Development Through the Lifespan
Development Through the Lifespan
Chapter 4
Physical Development in
Infancy and Toddlerhood
Body Growth
Gain 50% in height from birth to age 1. 75% by age 2
Grow in spurts
Gain “baby fat” until about 9 months, then get slimmer
Girls slightly shorter and lighter than boys.
Changes in Body Proportions
Growth Trends
Cephalocaudal
“Head to Tail”
Lower part of body grows later than the head
Proximodistal
“Near to far”
Extremities grow later than head, chest, and trunk
Major Milestones of
Brain Development
Regions of the Cerebral Cortex
Sleep Patterns
Sleep moves to an adult-like night-day schedule during the first year.
Sleep needs decline from 18 to 12 hours a day by age 2.
More Americans are co-sleeping.
Influences on Early Growth
Heredity
Nutrition
Breast v. Bottle Feeding
Malnutrition
Emotional Well-Being
Problems can cause Failure to Thrive
The Steps of
Classical Conditioning
Using Habituation
to Study Infants
Motor Skills as
Dynamic Systems
Increasingly complex systems of action with each skill
4 factors in each new skill:
CNS development
Body’s movement capacity
Child’s goals
Environmental supports
Steps in
Reaching and Grasping
Prereaching
Reaching
With two hands, then one
Ulnar Grasp
Adjust grip to object
Move objects from hand to hand
Pincer Grasp
Improvements in Vision
Brain development helps infants reach adult levels of vision skills:
2 months: Focus and color vision
6 months: acuity, scanning & tracking
6–7 months: depth perception
Steps in Depth Perception
Steps in Pattern Perception
Contrast Sensitivity at 2 Months
Scanning Human Face Patterns
Steps in Face Perception
Stimuli for Studying
Infants’ Facial Perception
Differentiation Theory
of Infant Perception
Infants actively search for invariant, unchanging features of the environment.
Borders of stimuli, faces
They note stable relationships between features
Complex visual patterns, intermodal relationships
Perception gets more and more sensitive – differentiation
Acting on the environment helps this process.
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