Development Through the Lifespan



Development Through the Lifespan

Chapter 4

Physical Development in

Infancy and Toddlerhood

Body Growth

Gain 50% in height from birth to age 1. 75% by age 2

Grow in spurts

Gain “baby fat” until about 9 months, then get slimmer

Girls slightly shorter and lighter than boys.

Changes in Body Proportions

Growth Trends

Cephalocaudal

“Head to Tail”

Lower part of body grows later than the head

Proximodistal

“Near to far”

Extremities grow later than head, chest, and trunk

Major Milestones of

Brain Development

Regions of the Cerebral Cortex

Sleep Patterns

Sleep moves to an adult-like night-day schedule during the first year.

Sleep needs decline from 18 to 12 hours a day by age 2.

More Americans are co-sleeping.

Influences on Early Growth

Heredity

Nutrition

Breast v. Bottle Feeding

Malnutrition

Emotional Well-Being

Problems can cause Failure to Thrive

The Steps of

Classical Conditioning

Using Habituation

to Study Infants

Motor Skills as

Dynamic Systems

Increasingly complex systems of action with each skill

4 factors in each new skill:

CNS development

Body’s movement capacity

Child’s goals

Environmental supports

Steps in

Reaching and Grasping

Prereaching

Reaching

With two hands, then one

Ulnar Grasp

Adjust grip to object

Move objects from hand to hand

Pincer Grasp

Improvements in Vision

Brain development helps infants reach adult levels of vision skills:

2 months: Focus and color vision

6 months: acuity, scanning & tracking

6–7 months: depth perception

Steps in Depth Perception

Steps in Pattern Perception

Contrast Sensitivity at 2 Months

Scanning Human Face Patterns

Steps in Face Perception

Stimuli for Studying

Infants’ Facial Perception

Differentiation Theory

of Infant Perception

Infants actively search for invariant, unchanging features of the environment.

Borders of stimuli, faces

They note stable relationships between features

Complex visual patterns, intermodal relationships

Perception gets more and more sensitive – differentiation

Acting on the environment helps this process.

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