Life Cycle Inventories of Hydroelectric Power Generation

Life Cycle Inventories of

Hydroelectric Power Generation

Karin Flury, Rolf Frischknecht

commissioned by

?ko-Institute e.V.

Uster,

ESU-services Ltd.

Rolf Frischknecht

Niels Jungbluth

Sybille B¨¹sser

Karin Flury

Ren¨¦ Itten

Salome Schori

Matthias Stucki

esu-services.ch

Kanzleistrasse 4

T +41 44 940 61 91

T +41 44 940 61 32

T +41 44 940 61 35

T +41 44 940 61 02

T +41 44 940 61 38

T +41 44 940 61 35

T +41 44 940 67 94

F +41 44 940 61 94

CH - 8610 Uster

frischknecht@esu-services.ch

jungbluth@esu-services.ch

buesser@esu-services.ch

flury @esu-services.ch

itten @esu-services.ch

schori@esu-services.ch

stucki@esu-services.ch

Imprint

Title

Authors

Commissioner

About us

Copyright

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Life Cycle Inventories of Hydroelectric Power Generation

Karin Flury;Rolf Frischknecht

ESU-services Ltd., fair consulting in sustainability

Kanzleistr. 4, CH-8610 Uster

esu-services.ch

Phone +41 44 940 61 02, Fax +41 44 940 61 94

flury@esu-services.ch; frischknecht@esu-services.ch

?ko-Institute e.V.

ESU-services Ltd. has been founded in 1998. Its core objectives are consulting, coaching, training

and research in the fields of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), carbon footprints, water footprint in the

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companies, associations and authorities. In some areas, team members of ESU-services performed pioneering work such as development and operation of web based LCA databases or quantifying environmental impacts of food and lifestyles.

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Flury-2012-hydroelectric-power-generation.docx, 10/07/2012 10:28:00

Zusammenfassung

Zusammenfassung

In der vorliegenden Studie werden die ?kobilanzen der Stromerzeugung mit Was?serkraft

dokumentiert. Es handelt sich hierbei um eine umfassende Aktualisierung und Erweiterung

der Sachbilanzdaten des ecoinvent Datenbestandes v2.2, welche auf den Mitte der neunziger

Jahre an der ETH Z¨¹rich erarbeiteten ?kobilanzdaten (?koinventare von Energiesystemen)

basieren.

Neben Speicher- und Flusskraftwerken wurden neu auch Kleinwasserkraftwerke bilanziert,

wobei unterschieden wird zwischen Kraftwerken, die in Anlagen der Wasserversorgung (Bew?sserung, Trinkwasserbereitstellung) eingebunden sind, und alleinstehenden Kraftwerken.

Die Gr?sse der bilanzierten Kraftwerke entspricht dem produktionsgewichteten Durchschnitt

aller Speicher- beziehungsweise Laufwasser- oder Kleinwasserkraftwerke der Schweiz.

Daten zum Materialbedarf von Wasserkraftanlagen wurden revidiert und zum Teil mit Informationen aus neuen Publikationen erg?nzt. Beton, Kies und Zement sind die massenm?ssig

wichtigsten Baustoffe, wobei bei den bilanzierten Kraftwerken oftmals entweder die Menge

Beton, oder die Mengen Zement und Kies bekannt sind. Im Weiteren werden Stahl in unterschiedlichen Qualit?ten, Kupfer (neu in die Bilanzen aufgenommen) und weitere, hier nicht

aufgef¨¹hrte Baustoffe und Materialien eingesetzt.

Gem?ss aktuellen Forschungserkenntnissen liegen die direkten Treibhausgas-Emissionen pro

kWh Strom aus alpinen europ?ischen Speicherseen bei rund 1.4 g CO2-eq/kWh, bei Speicherkraftwerken in gem?ssigten Zonen gehen wir von rund 12 g CO2-eq/kWh aus. Bei den Laufwasserkraftwerken spielt es eine Rolle, ob diese einen Stausee aufweisen oder nicht. Bei

Laufwasserkraftwerken mit Stausee liegen die Methan-Emissionen bei 0.67 g pro kWh

(knapp 13.4 g CO2-eq/kWh).

Ein weiterer wichtiger Aspekt stellt die Modellierung des Strombedarfs der Speicherpumpen

dar. Hierbei handelt es sich um diejenigen Pumpen, welche einem Stausee Wasser aus einem

anderen Einzugsgebiet oder aus tieferen Lagen zuf¨¹hren.1 Neu wird dieser Netzstrombedarf

als Aufwand verbucht und nicht beim produzierten Wasserkraftstrom in Abzug gebracht.

Die Treibhausgas-Emissionen der Bereitstellung von Strom mit Wasserkraftwerken sind vergleichsweise tief und schwanken zwischen 2 g CO2-eq/kWh ab Klemme integrierter Kleinwasserkraftwerke, 3.8 g CO2-eq/kWh ab Klemme Laufwasserkraftwerk, 5.9 g CO2-eq/kWh

ab Klemme alpinem Speicherkraftwerk (netto, ohne Zulieferpumpen), und rund 16.6 g CO2eq/kWh ab Klemme Speicherkraftwerk in gem?ssigten Zonen.

Werden die hier bereitgestellten Sachbilanzdaten zu Flusswasserkraftwerken auf Anlagen

gr?sserer Leistung angewendet, d¨¹rften die Aufwendungen und damit auch die kumulierten

Emissionen tendenziell ¨¹bersch?tzt werden. Dies entspricht einer konservativen Vorgehensweise.

Die in diesem Bericht beschriebenen Sachbilanzdaten sind in ?bereinstimmung mit den Qualit?tsrichtlinien des ecoinvent Datenbestands v2.2 erhoben und modelliert und werden im Datenformat EcoSpold 1 zur Verf¨¹gung gestellt.

1

Speicherpumpen sind nicht zu verwechseln mit den Pumpspeicherpumpen, welche dazu dienen, zu Niedertarifzeiten Wasser aus einem tiefer liegenden Becken in ein h?her gelegenes zu pumpen, um es zu einem sp?teren Zeitpunkt (Hochtarif) wieder zu turbinieren.

Life Cycle Inventories of Hydroelectric Power Generation

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ESU-services Ltd.

Summary

Summary

The aim of this study is to describe the environmental impacts of construction, operation and

deconstruction of hydroelectric power stations. The main focus is on power plants and their

conditions in Switzerland. The LC inventories are then extrapolated to alpine and non-alpine

regions of Europe and, in the case of storage power stations, to Brazil. Storage and pumped

storage power stations, run-of-river power stations with and without reservoirs and their mix

as well as small hydropower stations are covered in this report. Small hydropower stations are

differentiated between stations that are integrated in existing waterworks infrastructures and

standalone small hydropower stations. The inventory is composed of the three life cycle phases construction, operation and deconstruction. The following inputs are examined: consumption of cement, explosive agents, steel, copper, gravel, energy consumption of the construction, transport services (road and rail), land use, useful capacity of the reservoirs, turbined

water, particle emissions during construction, oil spill to water and soil and the emissions of

greenhouse gases from construction machines as well as from reservoirs (CO2, CH4, N2O) and

from electrical devices (SF6) emitted during the operation. All life cycle inventory datasets

established in this study are in compliance with the quality guidelines of ecoinvent data v2.2.

They are provided in the EcoSpold v1 data format.

Life Cycle Inventories of Hydroelectric Power Generation

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ESU-services Ltd.

Content

Content

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

I

SUMMARY

II

CONTENT

III

1

1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Scope of the study............................................................................................................................1

1.2 State of the hydropower production .................................................................................................1

1.2.1 Switzerland .............................................................................................................................1

1.2.2 Europe ....................................................................................................................................2

1.2.3 World ......................................................................................................................................4

2

CHARACTERISATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM

5

2.1 Power stations ..................................................................................................................................5

2.1.1 Storage power stations ..........................................................................................................5

2.1.2 Pumped storage power station ..............................................................................................6

2.1.3 Run-of-river power stations ....................................................................................................6

2.2 Small hydropower stations ...............................................................................................................7

2.3 Specific properties of the alpine storage hydropower stations .........................................................7

2.4 Temporal focus .................................................................................................................................7

2.5 Expected useful life ..........................................................................................................................8

2.6 Efficiency ..........................................................................................................................................9

2.7 Functional unit ................................................................................................................................10

2.8 Hydrological and biological aspects ...............................................................................................11

2.8.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................11

2.8.2 Storage power stations ........................................................................................................11

2.8.3 Run-of-river hydropower stations .........................................................................................12

3

CONSTRUCTION OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATIONS

13

3.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................13

3.2 Storage power station ....................................................................................................................13

3.2.1 Cement, gravel and water ....................................................................................................13

3.2.2 Steel .....................................................................................................................................14

3.2.3 Copper .................................................................................................................................14

3.2.4 Explosives ............................................................................................................................14

3.2.5 Transport ..............................................................................................................................14

3.2.6 Construction energy .............................................................................................................15

3.2.7 Particle emissions ................................................................................................................16

3.3 Run-of-river power station ..............................................................................................................16

3.3.1 Cement, gravel and water ....................................................................................................16

3.3.2 Steel .....................................................................................................................................16

3.3.3 Copper .................................................................................................................................16

3.3.4 Explosives ............................................................................................................................17

3.3.5 Transport ..............................................................................................................................17

3.3.6 Construction energy .............................................................................................................17

3.3.7 Particle emissions ................................................................................................................17

3.4 Small hydropower stations .............................................................................................................17

3.4.1 Small hydropower stations integrated in waterworks...........................................................18

3.4.2 Standalone small hydropower stations ................................................................................19

3.5 Data quality ....................................................................................................................................20

Life Cycle Inventories of Hydroelectric Power Generation

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