NOTE OUTLINE “THE HUMAN BODY”



Notes: “The Human Body”

Life Sustaining Processes:

• ________________________________________________________

• ________________________________________________________

• ________________________________________________________

• ________________________________________________________

• ________________________________________________________

INTRO ACTIVITY:

The Human body is Amazing! It is like a machine that is unique from all others. Think about your own body. Compare how the human body is similar to a non-living object or system you are familiar with. Draw a picture of it below in the box.

STAYING HEALTHY……..MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS:

To stay healthy, your body must keep in ________________________. The regulation of these internal life sustaining conditions is call ______________________________.

List some Internal Life Sustaining conditions:

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________

4. _________________________________________________________________

* As we continue our investigation of the human body, we will learn how each of these conditions and other processes are controlled by certain human systems.

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION:

1. ____________- basic unit of life, made of organelles.

• Example: ________________________________________________

2. ______________- made of different cells working together.

• Example: connective, epithelial, muscular, nervous

3. _______________- made of different tissues working together.

• Example:_________________________________________________________

4. _______________: made of different organs working together.

• Example: _________________________________________________________

WORKING TOGETHER:

To achieve _______________________________, more than one organ or system of the body must do the work. The following systems of your body work together to carry out the various _____________ Sustaining Process.

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT:

Skeletal System:

• Function: ________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

• Structures

• __________- (206) stores minerals, make __________ cells, protects organs, provides attachment for muscles

• __________________- hold_____________ together

• _______________- protects the ends of bones, forms _____________ & ___________

Muscular System:

• Function

• _____________________________________________________________________

• ______________________________________________________(blood, food, urine)

• Generates ____________________

• Structures

• ___________________- (600+) attach to bones & move bones at joints.

• ___________________- make tubed organs like intestines, blood vessels, bladder

• ___________________- make the heart

Nervous System:

• Function

• Sends impulse to _______________________ & __________________ to cause

____________________________ & ___________________________

• Structures

• Brain, ______________________, ___________________

Working Together:

• ___________ send impulse (charged ions) to _______________ and causes them to Contract (get shorter) which pull on __________ to cause Movement at Joints.

• Nerves also send impulse to cardiac & all smooth muscle to cause contraction for movement of internal substances like blood, urine, & food.

2. ENERGY FLOW:

Digestive System:

• Function

• Physically & Chemically _____________________________ into ____________ to be delivered to cells

• Uses _______________- proteins that bind to specific substrates to _____________________ reactions

• Eliminate un-digestible _______________________

• Structures

• ____________________________- mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

• __________________- liver, gall bladder, pancreas, teeth, tongue, salivary glands

• Nutrients:

• _________________________- break down to Sugars for Cellular Energy (_________________)

• ________- break down to _________________ for making _______________, Enzymes, ___________

• _____________- break down to ___________ acids & Glycerol for _________________ & Vitamin use

Respiratory System:

• Function: __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

• Structures

• Nose, Pharynx, Trachea, ________,________,__________

Circulatory System:

• Function

• Transports ____________________ &__________________ to cells (Plasma blood carry nutrients)

• Transports __________, Water, & _________________________________ away from cells

• Defends against ________________ (White cells kill germs)

• Structures

• Heart, Arteries, Veins, ______________,__________

(____________________ cells carry O2 & CO2)

Working Together:

• Food is converted to Nutrients in the _______________ and picked up by Blood. Oxygen is picked up by Blood in the _____________ and along with nutrients are transported to Cells where Oxygen & Glucose (Sugar) are used to make ATP ENERGY in the ______________________.

• CO2 & “N” is released as Waste from the Metabolic process of making Energy.

• The Blood delivers CO2 to ______________ to be exhaled

• Nitrogen waste & excess H2O is taken to the _________ to be eliminated as Urine

3. WASTE MANAGEMENT:

Urinary System:

• Function

• Filters _____________ Waste & Excess _________

from blood to make _______

• Contributes to _______________________

• Helps regulate Blood ________

• Structures

• Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra, ____________________________ (cleaning units)

Respiratory System:

• Function

o Removes _____ from body (blood) at the lungs

• Structures

o Lungs- air sacs, ____________________

Circulation System:

• Function

o Transports ____________ (CO2, Nitrogen, Excess H2O) to kidneys, lungs, & skin

• Structures

o _________________________________________________________

Integumentary System (skin):

• Function

o Rids the body of excess ______________, Nitrogen waste, & Salt through ____________________

o Helps regulate ________________________________________ through sweating

o _________________________-proofs & ____________________________ the body of germs

• Structures

o Skin, Sweat glands, Oil glands,______________, ______________

Working Together:

• ______________ filter Blood through millions of _______________ removing Water, Nitrogen waste, Sodium, Potassium, Alcohol, and other waste products from cells.

• CO2 is transported by ______________ to the ________________ to be exhaled

• Excess Water, Sodium (salt), & Nitrogen waste are transported from Blood to the ________________ to be perspired as Sweat

4. DEFENSE, ARMED AND READY:

External First Line of Defense:

Skin:

• Function

o _______________________________________________

• Structures

o __________________ & ______________ glands secrete acidic substances

Internal First Line of Defense:

Respiratory System:

• Function

o Traps pathogens on ________ & __________ before they enter the body too deep

• Structures

o _____________________ (hair-like cell structures) Mucus Membranes

Digestive System:

• Function

o Kills ________________________________ with enzymes, Hydrochloric acid (HCl) & Mucus

• Structures

o _______________________glands, _________________ glands, Intestinal glands- produce HCl & enzymes

Circulatory System:

• Function

o Contain ____________________________ that surround & digest pathogens

• Structures

o White Blood Cells, __________________ (specific proteins that target Antigens)

Lymphatic (Immune) System:

• Function

o _________________ against Germs (Lymphocytes destroy bacteria)

o Removes excess Tissue Fluids (Lymph) & purifies__________

o Produces _______________________that stay in your blood

• Structures

o Lymph nodes, ____________________, ____________________, Antibodies

Specific Immunity

• Function

o Targets & destroys ___________________ (foreign proteins), makes Antibodies

• Structures

o ___________________________ called T-Cell: (Killer T-Cells destroy pathogen, Helper T-Cells stimulate B-Cells to produce antibodies, B-Cells make antibodies)

Working Together:

• Both External & Internal Defenses work to keep your body germ free & healthy

5. REGULATION

Endocrine System:

• Function

o Produce ____________________ that…

o Regulates internal environment, (temp, pH, pressure, sugar)

o Promotes __________________________ and development

o Adapts to ________________________ situations

o ________________________ digestion, circulation, & absorption of nutrients

o ______________________ & releases minerals

o Aids in maturity & reproduction

o Helps develop immunities

o Regulates______________________, __________________________, wake/sleep patterns

• Structures

o Pituitary gland, Pineal gland, Thymus gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland, Adrenal gland, ___________________, Testes, Ovaries

Nervous System:

• Function

o Conducts _________________ that…

o Picks up __________________ from environment through _______________

o Processes stimuli in the ________________ or _______________________

o Responds to stimuli through _______________ & ________________

o Initiates _________________ contractions

o Initiates _________________ secretions

• Structures

o __________________________________________________________________________

Working Together:

• After a meal, sugar levels increase & hormones like ____________________ made in the ______________________ regulate how much stays in the blood and how much is stored in the liver.

• Calcium & other minerals are stored and released from bones as needed by hormones like PTH and Calcitonin made in the parathyroid gland.

• Blood pressure is regulated by the hormone Renin & Aldosterone produced by the kidney & adrenal gland by absorbing or releasing sodium & water.

• Growth of the skeleton is regulated by the hormone ___________________________________ (HGH) which is produced by the ___________________________________ in the brain.

• Sexual reproduction and maturation are regulated by the sex hormones._________________________ produced in the testes and ________________________________________________________ produced by the ovaries. Other hormones like Oxytosin, FSH,& Gonadotropic Hormone made by the pituitary gland aid in regulating the ovarian cycle.

• The ______________________ sends _________________________to all glands to stimulate the release of hormones.

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