The Human Body—An Orientation - Mr. Gross' Anatomy ...



The Human Body: An Orientation

The Human Body—An Orientation

Anatomy

Study of the _________ and shape of the body and its parts

Physiology

Study of how the body and its parts work or ___________

Anatomy—Levels of Study

_________ anatomy

Large structures

Easily observable

Anatomy—Levels of Study

___________ Anatomy

Very small

structures

Can only be

viewed with

a microscope

Levels of Structural Organization

Organ System Overview

Integumentary

Forms the external body

covering

Protects deepter tissue from

injury

Helps regulate body temperature

Location of cutaneous _______ ____________

Organ System Overview

Skeletal

__________ and ____________ body organs

Provides _____________

attachment for movement

Site of _________ ________

formation

Stores ___________

Organ System Overview

Muscular

Produces ___________

Maintains ___________

Produces ____________

Organ System Overview

Nervous

Fast-acting ___________

___________

Responds to __________ and

__________ _____________

Activates ________ and

___________

Organ System Overview

Endocrine

Secretes ___________ _____________

Growth

Reproduction

Metabolism

Organ System Overview

Cardiovascular

Transports materials in body

via ______ pumped by _________

Oxygen

____________

____________

Wastes

Organ System Overview

Lymphatic

Returns _______ to blood vessels

_________ the blood

Involved in ____________

Organ System Overview

Respiratory

Keeps blood supplied with _________

Removes ___________ _____________

Organ System Overview

Digestive

Breaks down _________

Allows for _________ absorption into __________

Eliminates ____________ material

Organ System Overview

Urinary

Eliminates ______________ wastes

Maintains ___________-__________ balance

Regulates water and electrolytes

Organ System Overview

Reproductive

Produces offspring

Necessary Life Functions

Maintain _____________

Movement

Locomotion

Movement of ___________

Responsiveness

Ability to sense ________ and _________

Digestion

Break-down and absorption of nutrients

Necessary Life Functions

Metabolism—_________ _________ within the body

Produces energy

Makes body structures

Excretion

Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions

Necessary Life Functions

Reproduction

Produces future generation

Growth

Increases cell ______ and _________ of cells

Survival Needs

Nutrients

Chemicals for energy and cell building

Includes _____________, proteins, ________, vitamins, and minerals

Oxygen

Required for __________ _________

Survival Needs

Water

_________% of body weight

Provides for metabolic reaction

Stable body temperature

___________ pressure

Must be appropriate

Interrelationships Among Body Systems

Homeostasis

Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment

A __________ state of equilibrium

Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life

Homeostatic imbalance

A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

Maintaining Homeostasis

The body communicates through _________ and ___________ control systems

____________

Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)

Sends information to control center

Maintaining Homeostasis

Control center

Determines ________ __________

Analyzes information

Determines appropriate response

Effector

Provides a means for __________ to the __________

Feedback Mechanisms

____________ feedback

Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms

Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity

Works like a household thermostat

Feedback Mechanisms

____________ feedback

Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther

In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby

The Language of Anatomy

Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding

Exact terms are used for

Position

________

Regions

________

Body Planes and Sections

A ___________ section divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts

A __________, or ______________, section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts

A _____________ section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts

A _____________, or ______- __________ divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts

Body Cavities

___________ body cavity

Cranial cavity houses the brain

Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord

___________ body cavity

Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs and others

Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system and most urinary system organs

Abdominopelvic Quadrants (Figure 1.8a)

Abdominopelvic Regions (Figure 1.8b)

Abdominopelvic Major Organs (Figure 1.8c)

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Smooth muscle cell

Molecules

Atoms

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Epithelial

tissue

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Connective

tissue

Blood

vessel

(organ)

Cardio-

vascular

system

___________ level

Cells are made up of

molecules

Tissue level

Tissues consist of

similar types of cells

Organ level

Organs are made up

of different types

of tissues

Organ system level

______________________________Organ systems consist of different

organs that work together closely

________________ level

Human organisms

are made up of many

organ systems

Chemical level

Atoms combine to

form molecules

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