Fear of newness, novelty.
Caligynephobia- Fear of beautiful women.
Cancerophobia- Fear of cancer.
Carcinophobia- Fear of cancer.
Cardiophobia- Fear of the heart.
Carnophobia- Fear of meat.
Catagelophobia- Fear of being ridiculed.
Catapedaphobia- Fear of jumping from high and low places.
Cathisophobia- Fear of sitting.
Catoptrophobia- Fear of mirrors.
Cenophobia or Centophobia- Fear of new things or ideas.
Ceraunophobia- Fear of thunder.
Chaetophobia- Fear of hair.
Cheimaphobia or Cheimatophobia- Fear of cold.
Chemophobia- Fear of chemicals or working with chemicals.
Cherophobia- Fear of gaiety.
Chionophobia- Fear of snow.
Chiraptophobia- Fear of being touched.
Cholerophobia- Fear of anger or the fear of cholera.
Chorophobia- Fear of dancing.
Chrometophobia or Chrematophobia- Fear of money.
Chromophobia or Chromatophobia- Fear of colors.
Chronophobia- Fear of time.
Chronomentrophobia- Fear of clocks.
Cibophobia or Sitophobia or Sitiophobia- Fear of food.
Claustrophobia- Fear of confined spaces.
Cleithrophobia or Cleisiophobia- Fear of being locked in an enclosed place.
Cleptophobia- Fear of stealing.
Climacophobia- Fear of stairs, climbing or of falling downstairs.
Clinophobia- Fear of going to bed.
Clithrophobia or Cleithrophobia- Fear of being enclosed.
Cnidophobia- Fear of strings.
Cometophobia- Fear of comets.
Coimetrophobia- Fear of cemeteries.
Coitophobia- Fear of coitus.
Contreltophobia- Fear of sexual abuse.
Coprastasophobia- Fear of constipation.
Coprophobia- Fear of feces.
Coulrophobia- Fear of clowns.
Counterphobia- The preference by a phobic for fearful situations.
Cremnophobia- Fear of precipices.
Cryophobia- Fear of extreme cold, ice or frost.
Crystallophobia- Fear of crystals or glass.
Cyberphobia- Fear of computers or working on a computer.
Cyclophobia- Fear of bicycles.
Cymophobia- Fear of waves or wave like motions.
Cynophobia- Fear of dogs or rabies.
Cypridophobia, Cypriphobia, Cyprianophobia, or Cyprinophobia - Fear of prostitutes or venereal disease.
D-
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | Top
Decidophobia- Fear of making decisions.
Defecaloesiophobia- Fear of painful bowels movements.
Deipnophobia- Fear of dining and dinner conversations.
Dementophobia- Fear of insanity.
Demonophobia or Daemonophobia- Fear of demons.
Demophobia- Fear of crowds. (Agoraphobia)
Dendrophobia- Fear of trees.
Dentophobia- Fear of dentists.
Dermatophobia- Fear of skin lesions.
Dermatosiophobia or Dermatophobia or Dermatopathophobia- Fear of skin disease.
Dextrophobia- Fear of objects at the right side of the body.
Diabetophobia- Fear of diabetes.
Didaskaleinophobia- Fear of going to school.
Dikephobia- Fear of justice.
Dinophobia- Fear of dizziness or whirlpools.
Diplophobia- Fear of double vision.
Dipsophobia- Fear of drinking.
Dishabiliophobia- Fear of undressing in front of someone.
Domatophobia or Oikophobia- Fear of houses or being in a house.
Doraphobia- Fear of fur or skins of animals.
Dromophobia- Fear of crossing streets.
Dutchphobia- Fear of the Dutch.
Dysmorphophobia- Fear of deformity.
Dystychiphobia- Fear of accidents.
E-
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | Top
Ecclesiophobia- Fear of church.
Ecophobia- Fear of home.
Eicophobia or Oikophobia- Fear of home surroundings.
Eisoptrophobia- Fear of mirrors or of seeing oneself in a mirror.
Electrophobia- Fear of electricity.
Eleutherophobia- Fear of freedom.
Elurophobia- Fear of cats. (Ailurophobia)
Emetophobia- Fear of vomiting.
Enetophobia- Fear of pins.
Enochlophobia- Fear of crowds.
Enosiophobia or Enissophobia- Fear of having committed an unpardonable sin or of criticism.
Entomophobia- Fear of insects.
Eosophobia- Fear of dawn or daylight.
Epistaxiophobia- Fear of nosebleeds.
Epistemophobia- Fear of knowledge.
Equinophobia- Fear of horses.
Eremophobia- Fear of being oneself or of lonliness.
Ereuthrophobia- Fear of blushing.
Ergasiophobia- 1) Fear of work or functioning. 2) Surgeon's fear of operating.
Ergophobia- Fear of work.
Erotophobia- Fear of sexual love or sexual questions.
Euphobia- Fear of hearing good news.
Eurotophobia- Fear of female genitalia.
Erythrophobia, Erytophobia or Ereuthophobia- 1) Fear of redlights. 2) Blushing. 3) Red.
F-
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | Top
Febriphobia, Fibriphobia or Fibriophobia- Fear of fever.
Felinophobia- Fear of cats. (Ailurophobia, Elurophobia, Galeophobia, Gatophobia)
Francophobia- Fear of France, French culture. (Gallophobia, Galiophobia)
Frigophobia- Fear of cold, cold things.
G-
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | Top
Galeophobia or Gatophobia- Fear of cats.
Gallophobia or Galiophobia- Fear France, French culture. (Francophobia)
Gamophobia- Fear of marriage.
Geliophobia- Fear of laughter.
Geniophobia- Fear of chins.
Genophobia- Fear of sex.
Genuphobia- Fear of knees.
Gephyrophobia, Gephydrophobia, or Gephysrophobia- Fear of crossing bridges.
Germanophobia- Fear of Germany, German culture, etc.
Gerascophobia- Fear of growing old.
Gerontophobia- Fear of old people or of growing old.
Geumaphobia or Geumophobia- Fear of taste.
Glossophobia- Fear of speaking in public or of trying to speak.
Gnosiophobia- Fear of knowledge.
Graphophobia- Fear of writing or handwriting.
Gymnophobia- Fear of nudity.
Gynephobia or Gynophobia- Fear of women.
H-
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | Top
Hadephobia- Fear of hell.
Hagiophobia- Fear of saints or holy things.
Hamartophobia- Fear of sinning.
Haphephobia or Haptephobia- Fear of being touched.
Harpaxophobia- Fear of being robbed.
Hedonophobia- Fear of feeling pleasure.
Heliophobia- Fear of the sun.
Hellenologophobia- Fear of Greek terms or complex scientific terminology.
Helminthophobia- Fear of being infested with worms.
Hemophobia or Hemaphobia or Hematophobia- Fear of blood.
Heresyphobia or Hereiophobia- Fear of challenges to official doctrine or of radical deviation.
Herpetophobia- Fear of reptiles or creepy, crawly things.
Heterophobia- Fear of the opposite sex. (Sexophobia)
Hierophobia- Fear of priests or sacred things.
Hippophobia- Fear of horses.
Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia- Fear of long words.
Hobophobia- Fear of bums or beggars.
Hodophobia- Fear of road travel.
Hormephobia- Fear of shock.
Homichlophobia- Fear of fog.
Homilophobia- Fear of sermons.
Hominophobia- Fear of men.
Homophobia- Fear of sameness, monotony or of homosexuality or of becoming homosexual.
Hoplophobia- Fear of firearms.
Hydrargyophobia- Fear of mercurial medicines.
Hydrophobia- Fear of water or of rabies.
Hydrophobophobia- Fear of rabies.
Hyelophobia or Hyalophobia- Fear of glass.
Hygrophobia- Fear of liquids, dampness, or moisture.
Hylephobia- Fear of materialism OR the fear of epilepsy.
Hylophobia- Fear of forests.
Hypengyophobia or Hypegiaphobia- Fear of responsibility.
Hypnophobia- Fear of sleep or of being hypnotized.
Hypsiphobia- Fear of height.
I-
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | Top
Iatrophobia- Fear of going to the doctor or of doctors.
Ichthyophobia- Fear of fish.
Ideophobia- Fear of ideas.
Illyngophobia- Fear of veritgo or feeling dizzy when looking down.
Iophobia- Fear of poison.
Insectophobia - Fear of insects.
Isolophobia- Fear of solitude, being alone.
Isopterophobia- Fear of termites, insects that eat wood.
Ithyphallophobia- Fear of seeing, thinking about or having an erect penis.
J-
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | Top
Japanophobia- Fear of Japanese.
Judeophobia- Fear of Jews.
K-
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | Top
Kainolophobia- Fear of novelty.
Kainophobia- Fear of anything new, novelty.
Kakorrhaphiophobia- Fear of failure or defeat.
Katagelophobia- Fear of ridicule.
Kathisophobia- Fear of sitting down.
Kenophobia- Fear of voids or empty spaces.
Keraunophobia- Fear of thunder and lightning.
Kinetophobia or Kinesophobia- Fear of movement or motion.
Kleptophobia- Fear of stealing.
Koinoniphobia- Fear of rooms.
Kolpophobia- Fear of genitals, particularly female.
Kopophobia- Fear of fatigue.
Koniophobia- Fear of dust. (Amathophobia)
Kosmikophobia- Fear of cosmic phenomenon.
Kymophobia- Fear of waves.
Kynophobia- Fear of rabies.
Kyphophobia- Fear of stooping.
L-
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | Top
Lachanophobia- Fear of vegetables.
Laliophobia or Lalophobia- Fear of speaking.
Leprophobia or Lepraphobia- Fear of leprosy.
Leukophobia- Fear of the color white.
Levophobia- Fear of things to the left side of the body.
Ligyrophobia- Fear of loud noises.
Lilapsophobia- Fear of tornadoes and hurricanes.
Limnophobia- Fear of lakes.
Linonophobia- Fear of string.
Liticaphobia- Fear of lawsuits.
Lockiophobia- Fear of childbirth.
Logizomechanophobia- Fear of computers.
Logophobia- Fear of words.
Luiphobia- Fear of lues, syphillis.
Lutraphobia- Fear of otters.
Lygophobia- Fear of darkness.
Lyssophobia- Fear of rabies or of becoming mad.
M-
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | Top
Macrophobia- Fear of long waits.
Mageirocophobia- Fear of cooking.
Maieusiophobia- Fear of childbirth.
Malaxophobia- Fear of love play. (Sarmassophobia)
Maniaphobia- Fear of insanity.
Mastigophobia- Fear of punishment.
Mechanophobia- Fear of machines.
Medomalacuphobia- Fear of losing an erection.
Medorthophobia- Fear of an erect penis.
Megalophobia- Fear of large things.
Melissophobia- Fear of bees.
Melanophobia- Fear of the color black.
Melophobia- Fear or hatred of music.
Meningitophobia- Fear of brain disease.
Menophobia- Fear of menstruation.
Merinthophobia- Fear of being bound or tied up.
Metallophobia- Fear of metal.
Metathesiophobia- Fear of changes.
Meteorophobia- Fear of meteors.
Methyphobia- Fear of alcohol.
Metrophobia- Fear or hatred of poetry.
Microbiophobia- Fear of microbes. (Bacillophobia)
Microphobia- Fear of small things.
Misophobia- Fear of being contaminated with dirt of germs.
Mnemophobia- Fear of memories.
Molysmophobia or Molysomophobia- Fear of dirt or contamination.
Monophobia- Fear of solitude or being alone.
Monopathophobia- Fear of definite disease.
Motorphobia- Fear of automobiles.
Mottephobia- Fear of moths.
Musophobia or Murophobia- Fear of mice.
Mycophobia- Fear or aversion to mushrooms.
Mycrophobia- Fear of small things.
Myctophobia- Fear of darkness.
Myrmecophobia- Fear of ants.
Mysophobia- Fear of germs or contamination or dirt.
Mythophobia- Fear of myths or stories or false statements.
Myxophobia- Fear of slime. (Blennophobia)
N-
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | Top
Nebulaphobia- Fear of fog. (Homichlophobia)
Necrophobia- Fear of death or dead things.
Nelophobia- Fear of glass.
Neopharmaphobia- Fear of new drugs.
Neophobia- Fear of anything new.
Nephophobia- Fear of clouds.
Noctiphobia- Fear of the night.
Nomatophobia- Fear of names.
Nosocomephobia- Fear of hospitals.
Nosophobia or Nosemaphobia- Fear of becoming ill.
Nostophobia- Fear of returning home.
Novercaphobia- Fear of your step-mother.
Nucleomituphobia- Fear of nuclear weapons.
Nudophobia- Fear of nudity.
Numerophobia- Fear of numbers.
Nyctohylophobia- Fear of dark wooded areas, of forests at night
Nyctophobia- Fear of the dark or of night.
O-
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | Top
Obesophobia- Fear of gaining weight.(Pocrescophobia)
Ochlophobia- Fear of crowds or mobs.
Ochophobia- Fear of vehicles.
Octophobia - Fear of the figure 8.
Odontophobia- Fear of teeth or dental surgery.
Odynophobia or Odynephobia- Fear of pain. (Algophobia)
Oenophobia- Fear of wines.
Oikophobia- Fear of home surroundings, house.
Olfactophobia- Fear of smells.
Ombrophobia- Fear of rain or of being rained on.
Ommetaphobia or Ommatophobia- Fear of eyes.
Oneirophobia- Fear of dreams.
Oneirogmophobia- Fear of wet dreams.
Onomatophobia- Fear of hearing a certain word or of names.
Ophidiophobia- Fear of snakes. (Snakephobia)
Ophthalmophobia- Fear of being stared at.
Optophobia- Fear of opening one's eyes.
Ornithophobia- Fear of birds.
Orthophobia- Fear of property.
Osmophobia or Osphresiophobia- Fear of smells or odors.
Ostraconophobia- Fear of shellfish.
Ouranophobia- Fear of heaven.
P-
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Pagophobia- Fear of ice or frost.
Panthophobia- Fear of suffering and disease.
Panophobia or Pantophobia- Fear of everything.
Papaphobia- Fear of the Pope.
Papyrophobia- Fear of paper.
Paralipophobia- Fear of neglecting duty or responsibility.
Paraphobia- Fear of sexual perversion.
Parasitophobia- Fear of parasites.
Paraskavedekatriaphobia- Fear of Friday the 13th.
Parthenophobia- Fear of virgins or young girls.
Pathophobia- Fear of disease.
Patroiophobia- Fear of heredity.
Parturiphobia- Fear of childbirth.
Peccatophobia- Fear of sinning. (imaginary crime)
Pediculophobia- Fear of lice.
Pediophobia- Fear of dolls.
Pedophobia- Fear of children.
Peladophobia- Fear of bald people.
Pellagrophobia- Fear of pellagra.
Peniaphobia- Fear of poverty.
Pentheraphobia- Fear of mother-in-law. (Novercaphobia)
Phagophobia- Fear of swallowing or of eating or of being eaten.
Phalacrophobia- Fear of becoming bald.
Phallophobia- Fear of a penis, esp erect.
Pharmacophobia- Fear of taking medicine.
Phasmophobia- Fear of ghosts.
Phengophobia- Fear of daylight or sunshine.
Philemaphobia or Philematophobia- Fear of kissing.
Philophobia- Fear of falling in love or being in love.
Philosophobia- Fear of philosophy.
Phobophobia- Fear of phobias.
Photoaugliaphobia- Fear of glaring lights.
Photophobia- Fear of light.
Phonophobia- Fear of noises or voices or one's own voice; of telephones.
Phronemophobia- Fear of thinking.
Phthiriophobia- Fear of lice. (Pediculophobia)
Phthisiophobia- Fear of tuberculosis.
Placophobia- Fear of tombstones.
Plutophobia- Fear of wealth.
Pluviophobia- Fear of rain or of being rained on.
Pneumatiphobia- Fear of spirits.
Pnigophobia or Pnigerophobia- Fear of choking of being smothered.
Pocrescophobia- Fear of gaining weight. (Obesophobia)
Pogonophobia- Fear of beards.
Poliosophobia- Fear of contracting poliomyelitis.
Politicophobia- Fear or abnormal dislike of politicians.
Polyphobia- Fear of many things.
Poinephobia- Fear of punishment.
Ponophobia- Fear of overworking or of pain.
Porphyrophobia- Fear of the color purple.
Potamophobia- Fear of rivers or running water.
Potophobia- Fear of alcohol.
Pharmacophobia- Fear of drugs.
Proctophobia- Fear of rectum.
Prosophobia- Fear of progress.
Psellismophobia- Fear of stuttering.
Psychophobia- Fear of mind.
Psychrophobia- Fear of cold.
Pteromerhanophobia- Fear of flying.
Pteronophobia- Fear of being tickled by feathers.
Pupaphobia - fear of puppets
Pyrexiophobia- Fear of Fever.
Pyrophobia- Fear of fire.
Q-
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Radiophobia- Fear of radiation, x-rays.
Ranidaphobia- Fear of frogs.
Rectophobia- Fear of rectum or rectal diseases.
Rhabdophobia- Fear of being severely punished or beaten by a rod, or of being severely criticized. Also fear of magic.(wand)
Rhypophobia- Fear of defecation.
Rhytiphobia- Fear of getting wrinkles.
Rupophobia- Fear of dirt.
Russophobia- Fear of Russians.
S-
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Samhainophobia: Fear of Halloween.
Sarmassophobia- Fear of love play. (Malaxophobia)
Satanophobia- Fear of Satan.
Scabiophobia- Fear of scabies.
Scatophobia- Fear of fecal matter.
Scelerophibia- Fear of bad men, burglars.
Sciophobia Sciaphobia- Fear of shadows.
Scoleciphobia- Fear of worms.
Scolionophobia- Fear of school.
Scopophobia or Scoptophobia- Fear of being seen or stared at.
Scotomaphobia- Fear of blindness in visual field.
Scotophobia- Fear of darkness. (Achluophobia)
Scriptophobia- Fear of writing in public.
Selaphobia- Fear of light flashes.
Selenophobia- Fear of the moon.
Seplophobia- Fear of decaying matter.
Sesquipedalophobia- Fear of long words.
Sexophobia- Fear of the opposite sex. (Heterophobia)
Siderodromophobia- Fear of trains, railroads or train travel.
Siderophobia- Fear of stars.
Sinistrophobia- Fear of things to the left, left-handed.
Sinophobia- Fear of Chinese, Chinese culture.
Sitophobia or Sitiophobia- Fear of food or eating. (Cibophobia)
Snakephobia- Fear of snakes. (Ophidiophobia)
Soceraphobia- Fear of parents-in-law.
Social Phobia- Fear of being evaluated negatively in social situations.
Sociophobia- Fear of society or people in general.
Somniphobia- Fear of sleep.
Sophophobia- Fear of learning.
Soteriophobia - Fear of dependence on others.
Spacephobia- Fear of outer space.
Spectrophobia- Fear of specters or ghosts.
Spermatophobia or Spermophobia- Fear of germs.
Spheksophobia- Fear of wasps.
Stasibasiphobia or Stasiphobia- Fear of standing or walking. (Ambulophobia)
Staurophobia- Fear of crosses or the crucifix.
Stenophobia- Fear of narrow things or places.
Stygiophobia or Stigiophobia- Fear of hell.
Suriphobia- Fear of mice.
Symbolophobia- Fear of symbolism.
Symmetrophobia- Fear of symmetry.
Syngenesophobia- Fear of relatives.
Syphilophobia- Fear of syphilis.
T-
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Tachophobia- Fear of speed.
Taeniophobia or Teniophobia- Fear of tapeworms.
Taphephobia Taphophobia- Fear of being buried alive or of cemeteries.
Tapinophobia- Fear of being contagious.
Taurophobia- Fear of bulls.
Technophobia- Fear of technology.
Teleophobia- 1) Fear of definate plans. 2) Religious ceremony.
Telephonophobia- Fear of telephones.
Teratophobia- Fear of bearing a deformed child or fear of monsters or deformed people.
Testophobia- Fear of taking tests.
Tetanophobia- Fear of lockjaw, tetanus.
Teutophobia- Fear of German or German things.
Textophobia- Fear of certain fabrics.
Thaasophobia- Fear of sitting.
Thalassophobia- Fear of the sea.
Thanatophobia.(than-uh-tuh-FO-bee-uh) or Thantophobia- Fear of death or dying.
Theatrophobia- Fear of theatres.
Theologicophobia- Fear of theology.
Theophobia- Fear of gods or religion.
Thermophobia- Fear of heat.
Tocophobia- Fear of pregnancy or childbirth.
Tomophobia- Fear of surgical operations.
Tonitrophobia- Fear of thunder.
Topophobia- Fear of certain places or situations, such as stage fright.
Toxiphobia or Toxophobia or Toxicophobia- Fear of poison or of being accidently poisoned.
Traumatophobia- Fear of injury.
Tremophobia- Fear of trembling.
Trichinophobia- Fear of trichinosis.
Trichopathophobia or Trichophobia or Hypertrichophobia- Fear of hair. (Chaetophobia)
Triskaidekaphobia- Fear of the number 13.
Tropophobia- Fear of moving or making changes.
Trypanophobia- Fear of injections.
Tuberculophobia- Fear of tuberculosis.
Tyrannophobia- Fear of tyrants.
U-
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Uranophobia- Fear of heaven.
Urophobia- Fear of urine or urinating.
V-
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Vaccinophobia- Fear of vaccination.
Venustraphobia- Fear of beautiful women.
Verbophobia- Fear of words.
Verminophobia- Fear of germs.
Vestiphobia- Fear of clothing.
Virginitiphobia- Fear of rape.
Vitricophobia- Fear of step-father.
W-
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Walloonphobia- Fear of the Walloons.
Wiccaphobia: Fear of witches and witchcraft.
X-
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Xanthophobia- Fear of the color yellow or the word yellow.
Xenophobia- Fear of strangers or foreigners.
Xerophobia- Fear of dryness.
Xylophobia- 1) Fear of wooden objects. 2) Forests.
Y-
Z-
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Zelophobia- Fear of jealousy.
Zeusophobia- Fear of God or gods.
Zemmiphobia- Fear of the great mole rat.
Zoophobia- Fear of animals.
ADJECTIVES & NOUNS
An Adjective is a word that adds to the meaning of a Noun. Say this over and over and over again so that you cannot forget it.
Sometimes a noun by itself does not give enough information. Suppose you wanted to buy a pair of shoes, and said to the shop assistant, “I should like to buy a pair of shoes like those in the shop window.” The assistant might say, “But there are over twenty pairs of shoes in the window. Which ones would you like to buy?” “I would like to buy the brown ones.” “There are lots of brown shoes in the window.” “I would like lace-up shoes.” “What size would you like?” “I would like size 10.” The assistant goes to the window and selects a pair of size 10 lace-up brown shoes and brings them back to you. “Are these the right shoes?” “No! No!” you say, “Those shoes have plastic tops. I want shoes with leather tops, but the soles can be plastic.” “I think I know the shoes you want. I will get them for you.” The assistant comes back with another pair of shoes. “Yes,” you say. “Those are the shoes I want. I will try them on to make sure they fit.”
As you can see, the assistant needs to know much more than that you want to buy a pair of shoes. Much more information is needed. But if you had said at first, “I would like to buy a pair of size 10 brown lace-up shoes with leather tops and plastic soles,” then the assistant could have brought them to you at once.
That extra information is given through the use of Adjectives. As you can see, adjectives add to the meaning and understanding of nouns. But they do more than that; they narrow the choice, or application, of the noun.
So a better definition of an adjective is: An Adjective is a word that both enlarges the meaning and narrows the application of a noun.
Adding to, or enlarging, the meaning of a noun, is always accompanied by a narrowing of the application of the noun. This is important. Thus the noun “shoes”, without any adjectives added to it, could be applied to numerous pairs of shoes, but by adding adjectives, the meaning or description of the shoes is enlarged, but the choice or application is made much narrower. But note that when we add adjectives to the noun, the meaning of the word “shoes” is not changed. “Size 10 brown lace-up shoes with leather tops” still means all that “shoes” means, and more.
A shorter definition is An adjective is a word that is used to qualify a noun. (“Qualify” simply means “modify”. Thus we can say that the adjective “brown” qualifies the noun “shoes.”)
ADJECTIVES - AD-JEC-TIVESˆ - and NOUNS
An Adjective is a word that adds to the meaning of a Noun.
Remember that: A NOUN is the NAME of a PERSON, PLACE or THING.
Repeat the above sentence over and over again so that you cannot forget it.
There are FOUR KINDS OF NOUNS –
COMMON Nouns,
PROPER Nouns,
COLLECTIVE Nouns and
ABSTRACT Nouns.
A COMMON NOUN
refers to any one of a number of things of the same kind, such as as: “man”, “country”, “lake” or “cloud”. “Common” comes from a Latin word meaning “shared by several”.
A PROPER NOUN
is a name for one particular thing. “Proper” comes from a Latin word meaning “own”. (Think of property; somebody owns the property.) Thus a Proper noun can be given to only one thing at a time; it is an owned name. A Proper noun begins with a capital letter, as “John”, “Australia”.
A COLLECTIVE NOUN
is a name for a group of similar things, the group forming one complete whole. Example: “There are many sheep in the field but there is only one flock of sheep.” In this sentence sheep is a Common noun, because it may stand for any one and every one sheep, but flock is a Collective noun, as it stands for all the sheep at once, and not for any one sheep on its own.
An ABSTRACT NOUN
is the name given to something which has no substance, that is, to something which cannot be seen, heard, touched, smelled or tasted. Examples are “poverty”, “humility”, “goodness”, “laughter” and “hardness”.
We know that a stone is hard. We know that iron is hard. We know that a brick is hard. We can speak of hardness as being a quality apart from the stone, the iron, and the brick, or any other object having the same quality. We can put our hands on the stone, the iron and the brick,, but there is nothing to see or touch when we think of hardness. We can go to the store and buy some stones or bricks or iron, but we cannot buy any hardness as it does not exist. We can think of stones and iron and bricks as having substance, whereas hardness has no substance. So, hardness is called an abstract noun.
Other examples are: childhood, kingship, service, sight, fear, hope - and so on
The following words are all nouns, as they refer to the names of PERSONS:
Tom. Dick. Harry, Jenny, Joan, Jean, Kenneth, William, Thomas, Ronald, Rita, Reg.
These nouns all begin with a capital letter, which shows they are owned by somebody; they refer to a particular person, not just to anyone in general.
Words such as man, woman, boy, girl, lad, lass, child, baby, person, people, are also nouns, but they are not owned by any particular person; the names are common to many people. So these words are all common nouns.
Note especially that the names are words, not persons. It is the words that are nouns, not the persons.
The following words are all nouns as they refer to the names of PLACES:
Perth, Adelaide, Midland, Stratton, Australia, Holland, England, America, Timor.
Note that these nouns all begin with a capital letter. This indicates that they are all owned names. So they are all Proper nouns.
But words such as river, mountain, lake, road, street, town, country, village, city are names that belong to any number of such things, or places; they are common to many things. So they are all called Common nouns.
Words such as hill, tree, river, bank, house, table, chair, knife, spoon, eggs, hens, bed, cat, dog, are all nouns as they are the names of THINGS. These names are common to a great many such things, so they are called Common nouns.
But names such as Swan River, Commonwealth Bank, Mount Everest, Morrison Road, are Proper nouns, as the names refer to particular things; they are owned names.
The following words are all nouns because they refer to the names of THINGS.
They are all nouns; each one names something: chair, table, dishes, computer, knife, meal, car, dog, garden, cloud, flower, tree. These names are all called Common nouns.
EXERCISE
1. Read through the following paragraph. Then underline the nouns. (There are 15 nouns altogether.)
Once upon a time, Hans Hannekemaaier, with a scythe on his back, came into the land near Edam Town where they make cheeses. How he stared his eyes out! The meadows were so lush and green, and the cows so big, The farmers, long pipes in their mouths, were strolling about the fields with a lordly air.
2. Now make a list of all the nouns and beside each one write what kind of a noun it is – Common noun, Proper noun, Collective noun or Abstract noun.
Two of the nouns are worked for you.
Noun Kind of Noun
1. time Abstract noun
2. Hans Hannekemaaier Proper noun
|Exam questions survival kit (Technology) |
|Contents |
|Exam questions survival kit (Technology) 1 |
|General 1 |
|Multiple Choice 1 |
|Glossary of words (English) - Word Power 4 |
|Exam command words: A poem - Presentation Transcript 10 |
|Commonly Confused Word 12 |
|Big Words for Small Words 30 |
| |
|General |
|Read this at your leisure, get to know which words are used in exams and improve your word power. I know it is long but it is good as a |
|printout and for casual reading before exams or University, TAFE entry or even when applying for a job. |
| |
|Exams: Find the answers that carry the most marks and answer these first, then answer 3, 2 then 1 mark answers and finally answer the |
|multiple choice last. |
|(This is my opinion - you decide which is best for you in exams!) |
|Multiple Choice | |
|· Circle or underline important words in the item. This will help you focus on the information most needed to identify the correct answer |
|choice. |
|· Cross out answer choices you are certain are not correct. This will help you narrow down the correct answer choice. |
|· Do not change your initial answer unless you are sure another answer choice is correct. More often than not, your first choice is correct.|
|· Look for answer choices that contain language used by your teacher or found in your textbooks. An answer choice that contains such |
|language is usually correct. |
|· Look for hints about the correct answer choice in other items on the test. The correct answer choice may be part of another item on the |
|test. |
|· Look for two answer choices that are opposites. One of these two answer choices is likely to be correct. |
|· Read ALL the answer choices before selecting one. It is just as likely for the last answer choice to be correct as the first. |
|PANIC MODE: If you do not know many answers pick one letter (a), (b), (c) or (d) and answer all questions with that letter (theoretically out|
|of 20 - 4 or 5 will be (a), (b), (c) or (d) giving a possible minimum of 4 or 5 marks! |
|HOWEVER the best letter to choose is (d) because (d) often includes All of the above - which is usually a right answer!!! BUT DO NOT TAKE |
|THIS OPTION UNLESS YOU ARE DESPERATE |
Glossary of words used in an exam (General)
Analyze: Take apart a concept or a process, and explain it step by step. You could encounter analysis questions in any discipline, from science to history. An analysis question is usually a long essay question.
|Comment: If a test question prompts you to comment on a fact or statement, you will need to explain the relevance of the fact or |
|statement. For example, you could be prompted to comment on a particular amendment quoted in a government exam, or comment on a |
|passage that is quoted on a literature exam. |
|Compare: Show likenesses and differences when you compare two events, theories, or processes. |
|Contrast: Used for showing differences between two processes or theories, a contrast question could appear on a literature exam, |
|a history exam, a science exam, and more. |
|Define: Provide a definition of a key term you’ve covered in class. This is usually a short essay type of question. |
|Demonstrate: If you are asked to demonstrate, you must provide proof of your answer by using an example. A demonstration could be|
|a physical action, a visual illustration, or a written statement. |
|Diagram: Demonstrate your answer by drawing a chart or other visual element to illustrate your points. |
|Discuss: When a teacher instructs you to “discuss” a topic, he or she is trying to determine whether you understand both sides of|
|an issue. You will need to demonstrate that you know the strengths and weaknesses of both sides. You should pretend that you are |
|having a conversation with a friend and voicing both sides. |
|Enumerate: Enumerating is providing a list in a particular order. When you enumerate a list of items, you may need to specify why|
|items go in a particular order. |
|Examine: If you are prompted to examine a topic, you will use your own judgment to explore (in writing) a topic and comment on |
|significant elements, events, or acts. Provide your opinion and explain how or why you came to your conclusions. |
|Explain: Provide an answer that gives a “why” response. Provide a complete overview of the problem and solution for a particular |
|issue or process. This is a typical form of question used in science exams. |
|Illustrate: If you are expected to illustrate a topic, you should use examples to show or explain a topic. Depending on the |
|subject matter, you might use words, drawings, diagrams, or behavior to illustrate an answer. |
|Interpret: Interpretation of a subject calls for the ability to read between the lines and draw conclusions. You will be expected|
|to explain the meaning of an act, action, or passage in an interpretation. |
|Justify: If you are asked to justify something, you will be expected to use examples or evidence to show why (in your opinion) it|
|is correct. You must provide reasons for your conclusions and opinions. |
|List: Lists are used in every discipline. In list questions you must provide a series of answers. If you are expected to memorize|
|a certain number of items for an exam, be sure to remember how many there are in total. |
|Outline: Provide an explanation with headings and subheadings. This is a common instruction word found on literature exams. |
|Order: Provide a chronological or value-based answer by listing several items (terms or events) in correct placement. You could |
|be asked to place events in a certain order on a history exam, or you could be asked to put a scientific process in the correct |
|order. |
|Prove: To prove an answer, you must use evidence (this could be numbers) or reasoning to solve a problem. Tests that require |
|proof normally appear on science or math exams. |
|Relate: Relate could mean a few different things on an exam: 1) You could be asked to show a relationship between two events or |
|items by discussing their similarities; or 2) You could be required to provide a written account of something (as in literature).|
|Review: If a test question prompts you to review a process or event, you should recall and repeat all the most important elements|
|or facts that you learned about a specific topic in essay form. |
|Trace: To trace an event or process, go over it in detail and explain it step by step. You could trace an event that occurred in |
|history or you could trace a process in science. |
Acronyms
There are so many acronyms that you may come across when looking through job adverts. Sometimes adverts are so full of them that you may be left wondering what it is they are looking for.
To help you with your quest we thought it would be use full to post some of the most common below:
AAE According to Age and Experience
ACA Associate of the Institute of Chartered Accountants
ACCA Associate of the Chartered Association of Certified Accountants B2B Business to Business
B2C Business to Customer/Consumer
B2E Business to Education B2G Business to Government
CAA Civil Aviation Authority
CAD Computer Aided Design
CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing
CEO Chief Executive Officer
C or Circa Around/Approximately
CIMA Chartered Institute of Management Accountants
CIM Chartered Institute of Marketing
CIPD Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development
CIPS Chartered Institute of Purchasing & Supply
CNC Computer Numerical Control
CPMI Computerised Personnel Management Information
CRM Customer Relationship Management
CTOChief Technical Officer
CWQU Company Wide Quality Improvement
EAP Employee Assistance Programme
eCRM Electronic Customer Relationship Management
EIS Executive Information System/Enterprise Information Systems
EFTPOS Electronic Funds Transfer Point of Sale
EMEA Europe, Middle East & Africa
EPO Enterprise Profit Optimisation
EPOS Electronic Point of Sale
ERP Enterprise Resource Planning
FCA Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants
FCCA Fellow of the Chartered Association of Certified Accountants
FIFO First in First out (stock valuation)
FMCG Fast Moving Consumer Goods
FX Foreign Exchange
HRD Human Resource Development
HTML Hypertext Markup Language - programming code for web pages IIS Internet Information Server
ITInformation Technology
iTV Interactive Television
IWS Integrated Work Stations
JIT Just In Time (stock system) K Thousand
Kanban JIT method for reducing costs in high volume production lines - derived from Japanese system - more info
KPI Key Performance Indicators
LAN Local Area Network
LEALocal Education Authority
LIFO Last In First Out (stock valuation)
MBA Master of Business Administration
M-F Monday to Friday
M/F Male/Female
MIS Management Information System
MRP Material Requisition Planning
Neg Negotiable
NPD New Product Development
NVQ National Vocational Qualification
OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer
OTC Over The Counter
OTE On Target Earnings
PA Per Annum PA Personal Assistant
PCM Per Calendar Month
PRP Performance Related Pay
QA Quality Assurance
QC Quality Control
RF Radio Frequency
SAP (stands for 'systemanalyse und programmentwicklung' honest!) - enterprise wide software solution used by large companies to integrate applications - became popular in the early 90's
SAP APO SAP's Advanced Planning Optimiser is a software solution managing global supply chain management
SLA Service Level Agreement
SMC Surface Mounted Component
SMT Surface Mounted Technology
SPC Statistical Process Control SQL Pronounced 'see-qwell', stands for Structured Query Language - a popular programming language used in databases
TEFL Teaching English as a Foreign Language
TPM Total Preventative Maintenance/Total Productive Maintenance
T0C Table of Contents
TQC Total Quality Control
TQM Total Quality Management
UML Unified Modelling Language - programming language
W/E Weekend
WAPWireless Application Protocol
WPM Words Per Minute
XML Extensible Markup Language - pared down version of internet code and commonly used for writing WAP applications
Life in the 1500's
This is pretty interesting (and TRUE!!) - apparently!!
Most people got married in June because they took their yearly bath in May
and were still smelling pretty good by June. However, they were starting to
smell, so brides carried a bouquet of flowers to hide the b.o.
~**~>$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ................
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