STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN BODY
STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN BODY
Vertebral Levels
2011 - 2012
Landmarks and internal structures found at various vertebral levels.
Vertebral Level
Landmark
C3
Hyoid bone
C4
Superior border of thyroid cartilage
C6
Cricoid cartilage
Internal Significance
? Bifurcation of common carotid artery.
? Larynx ends; trachea begins ? Pharynx ends; esophagus begins ? Inferior thyroid A crosses posterior to
carotid sheath. ? Middle cervical sympathetic ganglion
behind inf. thyroid a. ? Inferior laryngeal nerve enters the larynx. ? Vertebral a. enters the transverse.
Foramen of C 6.
C7
Vertebra prominens
? Thoracic duct reaches its greatest height ? Isthmus of thyroid gland
Sternoclavicular joint (it is a
T1
finger's breadth below the
bismuth of the thyroid gland
T1-2
Superior angle of the scapula
T2
Jugular notch
T3
Base of spine of scapula
T4
Sternal angle (of Louis)
? Highest point of apex of lung.
? Division between superior and inferior mediastinum
? Ascending aorta ends ? Arch of aorta begins & ends. ? Trachea ends; primary bronchi begin
T5-9
Body of sternum
? Heart
T7 T8 T9 T9-L3 T10
Inferior angle of scapula
Xiphisternal junction Costal margin
T12
? Inferior vena cava passes through diaphragm
? Costal slips of diaphragm
? Esophagus through diaphragm
? Aorta through diaphragm ? Thoracic duct through diaphragm ? Azygos V. through diaphragm
? Pyloris of stomach immediately above
and to the right of the midline.
? Duodenojejunal flexure to the left of
midline and immediately below it
Tran pyloric plane: Found at the ? Pancreas on a line with it
L1
midpoint between the jugular
? Origin of Superior Mesenteric artery
notch and the pubic symphysis
? Hilum of kidneys: left is above and right
is below.
? Celiac a. originates just above and renal
arteries originate just below this line.
L2
L4/L5
Iliac crest
S2
Posterior superior iliac spine (dimple)
S3
Posterior inferior iliac spine
? Thoracic duct begins ? Azygos and hemiazygos begin
? Aorta bifurcates into common iliac arteries
? Inferior vena cava formed from common iliac veins
? End of dural sac ? Middle of sacroiliac joint
? Pelvic colon ends and rectum begins; important landmark in surgery of recto sigmoid carcinoma
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