Reference Manual – Outline, also some rough info filled in
The Cupcake Programming Language
Language Reference Manual
Project Manager Jeansun Lee
Language and Project Editor Alan Yeung
System Architect Dave Coulthart
System Integrator Jennifer Lee
Validation and Test Engineer Russell Klopfer
Programming Languages and Translators
Professor Aho
31 March 2004
I. Lexical Conventions
A. Tokens
Tokens are the basic building blocks of the language. The following types of tokens are discussed in this section:
• identifiers
• keywords
• constants
• string literals
• operators
B. Comments
To comment out a line, simply precede it with a double forward slash: //.
For example,
// This is a comment.
Block commenting is not permitted, and cannot occur in string literals.
comment ( '//' (~linebreak)* linebreak
C. Identifiers
An identifier is string of letters and numbers that does not start with a number. Our language is not case sensitive, which means that uppercase and lowercase letters are considered the same.
id ( alpha (alpha | digit)*
D. Keywords
The following identifiers are reserved as keywords which may not be used otherwise, and are discussed in detail in following sections:
if
else
for
to
while
string
int
true
false
and
or
not
E. Character Constants
Character constants include alphanumeric characters as well as the following special symbols:
newline \n
tab \t
backslash \\
double quote \”
F. String Literals
A string literal is a sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes, such as, “I’m coocoo for coco puffs.” String literals are inherently sequences of characters; therefore character constants can be enclosed in the double quotations.
string ( '”' ( ~( '”' ) | ( '\”' ) ) '”'
II. Types of Identifiers
These are discussed in detail in later sections.
A. Basic types: int, string
B. Derived types: arrays
C. Reserved objects
Some objects are considered to be standard to any programs programmable by Cupcake. Therefore, we have created some reserved objects that the programmer can (and probably will) use in his game.
D. Internal functions
These are functions that are intrinsic to the language that the programmer can call at any time.
III. Expressions
A. Array References
Array reference is restricted to one or two dimensional set of numbers (all of type ‘integer’). An array is represented by an identifier, declared with a lower and upper bound for each dimension.
B. Multiplicative Operators
Multiplicative operator * produces a value that is the product of its operands (two or more integers).
arith-term ( arith-factor ( ( '*' | '/' | '%' ) arith-factor )*
C. Additive Operators
Additive operators in Cupcake are used as arithmetic operators or string concatenation operators.
arith-factor ( ( '+' | '-' )? r-value
D. Relational Operators
There are several relational operators that are used to build logic-factors. In Cupcake they are used to compare expressions. The relational operators available in Cupcake are the following: >, =, =’|’’|’ |op1 > op2 |Op1 is greater than op2 |
|>= |op1 >= op2 |Op1 is greater than or equal to op2 |
|< |op1 < op2 |Op1 is less than op2 |
|= Board.End) {
if (CurrentPlayer.Points >= 20) {
Say “You won”;
} else {
MoveTo CurrentPlayer.PreviousPosition;
}
}
Sample Code 2
// First, the programmer sets some parameters for game objects.
Setup {
// programmer-declared arrays
string Trivias[] = { “How many months have 28 days?”,
“How many states in the continental US?” };
string Answers[] = { “12”, “48” };
Board.Spaces = 100; // 100 spaces on the board
Dice.Sides = 6; // A die has six faces
Dice.Number = 1; // There is 1 die.
}
// Things the game has to address at the beginning. Some of it
// will be default, but the programmer can change it.
Start {
int i;
Ask “How many players will there be?”, Players.Number;
for i= 1 to Players.Number {
Ask “Please enter player “ + i + “’s name.”, Players[i].Name;
}
}
// Specify what happens in a 'turn.'
Turn {
string Answer;
RollDice;
MoveAhead Dice.Value;
if( CurrentPlayer.Space == 11 ) {
Ask Trivias[1], Answer;
if ( Answer == Answers[1] ) {
Say “Nice job! You got 15 points.”;
CurrentPlayer.Points += 15;
} else {
Say “Nice try. YOU LOST 5 POINTS.”;
CurrentPlayer.Points -= 5;
}
}
if( CurrentPlayer.Space == 38 ) {
Ask Trivias[2], Answer;
if ( Answer == Answers[2] ) {
Say “Nice job! You got 5 points.”;
CurrentPlayer.Points += 5;
} else {
Say “Nice try. YOU LOST 1 POINT.”;
CurrentPlayer.Points -= 1;
}
}
Say “You have “ + CurrentPlayer.Points + “ points.”;
}
// Specify what happens when you check to see if someone wins.
Win {
if (CurrentPlayer.Position >= Board.End) {
if (CurrentPlayer.Points >= 10) {
Say “You won”;
} else {
MoveTo Board.Start;
}
}
................
................
In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.
To fulfill the demand for quickly locating and searching documents.
It is intelligent file search solution for home and business.