REVIEW FOR 1st SEMESTER FINAL



BIOLOGY REVIEWMs. Chambers1st SEMESTER FINAL Jan 2011Name_________________________________________Period __________Date____________________Use your own paper to supply information on each point listed below. Work on this now so that you don’t feel overwhelmed studying and preparing for all of your classes. This document is intended to help guide your study efforts for the final exam. It is not an exclusive list of questions that will be on the final exam. You should use the Learning Targets from each unit to help guide your studying as well. Ch. 1: The Science of BiologyWhat is the goal of science? (pg. 3)What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative observations?What is a scientific hypothesis? What are its essential parts?Describe how you test a hypothesis (pg. 8-10)What is the importance of setting up a controlled experiment?What is the difference between a control, manipulated, and a responding variable? Give an example of an experiment and list the three.How does a scientific theory compare with a scientific hypothesis? (SR pg. 15))What are the characteristics of living things?What are the similarities and differences between sexual and asexual reproduction?What is metabolism and homeostasis?What are the levels of organization of life (in order)Know how to use the microscope. How are light and electron microscopes different?How do you find the total magnification for a microscope? Be able to recognize the cells that we studied in lab. Compare plant cells vs. animal cell.Understand the scientific method; how is science different from other fields of study?Ch. 2: The Chemistry of LifeWhat is an organic compound? Describe each of structures and purposes of the types of organic compounds (start on pg. 44)What is an enzyme and how does it work. (pg. 49-53) What is denaturation and what causes it?What does the graph of an energy-absorbing reaction look like? An energy-releasing reaction? Which one is spontaneous? What is the difference between the levels of activation energy required for each reaction?Do the “Analyzing Data” on pg. 51- “How does pH affect an enzyme?”What is a catalyst, what is its purpose? Is it used up in a chemical reaction?Describe how the enzyme-substrate comple works. Look at Figure 2-21 on pg. 52:What are the substrates in this reaction?What are the products?How does the presence of an enzyme affect this reaction?What do the three arrows at the top left indicate?Ch. 7: Cell Structure and FunctionWhat is the cell theory? What are its parts (pg. 169-170)What structures do ALL cells have in common? (pg. 171)List the differences and similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Include 3 examples of each (pg. 172)What are the general organelles of plant cells? Animal cells? Note the differences between plant and animal cells.What are the general functions of the organelles on pg. 173—183.Explain the processes of osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport.What will happen to a cell in: an isotonic solution, a hypotonic solution, and a hypertonic solution.Do molecules stop moving during equilibrium?How are phagocytosis, endocytosis, and exocytosis different? Similar? (pg. 189)Know the parts of cells, what they look like, and their function.Make a diagram of the cell membrane and identify the parts and their functions (pg. 182)Ch. 10: Cell Growth and DivisionWhat is the relationship between a cell’s volume and its surface area? Why is this biological concept important?Describe the difference between chromosomes, sister chromatids, chromatinWhat are the main events of the cell cycle? Be able to describe each phase of the cell cycle. What is the importance of mitosis?What is the importance of meiosis?Be able to recognize drawings of the mitotic stages.What proteins regulate the timing of the cell cycle? What are the internal and external regulators of the cell cycle (pg. 251).How is cancer linked to the cell cycle?Why are stem cells important in studying health and disease?Ch. 11-12: DNA and RNA, GeneticsBe able to identify the parts of RNA & DNA molecules and explain how both molecules are similar/different. Describe the process of DNA replication and explain its importance. Be able to convert the base sequence of DNA to mRNA to tRNA. Show how it’s done.Explain the processes of transcription, translation, and protein synthesis.How do chromosomal and gene mutations occur? How are meiosis and mitosis similar? Different?Explain Chargaff’s base pair rules.What is the difference between phenotype and genotype.What is the difference between incomplete dominance, codominance, sex-linked traits?THESE TERMS ARE FOUND IN THE TEST! Know each word! On your answer sheet, provide a brief definition and example where appropriate.Ch. 1.hypothesis, controlled/ manipulated/ responding variable, inference, conclusion, controlled experiment, theory, metabolism, homeostasis, evolve, biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, molecules, light/electron microscopeCh. 2organic compound, lipid, protein, carbohydrate, disaccharide, monosaccharide, polysaccharide, isomer, isotope, amino acid, RNA, DNA, enzyme, glucose, chemical reaction, reactant, product, activation energy, catalyst, substrateCh. 7cell theory, cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome, lysosome, vacuole, cytoplasm , rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane , microtubules, chloropast , nucleolus, spindle fiber, centriole, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, osmosis, active transport, plasmolysis, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, passive transport, facilitated diffusion isotonic, hypotonic, & hypertonic solutions, dehydration, turgor pressureCh. 10 mitosis, meiosis, interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, chromatids, chromosomes, cell plate spindle fiber centromere daughter chromosomesCh. 11/12 DNA, nucleotide, adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, Chargaff’s rules, double helix, Watson and Crick, Rosalind Franklin, base pairing, complementary strand, histones, chromatin, DNA polymerase, replication fork, mRNA, tRNA, protein synthesis, codon, anticodon , transcription, translation, replication, gene and chromosomal mutations, Genetics, true-breeding, trait, hybrid, gene, allele, gamete, homo and heterozygous, phenotype vs. genotype, crossing, incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic traits ................
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