2000 Chicago Open - Stanford University



2000 Chicago Open

Tossups by Steve Watchorn

1. This dynasty’s downfall has been directly associated with the wars it fought with Italy, ending with the conciliatory Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis [cam bray see]. Its early rulers were troubled by the revolution between the Armagnacs and the Burgundians, two of its member houses. Its Angouleme period began with Francis I, while its Orleans period had only one member, Louis XII. This dynasty would be followed by the Bourbons and preceded by the Capetians. FTP, identify this royal house of France from 1328 to 1589.

Answer: Valois dynasty

2. It asks if "storied urn or animated bust" can "back to its mansion call the fleeting breath," and imagines the fate of "some village Hampden," "mute inglorious Milton," or "Cromwell guiltless of his country's blood." Its three-stanza epitaph announces that "Fair Science frowned not" on the humble birth of the one whom Melancholy marked for her own, a youth who was to fortune and to fame unknown. FTP, identify this poem, which begins "The Curfew tolls the knell of parting day," the most famous graveyard poem in the language and the masterpiece of Thomas Gray.

Answer: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard

3. This scientist contributed to a theory of electrolysis by suggesting molecules are made up of continually interchanging atoms and that applied electrolytic force does not cause, but simply redirects, the change. He did much work on the theory of the steam engine, leading to a formulation of a concept he called dissipation of available energy. In a paper published in 1850 he stated, “heat cannot of itself pass from a colder to a hotter body,” which led to the concept of entropy. FTP, name this German physicist, who is credited with the formulation of the second law of thermodynamics.

Answer: Rudolf Clausius [CLOW-see-us]

4. It is not surrealism, but this artistic movement was named in 1912 by Guillaume Apollinaire, who used a term once employed to describe Gauguin’s [go-GANS] orchestration of color. Frantisek Kupka’s Disks of Newton is a prominent example of this movement, and another is Robert Delaunay’s Simultaneous Composition: Sun Disks. Delaunay along with Francis Picabia and Fernand Leger were the primary artists associated with this branch of Cubism. FTP, identify this French art movement, which was named for a mythical Greek poet and singer.

Answer: Orphism or Orphist Movement (do not accept: Orpheus Movement)

5. A copy of it was given to Walter Hines Page on February 24, and it appeared in the newspapers a week later. The day it was published, the house passed the Armed Ship Bill, though it was filibustered in the Senate by Robert LaFollette. Addressed to Minister von Eckhardt, it proposed an alliance with Mexico in the event of war. FTP, identify this document of 1917, which helped prod the United States to enter World War I.

Answer: the Zimmermann note or telegram or whatever

6. It was in a Szechuan steakhouse in Vienna, Virginia that Rodney Tine conceived the idea of Standardized Time, resulting in the Perdue Wonderchicken, the Depend Adult Undergarment, and other subsidized years. President Gentle has forced Canada to accept the Great Concavity, despite the terrorist activities of QuŽbecois separatists, while life goes on as usual at the Enfield Tennis Academy, where Hal Incandenza is one of the top players. FTP, all these things can be found in what recent novel, whose title takes its name from an addictive movie that kills anyone who watches it, a mammoth work by David Foster Wallace?

Answer: Infinite Jest

7. In this process, ammonia and carbon dioxide are passed through a saturated sodium chloride solution to form soluble ammonium hydrogen carbonate. This reacts with the sodium chloride to form soluble ammonium chloride and a precipitate of sodium hydrogen carbonate, or sodium bicarbonate. The sodium hydrogen carbonate is filtered off and heated to form the end product, sodium carbonate. FTP, name this commercial process for the production of washing soda, popularly named for its Belgian inventor.

Answer: The Solvay Process (accept: ammonia-soda process)

8. This work’s “Four Independent Native Tales” are of great interest to the study of its country’s language. Its tales “Owein and Luned,” or “The Lady of the Fountain,” “Geraint and Enid” and “Peredur, son of Efrwag” parallel the French romances Yvain (EE-vain), Erec and Perceval by Chretien (creh-tee-EN) de Troyes. Its finest stories are collected in a group known as “The Four Branches,” while the collection takes its name from a word meaning “Matters Concerning the Family of Maponos.” FTP, name this chief collection of Welsh mythology.

Answer: The Mabinogion (ma-bih-NO-jee-on)

9. Two settlements to end it were finally achieved via the Dictum of Kenilworth and the Statute of Marlborough. Its primary cause was the king’s inability to live by the terms of the Easter Parliament and his forthcoming renunciation of the Provisions of Westminister and the Provisions of Oxford. After the king was captured at the Battle of Lewes, the rebels skirmished for three more years before its violent stage ended with the death, at the Battle of Evesham, of the rebel leader, Simon de Montfort. FTP, identify this 13th century English war waged against Henry III and named for the rank of many of the rebels.

Answer: Barons’ War

10. The important literary journals he founded and edited included Taller and The Prodigal Son. His literary and cultural criticism includes the works The Pear and the Elm and The Bow and the Lyre. Strongly influenced by the Republican cause during a visit to Spain just before the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, he produced his first book of poetry, Beneath Your Clear Shadow and Other Poems, in 1937. FTP, name this author of Freedom under Parole, Sun Stone, and The Labyrinth of Solitude, the Mexican winner of the 1990 Nobel Prize for Literature.

Answer: Octavio Paz

11. This type of study involves constructing a table in which each horizontal row describes how one industry’s total product is divided among various production processes and final consumption. Numbers added across one row then give the total quantity of product. A table of this type shows how the production of interrelated industries depends each on the product of the other. FTP, identify this type of analysis in econometrics, developed by 1973 Nobel Economics Prize-winner Wassily Leontief.

Answer: input-output analysis

12. Of approximately the same diameter in all directions, the cells of this region have dense cytoplasm and relatively few small vacuoles. Classes of this type of region are denoted, by their location, and include the intercalary variety, which can primarily be found at internode sites. The lateral type exists in both the vascular and cork cambia, and the most common apical variety is found at root and shoot tips. FTP, name this specialized type of plant region, capable of division and growth.

Answer: meristem or meristematic cells

13. They give their names as Robert Leroy Parker and Harry Longbaugh when they plan to go off and join the army. That plan is set aside once Lord Baltimore and Joseph La Fors set out to track them down, relentlessly. Skipping the country with schoolteacher Etta Place, they eventually set up as the Banditos Yanquis in Bolivia, before the Bolivian army catches up with them. FTP, name this title pair of a 1969 George Roy Hill film, played respectively by Paul Newman and Robert Redford.

Answer: Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid

14. Its end came through a series of letters written to Henry S. McComb that Charles Dana printed in the New York Sun. Although Henry Wilson and James Garfield were all implicated, only two representatives were censured, James Brooks and Oakes Ames. Vice President Schuyler Colfax was also believed to be involved, but he was later absolved. FTP, name this corrupt company, which worked construction for the Union Pacific Railroad, and was owned by members of Congress who sold contracts to themselves.

Answer: Credit Mobilier of America

15. The introduction to this work announces that "Our age is retrospective" and states that the universe is composed of the titular essence, or the "NOT ME," and the Soul. Its eight chapters include "Prospects," Commodity," and "Idealism," though the most famous passage appears in Chapter 1, in which the author describes crossing a bare common and becoming a transparent eye-ball. FTP, identify this work, which initially appeared in 1836, the first book published by Ralph Waldo Emerson.

Answer: Nature

16. Among his compositions is the two-piano suite “Scaramouche” and a setting of the Jewish Sabbath Morning Service. After accompanying Ambassador Paul Claudel to South America, he became interested in Brazilian folk music. The L’Orestie trilogy and Christophe Colomb are two of his many operas, but he is better known for works like The Nothing Doing Bar. FTP, name this member of Les Six and composer of the ballets Man and His Desire and The Creation of the World.

Answer: Darius Milhaud [mee-YO]

17. His namesake relations show equality between different partial derivatives of thermodynamic functions. He invented a color top to test the color theory of Thomas Young, and theorized the make-up of Saturn’s rings 100 years before Voyager confirmed his conjecture. In addition, he predicted the existence of radio waves and introduced the concept of displacement current in his mathematical formulation of Ampere’s law. FTP, name this Scottish physicist who combined the work of Faraday, Gauss, and Ampere into his namesake equations.

Answer: James Clerk Maxwell

18. Some of the major writings of this school of thought include the Pistis-Sophia and the Gospel of Truth, perhaps written by Valentinus. Elements of it are found in the Acts of Thomas, the Odes of Solomon, and other wisdom literature of the pseudepigrapha [soo-duh-PIG-gruh-fah]. In its estimation, human beings are divided into three classes: the hylic, or purely corporeal, who were never to be saved; the psychic, who may attain a lesser salvation through faith; and the proper, or pneumatic, who bore the divine spark knowingly and whose salvation was certain. FTP, name this school of thought that derives its name from the Greek for one who has “secret knowledge.”

Answer: gnosticism or gnostic

19. The battle fought here on January 14th, 1761, saw the Maratha army trapped and destroyed by a force of Afghans under chief Ahmad Shah Durrani. The one fought on November 5th, 1556, ended with a victory by Baryam Khan, guardian of the young emperor, over the forces of Hemu, representative of the Afghan claimant to the throne. The first major battle at this site saw the superior forces of Ibrahim Lodi, sultan of Delhi, soundly defeated by the Mongol tactics of the smaller invading force. FTP, give the identical name applied to each of these battles, the first of which, in 1526, saw victory for Babur and the beginning of the Mughal Dynasty in India.

Answer: The Battles of Panipat

20. According to his friend’s grandson, he was born in a log cabin in the hillbilly backwater country. His story actually begins when he rode into town with two pistols and a horse and took a room at Holston House. After impregnating 15-year old Milly, he is killed by the girl’s grandfather, Wash Jones. He left his first wife, Eulalia, and went on to marry Ellen Coldfield, with whom he had three children. One of those children, Henry, murders his first son, Charles Bon. FTP, name this plantation owner, whose story is told in Faulkner’s Absalom, Absalom!

Answer: Thomas Sutpen

21. Under this agreement’s ecclesiastic reservation, the archbishops, bishops and abbots who converted to Protestantism as recently as three years earlier were to forfeit their offices and incomes. No provisions were made for Calvinists and others at all. Cuius regis (KEE-us RAY-jis), eius religio (AY-us ray-LEEJ-ee-oh) was the law, and those who disagreed with their prince’s choice could emigrate as they chose, while free cities had to allow both Catholics and Protestants. FTP, name this 1555 settlement made in response to religious conflicts within the Holy Roman Empire, a settlement by which princes chose the religion that would prevail in their own lands.

Answer: The Peace of Augsburg (do not accept: Treaty of Augsburg)

2000 Chicago Open

Bonuses by Steve Watchorn

1. Identify the following titular structures of literary works, FTP each.

A. After his lover, Clelia Conti, and his child both die, Fabrice [fab-REECH-ay] del Dongo retires to a Carthusian [car-THOOS-ee-an] monastery, which is also called this.

Answer: The Charterhouse of Parma or Le Chartreuse de Parme (by Stendahl)

B. The narrator’s first love affair, with his cousin Amy, took place here but yielded to the inevitability of human progress; the poet also revisited this place “Sixty Years After,” retracting much of what his earlier poem stated.

Answer: Locksley Hall (by Alfred, Lord Tennyson)

C. It’s the name for Pat Scully’s business in Fort Romper, Nebraska, where Bill, Mr. Blanc, the Swede and Pat’s son, Johnnie, get involved in a fatal game of cards.

Answer: The Blue Hotel (by Stephen Crane)

2. Identify the following significant riders attached to acts of the U.S. Congress around 1900, FTP each.

A. This attachment to the declaration of war with Spain in 1898 stated that the United States would not annex Cuba.

Answer: The Teller Amendment

B. This rider to the U.S. Army Appropriations Bill of 1901 brought an end to U.S. occupation of Cuba, on the conditions, among others, that Cuba would not transfer land to any country besides the U.S. and would cede rights to a U.S. naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

Answer: The Platt Amendment

C. This other rider to the Army Appropriations Act of 1901 called for a transition from military to civilian government in the Phillippines, which happened in July of that year.

Answer: The Spooner Amendment

3. Identify these terms from philosophy through the ages, FTP each.

A. This is the name for the view that causal efficacy is directly dependent on the action of God. Today, it is most associated with Malebranche, who used it to solve the problem of Cartesian dualism by claiming that God bridged the barrier between mind and matter.

Answer: occasionalism

B. Anaxagoras formulated the doctrine of this, the name he gave to the power of “mind” or “reason” which organizes the universe. According to Neoplatonists it was the One, or World Soul.

Answer: nous [NOOSE]

C. This two-word French phrase was used by Henri Bergson to denote the life force.

Answer: Elan vital

4. Given a hormone, name the gland that secretes it, FTP each.

A. melatonin

Answer: the pineal gland

B. somatostatin

Answer: the pancreas (accept: D-cells of the islets of Langerhans or just islets of Langerhans showing full knowledge; prompt on D-cells)

C. calcitonin

Answer: the thyroid gland (accept: the para-follicular cells of the thyroid gland)

5. Name the plays in which you would find the following Judges FTP each.

A. Judge Brack, who is extremely surprised by the suicide of the character he was blackmailing.

Answer: Hedda Gabler

B. Judge John Danforth, who tries to sort out the affairs of John, Elizabeth and Abigail, among others.

Answer: The Crucible

C. Judge Merle Coffey, who presides over the trial of Bert Cates in the town of Hillsboro.

Answer: Inherit the Wind

6. Identify these leaders of significant revolts and wars against the Romans, FTP each.

A. With a name meaning he was the “gift of” a god later worshipped extensively by Roman soldiers, this sixth and last king of Pontus to bear his name battled such generals as Lucullus and Pompey in a series of 1st Century BCE wars for control of Asia Minor.

Answer: Mithradates VI Eupator

B. This king forced the capitulation of an entire Roman army under Aulus Postumius Albinus, but was captured and had his kingdom of Numidia subjugated by Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 105 BCE.

Answer: Jugurtha

C. Given a name meaning “son of the star” by the great rabbi Akiva ben Yosef, this man took the title nasi, or “prince,” and caused great trouble for Roman legions in Palestine. An army personally supervised by Hadrian and Gaius Julius Severus killed him in 135 AD.

Answer: Simon Bar Kokhba or Simeon Bar Kosba or Bar Koseba

7. Identify the artist from a description of his signature’s placement in a painting, FTP each, or from the name of the painting, for 5.

A. 10: It is located near the bottom of a map hanging from the back wall, level with the collar of the trumpet-bearing model the artist in the foreground is painting.

5: The Artist’s Studio

Answer: Jan Vermeer

B. 10: It is written in symbolic red on the rubble to the left of the pistol-brandishing young patriot, who represents a popular hero named Arcole.

5: Liberty Leading the People

Answer: Eugene Delacroix [day-lah-CWAH]

C. 10: Though not in its usual butterfly shape, it is still similar to an Oriental symbol which would be found on the Chinese art this painter loved so much. It sits in the lower right, beneath the sparkling showers of light above.

5: Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket

Answer: James Abbot McNeill Whistler

8. Answer the following about an important subset of chemistry, FTP each.

A. These are substances in which a central metal atom is surrounded by nonmetal atoms or groups of atoms, such as the biological substances vitamin B-twelve and hemoglobin.

Answer: coordination compounds or complexes

B. This is the name given to the nonmetal atoms or groups that are attached to the central atom in a coordination compound.

Answer: ligands

C. This is any class of coordination compound in which the ligand is a large molecule attached to the central metal atom in a cyclic or ring structure; it is more stable than the large molecule alone, and the larger the number of ring closures, the more stable the compound.

Answer: chelate

9. Identify these poetic works that refer to famous battles FTP each.

A. “‘Great praise the Duke of Marlbro’ won, / And our good Prince Eugene.’” says Wilhelmine in this Robert Southey poem.

Answer: Battle of Blenheim

B. This William Morris poem tells of Sir Robert de Marny, who is riding with his mistress, Jehane, to get back to English lands following victory at Poitiers in 1356.

Answer: The Haystack in the Floods

C. This three-volume work by Thomas Hardy is subtitled “an epic drama of the War with Napoleon.” Mostly written in blank verse, it relates such events as Waterloo and Austerlitz through prose episodes involving ordinary soldiers and civilians.

Answer: The Dynasts

10. Identify the following in association with the Japanese occupation of Manchuria in the 1930s and 1940s, FTP each.

A. This was the name given to the puppet state Japan formed in Manchuria after the invasion was complete.

Answer: Manchukuo [man-CHEW-kwoh]

B. The Japanese used the pretext of securing the Japan-controlled South Manchuria railway after an explosion near this city to bring in the troops needed to control Manchuria. This city was also the site of the largest land battle during the Russo-Japanese War.

Answer: Mukden or Shen-yang

C. Though it found fault in both Japanese and Chinese actions surrounding the Mukden incident, this commission of the League of Nations – named for the nephew of a famous British writer-statesman of the 19th and 20th Centuries – branded Japan the aggressor, causing Japan to withdraw from the League.

Answer: The Lytton Commission or Bulwer-Lytton

11. Identify the following concerning works often described as national epics, FTP each.

A. Infuriated by Mahmud [MOCK-mood] of Ghanza’s reconsideration of the deal for the payment for this work, the poet Ferdowsi [fair-DOWSE-ee] composed a hundred-line vicious satire about the Sultan that he intended to include in this work’s preface. Though expunged, the satire, along with this work, survives.

Answer: the Shah-nameh or the Book of Kings

B. A parallel to the Odyssey, but featuring Roman gods living in Africa, this work by Luis de Camoes is a mythical retelling of the voyages of Vasco de Gama.

Answer: Os Lusiadas or The Lusiads

C. This author was commissioned by Henry II of England to write stories about the reputed founders of the Britons and the Normans. He produced Roman de Brut and Roman de Rou as a result.

Answer: Wace (rhymes with “ace”, also pronounced WAHS)

12. Identify the following directors who received Academy Award nominations for acting, FTP each.

A. This director of Moulin Rouge and The List of Adrian Messenger was nominated for his supporting performance as Cardinal Glennon in Otto Preminger’s 1963 film, The Cardinal.

Answer: John Huston (prompt on just the last name)

B. This director of Queen Kelly and Greed was nominated for his supporting performance as Norma Desmond’s butler in Billy Wilder’s 1950 film, Sunset Boulevard.

Answer: Eric von Stroheim

C. This director of Night of the Hunter was nominated for a lead performance in both the 1933 film The Private Lives of Henry the Eighth and the 1958 film Witness for the Prosecution.

Answer: Charles Laughton

13. In physics, concepts often have analogs between one system and another. Given a particular concept, identify its analog in another system, FTP each.

A. Mass, in linear dynamics, is related to what quantity in rotational dynamics?

Answer: moment of inertia (prompt on moment; do not accept inertia)

B. As Coulomb’s law may be used to describe the electric field created at any point by a charge element, so this law may be used to describe the magnetic field created at any point by an element of current. The answer is not Ampere’s Law.

Answer: Biot-Savart Law

C. The mathematical description of charge oscillating in an LC circuit is isomorphic to the description of the motion of a block oscillating on the end of a spring. In this relation, the inductance L of the inductor in the circuit corresponds to what quantity in the block-spring system?

Answer: the mass of the block (accept reasonable equivalents, as long as it is clear the mass of the block is being indicated; do not accept: weight of the block)

14. Identify these Jewish writers FTP each.

A. This long-time editor of New York's Yiddish newspaper Forverts may be best remembered for his novel The Rise of David Levinsky.

Answer: Abraham Cahan

B. This Hebrew poet, angered by a series of massacres in Chisinau, wrote the poem “In the City of Slaughter,” which is contained in his collection Songs of Wrath.

Answer: Hayyim Naman Bialik

C. This man’s collections of stories include The Story of My Dove-Cote. His best-known work, Red Cavalry, was a series of sketches depicting the suffering and bravery during the Polish campaign of 1920, during which he served in the Soviet cavalry.

Answer: Isaac Babel

15. Name the following sites of important meetings in American history, FTP each.

A. The 1754 meeting in this city was put together mainly to cement the loyalty of the Iroquois Confederacy to the British colonies, and to advocate a union of the British colonies for protection against the French.

Answer: Albany (Congress)

B. The December 1814 to January 1815 meeting in this city brought Federalist delegates from several states together to plan political attacks against James Madison. Meant to protest Madison’s actions in getting the U.S. involved in the War of 1812, the meeting’s unpopularity was a factor in the demise of the Federalist Party.

Answer: Hartford (Convention)

C. The document drawn up in this city in 1857 contained clauses protecting slaveholding and excluding free blacks from the territory it concerned. Though accepted by President Buchanan, the document was twice rejected by Kansas voters, and never became law.

Answer: Lecompton (Constitution)

16. Name the following pairs of islands, for 5 points per island.

A. These two members of the Aleutian [ah-LOO-shun] Islands, occupied for 19 days by Japan during World War II, are the only territory now part of the United States occupied by an invading force in the 20th Century.

Answer: Attu and Kiska

B. These are the two largest islands in the Balearics, and their names suggest their relationship in size to each other.

Answer: Majorca [my-YORK-uh] and Minorca [min-ORK-a]

C. The Mascarene Islands, named for a 16th Century Portuguese explorer, consist of these two islands, along with the dependency of Rodrigues.

Answer: Reunion and Mauritius

17. Identify the following compositions of Felix Mendelssohn FTP each.

A. Mendelssohn was inspired to write this overture from his observations of how the waves broke on the Scottish coast.

Answer: Hebrides Overture or Fingal’s Cave

B. Among this oratorio’s most famous sections are the chorus “Thanks Be to God” and the aria “It is Enough.’

Answer: Elijah or Elias

C. Meant to celebrate the 1830 tricentennial of the Augsburg Confession, this Mendelssohn work opens with a cadential figure known as the “Dresden Amen.” The second movement is a scherzo and the third is based on the hymn tune “A Mighty Fortress.”

Answer: Symphony No. 5 in D major or Reformation

18. Identify the following concepts of geology, FTP each.

A. This theory of geologic equilibrium treats all large portions of the Earth’s crust as though they were floating on a denser underlying layer; the Pratt, Heiskanen (hies-CAN-un) and Airy hypotheses are specific formulations of this theory.

Answer: isostasy

B. Historical geology depends a great deal on this law of stratigraphy, which states that in any undisturbed deposit the oldest layers are normally located at the lowest level, with the remains of each succeeding generation left on the debris of the last. The law shares its name with a principle often used in wave theory and quantum mechanics.

Answer: the law of superposition

C. This is the term for scientific study of caves, a close relative of the term for amateur cave exploration.

Answer: speleology

19. Answer the following about a modern American author FTP each.

A. This novel introduces us to the title character Leander, who is dealing with old age and the loss of his career as a seaman. It also tells of his two sons Moses and Coverly.

Answer: The Wapshot Chronicle

B. This author, better known for his short stories like “The Worm in the Apple?” and “The Enormous Radio,” wrote The Wapshot Chronicle.

Answer: John Cheever

C. This Cheever story tells of Neddy Merrill who decides to go home by way of the backyard pools of his neighbors.

Answer: The Swimmer

20. Name the following Roman Catholic religious orders and organizations, FTP each.

A. Commonly named for their original abbey in France, this order, founded by Armand de Rance [ran-SAY] in 1662, was united by Leo the Thirteenth as the Order of the Reformed Cistercians of the Strict Observance.

Answer: Trappists

B. This order was founded by an eponymous noblewoman of Assisi in 1212. Some of this order’s societies – known as Urbanist – accepted property and revenues, while others, called Primitives and Colettine [coe-LET-een] orders, observed the original, stricter rules of austerity.

Answer: Poor Clares or Clarissine or Clarisse

C. In Francisco Franco’s final years, 10 of his 19 cabinet members belonged to this organization of laymen and priests. Founded by Escriva de Balaguer [bah-lah-GEHR] in 1928, it asks followers to seek God’s tasks in their daily lives.

Answer: Opus Dei

For 5 points each, name the two countries or parties whose leaders signed the following treaties from European history.

A. Treaty of San Stefano

Answer: Russia and the Ottoman Empire (prompt on an answer of Turkey for Ottoman Empire)

(moderator note: after Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78)

B. Treaty of Paris, 1763 – name the two countries whose conflicts were specifically ended by this treaty.

Answer: France and Great Britain (accept: England or United Kingdom for Britain)

(moderator note: after Seven Years’ War; even though representatives of Hanover and Spain also signed this treaty, and Portugal’s assent was implied, it specifically ended Franco-British conflicts)

C. Treaty of Neuilly (NOO-ih-yee)

Answer: The Allied Forces (or Allies) and Bulgaria

(moderator note: after World War I)

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