The Human Body—An Orientation - Mr. Gross' Anatomy ...
The Human Body: An Orientation
The Human Body—An Orientation
Anatomy
Study of the _________ and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology
Study of how the body and its parts work or ___________
Anatomy—Levels of Study
_________ anatomy
Large structures
Easily observable
Anatomy—Levels of Study
___________ Anatomy
Very small
structures
Can only be
viewed with
a microscope
Levels of Structural Organization
Organ System Overview
Integumentary
Forms the external body
covering
Protects deepter tissue from
injury
Helps regulate body temperature
Location of cutaneous _______ ____________
Organ System Overview
Skeletal
__________ and ____________ body organs
Provides _____________
attachment for movement
Site of _________ ________
formation
Stores ___________
Organ System Overview
Muscular
Produces ___________
Maintains ___________
Produces ____________
Organ System Overview
Nervous
Fast-acting ___________
___________
Responds to __________ and
__________ _____________
Activates ________ and
___________
Organ System Overview
Endocrine
Secretes ___________ _____________
Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
Organ System Overview
Cardiovascular
Transports materials in body
via ______ pumped by _________
Oxygen
____________
____________
Wastes
Organ System Overview
Lymphatic
Returns _______ to blood vessels
_________ the blood
Involved in ____________
Organ System Overview
Respiratory
Keeps blood supplied with _________
Removes ___________ _____________
Organ System Overview
Digestive
Breaks down _________
Allows for _________ absorption into __________
Eliminates ____________ material
Organ System Overview
Urinary
Eliminates ______________ wastes
Maintains ___________-__________ balance
Regulates water and electrolytes
Organ System Overview
Reproductive
Produces offspring
Necessary Life Functions
Maintain _____________
Movement
Locomotion
Movement of ___________
Responsiveness
Ability to sense ________ and _________
Digestion
Break-down and absorption of nutrients
Necessary Life Functions
Metabolism—_________ _________ within the body
Produces energy
Makes body structures
Excretion
Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions
Necessary Life Functions
Reproduction
Produces future generation
Growth
Increases cell ______ and _________ of cells
Survival Needs
Nutrients
Chemicals for energy and cell building
Includes _____________, proteins, ________, vitamins, and minerals
Oxygen
Required for __________ _________
Survival Needs
Water
_________% of body weight
Provides for metabolic reaction
Stable body temperature
___________ pressure
Must be appropriate
Interrelationships Among Body Systems
Homeostasis
Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment
A __________ state of equilibrium
Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life
Homeostatic imbalance
A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
Maintaining Homeostasis
The body communicates through _________ and ___________ control systems
____________
Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
Sends information to control center
Maintaining Homeostasis
Control center
Determines ________ __________
Analyzes information
Determines appropriate response
Effector
Provides a means for __________ to the __________
Feedback Mechanisms
____________ feedback
Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
Works like a household thermostat
Feedback Mechanisms
____________ feedback
Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby
The Language of Anatomy
Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
Exact terms are used for
Position
________
Regions
________
Body Planes and Sections
A ___________ section divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts
A __________, or ______________, section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts
A _____________ section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts
A _____________, or ______- __________ divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts
Body Cavities
___________ body cavity
Cranial cavity houses the brain
Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord
___________ body cavity
Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs and others
Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system and most urinary system organs
Abdominopelvic Quadrants (Figure 1.8a)
Abdominopelvic Regions (Figure 1.8b)
Abdominopelvic Major Organs (Figure 1.8c)
-----------------------
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Cardio-
vascular
system
___________ level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues
Organ system level
______________________________Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely
________________ level
Human organisms
are made up of many
organ systems
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
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