NOTE OUTLINE “THE HUMAN BODY”
Notes: “The Human Body”
Life Sustaining Processes:
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________
INTRO ACTIVITY:
The Human body is Amazing! It is like a machine that is unique from all others. Think about your own body. Compare how the human body is similar to a non-living object or system you are familiar with. Draw a picture of it below in the box.
STAYING HEALTHY……..MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS:
To stay healthy, your body must keep in ________________________. The regulation of these internal life sustaining conditions is call ______________________________.
List some Internal Life Sustaining conditions:
1. _________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________________________
* As we continue our investigation of the human body, we will learn how each of these conditions and other processes are controlled by certain human systems.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION:
1. ____________- basic unit of life, made of organelles.
• Example: ________________________________________________
2. ______________- made of different cells working together.
• Example: connective, epithelial, muscular, nervous
3. _______________- made of different tissues working together.
• Example:_________________________________________________________
4. _______________: made of different organs working together.
• Example: _________________________________________________________
WORKING TOGETHER:
To achieve _______________________________, more than one organ or system of the body must do the work. The following systems of your body work together to carry out the various _____________ Sustaining Process.
SUPPORT & MOVEMENT:
Skeletal System:
• Function: ________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
• Structures
• __________- (206) stores minerals, make __________ cells, protects organs, provides attachment for muscles
• __________________- hold_____________ together
• _______________- protects the ends of bones, forms _____________ & ___________
Muscular System:
• Function
• _____________________________________________________________________
• ______________________________________________________(blood, food, urine)
• Generates ____________________
• Structures
• ___________________- (600+) attach to bones & move bones at joints.
• ___________________- make tubed organs like intestines, blood vessels, bladder
• ___________________- make the heart
Nervous System:
• Function
• Sends impulse to _______________________ & __________________ to cause
____________________________ & ___________________________
• Structures
• Brain, ______________________, ___________________
Working Together:
• ___________ send impulse (charged ions) to _______________ and causes them to Contract (get shorter) which pull on __________ to cause Movement at Joints.
• Nerves also send impulse to cardiac & all smooth muscle to cause contraction for movement of internal substances like blood, urine, & food.
2. ENERGY FLOW:
Digestive System:
• Function
• Physically & Chemically _____________________________ into ____________ to be delivered to cells
• Uses _______________- proteins that bind to specific substrates to _____________________ reactions
• Eliminate un-digestible _______________________
• Structures
• ____________________________- mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
• __________________- liver, gall bladder, pancreas, teeth, tongue, salivary glands
• Nutrients:
• _________________________- break down to Sugars for Cellular Energy (_________________)
• ________- break down to _________________ for making _______________, Enzymes, ___________
• _____________- break down to ___________ acids & Glycerol for _________________ & Vitamin use
Respiratory System:
• Function: __________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
• Structures
• Nose, Pharynx, Trachea, ________,________,__________
Circulatory System:
• Function
• Transports ____________________ &__________________ to cells (Plasma blood carry nutrients)
• Transports __________, Water, & _________________________________ away from cells
• Defends against ________________ (White cells kill germs)
• Structures
• Heart, Arteries, Veins, ______________,__________
(____________________ cells carry O2 & CO2)
Working Together:
• Food is converted to Nutrients in the _______________ and picked up by Blood. Oxygen is picked up by Blood in the _____________ and along with nutrients are transported to Cells where Oxygen & Glucose (Sugar) are used to make ATP ENERGY in the ______________________.
• CO2 & “N” is released as Waste from the Metabolic process of making Energy.
• The Blood delivers CO2 to ______________ to be exhaled
• Nitrogen waste & excess H2O is taken to the _________ to be eliminated as Urine
3. WASTE MANAGEMENT:
Urinary System:
• Function
• Filters _____________ Waste & Excess _________
from blood to make _______
• Contributes to _______________________
• Helps regulate Blood ________
• Structures
• Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra, ____________________________ (cleaning units)
Respiratory System:
• Function
o Removes _____ from body (blood) at the lungs
• Structures
o Lungs- air sacs, ____________________
Circulation System:
• Function
o Transports ____________ (CO2, Nitrogen, Excess H2O) to kidneys, lungs, & skin
• Structures
o _________________________________________________________
Integumentary System (skin):
• Function
o Rids the body of excess ______________, Nitrogen waste, & Salt through ____________________
o Helps regulate ________________________________________ through sweating
o _________________________-proofs & ____________________________ the body of germs
• Structures
o Skin, Sweat glands, Oil glands,______________, ______________
Working Together:
• ______________ filter Blood through millions of _______________ removing Water, Nitrogen waste, Sodium, Potassium, Alcohol, and other waste products from cells.
• CO2 is transported by ______________ to the ________________ to be exhaled
• Excess Water, Sodium (salt), & Nitrogen waste are transported from Blood to the ________________ to be perspired as Sweat
4. DEFENSE, ARMED AND READY:
External First Line of Defense:
Skin:
• Function
o _______________________________________________
• Structures
o __________________ & ______________ glands secrete acidic substances
Internal First Line of Defense:
Respiratory System:
• Function
o Traps pathogens on ________ & __________ before they enter the body too deep
• Structures
o _____________________ (hair-like cell structures) Mucus Membranes
Digestive System:
• Function
o Kills ________________________________ with enzymes, Hydrochloric acid (HCl) & Mucus
• Structures
o _______________________glands, _________________ glands, Intestinal glands- produce HCl & enzymes
Circulatory System:
• Function
o Contain ____________________________ that surround & digest pathogens
• Structures
o White Blood Cells, __________________ (specific proteins that target Antigens)
Lymphatic (Immune) System:
• Function
o _________________ against Germs (Lymphocytes destroy bacteria)
o Removes excess Tissue Fluids (Lymph) & purifies__________
o Produces _______________________that stay in your blood
• Structures
o Lymph nodes, ____________________, ____________________, Antibodies
Specific Immunity
• Function
o Targets & destroys ___________________ (foreign proteins), makes Antibodies
• Structures
o ___________________________ called T-Cell: (Killer T-Cells destroy pathogen, Helper T-Cells stimulate B-Cells to produce antibodies, B-Cells make antibodies)
Working Together:
• Both External & Internal Defenses work to keep your body germ free & healthy
5. REGULATION
Endocrine System:
• Function
o Produce ____________________ that…
o Regulates internal environment, (temp, pH, pressure, sugar)
o Promotes __________________________ and development
o Adapts to ________________________ situations
o ________________________ digestion, circulation, & absorption of nutrients
o ______________________ & releases minerals
o Aids in maturity & reproduction
o Helps develop immunities
o Regulates______________________, __________________________, wake/sleep patterns
• Structures
o Pituitary gland, Pineal gland, Thymus gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland, Adrenal gland, ___________________, Testes, Ovaries
Nervous System:
• Function
o Conducts _________________ that…
o Picks up __________________ from environment through _______________
o Processes stimuli in the ________________ or _______________________
o Responds to stimuli through _______________ & ________________
o Initiates _________________ contractions
o Initiates _________________ secretions
• Structures
o __________________________________________________________________________
Working Together:
• After a meal, sugar levels increase & hormones like ____________________ made in the ______________________ regulate how much stays in the blood and how much is stored in the liver.
• Calcium & other minerals are stored and released from bones as needed by hormones like PTH and Calcitonin made in the parathyroid gland.
• Blood pressure is regulated by the hormone Renin & Aldosterone produced by the kidney & adrenal gland by absorbing or releasing sodium & water.
• Growth of the skeleton is regulated by the hormone ___________________________________ (HGH) which is produced by the ___________________________________ in the brain.
• Sexual reproduction and maturation are regulated by the sex hormones._________________________ produced in the testes and ________________________________________________________ produced by the ovaries. Other hormones like Oxytosin, FSH,& Gonadotropic Hormone made by the pituitary gland aid in regulating the ovarian cycle.
• The ______________________ sends _________________________to all glands to stimulate the release of hormones.
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