Byrne, Jody. .com



Introduction Scientific and technical translation involves communicating specialized information on a variety of subjects across languages. It requires expert linguistic knowledge and writing skills, combined with the ability to research and understand complex concepts and present them to a range of different audiences. It also requires subject matter knowledge and Cat tools application. Technical translation is primarily distinguished from other forms of translation by its style and terminology. It is usually free from emotive language, connotations, sound-effects and metaphor, if it is well written. It spills over into diagrams, graphs, illustrations, photographs, figures, formulae, equations, schemes, references, bibliographies. It includes scientific registers such as legal, business, medical, marketing, education and all other specialized types of language. This type of translation contributes to the dissemination of science and technology. Medical translation requires honesty, precision, confidentiality, and up-to-date technical knowledgeWhat makes scientific, medical, or technical translation different from any other type of translation?Why is it difficult to translate scientific and technical texts?We can only translate what we understand.It needs subject knowledge of the field.Scientific and technical texts have specific terminology.Usually this type of text involves an exploration of phenomena or a description of a process which needs the translator’s knowledge and experience of the field.It needs an imaginative mind of the experiences and applications of the specialized field.The rapid development of this field requires the translators to update their knowledge and follow up all new concepts and terminologies. (E.g. wiki, tweets, path …etc.)The use of acronyms which needs a skilled translator who knows the equivalent acronym of the full form used in the other language.Knowledge of how to analyze charts and diagrams in order to understand their implications.Knowledge of computer assisted translation programs and how to use them to present an organized work and build up a translation memory of the field, (E.g. Tradus, Memo Q, Word Fast Professional ...etc.) Faithfulness, accuracy, and awareness that mistakes are fatal in these fields.Cross-cultural issues. (Some people nod their heads even if they don’t understand and then ask the interpreter when they are out of the clinic).Ethics of translation in regard to privacy and confidentiality. There is a code of ethics which has rules that an interpreter has to follow.(don’t play roles of doctor or nurse or administrator by answering what they should answer even if you know the answer)Localization of medical material is important to meet the clients’ needs. (if the audience are not known translation should be in the general register)Job: opportunities for this type of translation:VINNELL ARABIABiotechnology Companies. Multinational Pharmaceutical Companies and Manufacturers. Medical Devices Companies. Clinical Research Organizations Saudi CustomsUniversitiesHospitalsCommunity Service Institutions The Saudi Electricity CompanyAramcoFood and Drug AuthorityReferences for the course:Byrne, Jody. (2012). Scientific and Technical Translation Explained. A Nuts and Bolts Guide for Beginners. St Jerome.Gomez, Norman. (2011). A Handbook for Teaching Translation of Scientific and Technical Texts. Wright, S & wright, L. (1993). Scientific and Technical Translation. Kent State UniversityCommon medical Affixes:Following, in no particular order, are frequently used word beginnings (prefixes) and word endings (suffixes) used to make up many medical terms. You don’t need to memorize whether an item is a prefix or suffix, or even if it is a word root, just what it means! I know this is all “Greek” to you (and some of it really is!), but there will be so much reinforcement as we go along that you can’t help but remember meanings. Be patient with yourself.Hypo#hyper-itisLow # high= inflammationhyperactivetonsillitis, appendicitis -osis= abnormal conditioncyanosis (of blueness, due to cold or low oxygen)-ectomy= to cut out (remove)appendectomy, tonsillectomy -otomy= to cut intotracheotomy (to cut into the windpipe,temporary opening)-ostomy= to make a“mouth”colostomy (to make a permanent opening in colon)a/an= without, noneanemia (literally no blood but means few red cells)micro= smallmacro= largemega/ -megaly= enlargedmegacolon (abnormally large colon = large intestine)-scopy/ -scopic= to look, observecolonoscopy (look into colon)-graphy/ -graph= recordingan imagemammography (imaging the breasts)-gram= the image (X-ray)mammogramWhenever you see these endings, -graphy, -graph, -gram, they relate to recording an image such as an X-ray, CT or MRI scan or a written recording with pen and moving paper. Mammography is the process of recording, i.e. the machine and procedure. Mammogram is the image itself, the X-ray. A recording of heart activity is called an electrocardiogram using an electrocardiograph. A recording of brain activity is an electroencephalogram and the medical procedure and machine is called electroencephalography.-ology/ -ologist= study, specialize incardiologist, nephrologist (studythe heart, the kidneys)The Circulatory system Cardi/o= heartEndocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis (inflammation of the lining, the muscle layer, the outer layer of the heart)Brady/tachy= slow/fastBradycardia (rate<60) tachycardia (rate>100)Angi/o= vesselAngiography, angiogram (X-ray of artery)Veno/phlebo= veinVenogram (X-ray of veins), phlebitis (inflammation of veins)-stasis= to stopHemostasis (to stop bleeding), hemostat (a clamp-like instrument)-cyte= cellErythrocytes, leucocytes (red, white blood cells)Hem/o, -emia= bloodHypoxemia (low oxygen), hematosalpinx (blood in the uterine tubes)?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ? ???? ????? ???? ????????, ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ( ?????? ) ? ??????? ????????? ( ?????? ??????) ? ???? ????? ?? :???????? ( ???? ?????? ?? ????? ) ? ??????? ( ???? ?????? ??? ????? ) ? ???????? ??????? (???? ?????? ???????? ? ??????? ) ? ??????? .????: ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????. ??????: ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????, ??? ??? ????? ?????:???????: ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????.??????: ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????.???????? ??????? : ??? ????? ????? ???, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????. ?????: ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????. - ????????, ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????.- ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???????- ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????- ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? 250 ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????.Common Diseases:Palpitations of the heartPalpitations are a sensation or awareness of your heart beating. They may feel like your heart is racing, thumping or skipping beats. Almost everyone has had palpitations at some time in their life. They are usually associated with an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia.(Palpitations may have no obvious cause, but can be triggered by physical activity, emotional stress, caffeine, nicotine.Types of arrhythmia: 1-Tachycardia Tachycardia is when your heart beats too fast, generally more than 100 beats per minute. The two main types of tachycardia are supraventricular tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia. Supraventricular tachycardia is a rapid heartbeat that starts in the atria, and is not usually life threatening.. Ventricular tachycardia is when the ventricles beat too fast and is very dangerous. This life-threatening condition occurs when the electrical signal that should trigger your heartbeat splits away in uncontrolled ‘waves’ around the ventricles2-Bradycardia Bradycardia is when your heart beats too slowly, generally less than 60 beats per minute. It becomes serious when your heart beats so slowly that it can’t pump enough blood to meet your body’s needs. Bradycardia may be normal, and can be associated with improved physical fitness. However, it can also be caused by many physical disorders, such as sick sinus syndrome and heart block. ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????. ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????. ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????. Myocardial infarction (MI)- An infarction is blockage of blood flow resulting in death of muscle tissue. This can also be called a “heart attack.” The blockage occurs in one of the arteries of the heart muscle itself, a coronary artery. Depending upon how much tissue dies; a victim of an MI may survive and undergo cardiac rehabilitation, strengthening the remaining heart muscle, or may die if too much muscle tissue is destroyed. IschemiaSometimes the heart muscle is not getting enough blood flow, more importantly, the oxygen the blood carries is insufficient to sustain muscles functions. The term loosely means “not quite enough blood.” Nervous system Cephal/oHeadCephalgia (a headache)Encephal/oInside the head (brain)Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) Anencephalic (born without a brain)Mening/oMembranes surrounding the brain and spinal cordMeningitis (inflammation of the membranes)Myel/oSpinal cordMyelogram (X-ray of the spinal cord)Neur/oNerveNeuroma (tumor) Neuritis (inflammation)DysDifficult, painful, abnormalDyslexia (difficulty reading)-pathyDisease, abnormalityEncephalopathy (disease of the brain) Neuropathy (disease of the nerves)-plasiaDevelopment, formation, growth-plegia Hemiplegia (paralysis of one side of the body) Quadriplegia (paralysis of all fourParalysis?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????. ?????? ?? ??????? ???????:1- ?????? ?????? ??????? ( C.N.S ) ????? ??????/ ???? ( Brain ) ?????? ?????? ( spinal cord )2-?????? ?????? ?????? ( peripheral N.S ) 3- ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ( Sympathtic ) ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????1- ?????? (brain) :? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ? ??????? ???? ????? ? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? 1500 ???? ? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? 100 ????? ???? .Common Diseases:Multiple Sclerosis?MS is a disease of unknown cause that manifests as multiple hard plaques of degeneration of the insulating layer of nerve fibers in the central nervous system. The loss of insulation allows “short circuiting” of nerve impulses. Depending upon where the degeneration occurs, patients may suffer paralysis, sensory disturbances or blindness.Stroke Stroke, also known as cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or brain attack, is when poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic due to lack of blood flow and hemorrhagic due to bleeding. Signs and symptoms of a stroke may include an inability to move or feel on one side of the body, problems understanding or speaking, feeling like the world is spinning, or loss of one vision to one side among others.Signs and symptoms often appear soon after the stroke has occurred. If symptoms last less than one or two hours it is known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA). The symptoms of a stroke can be permanent. Long term complications may include pneumonia or loss of bladder control.The main risk factor for stroke is high blood pressure. Other risk factors include tobacco smoking, obesity, high blood cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, and atrial fibrillation among others. An ischemic stroke is typically caused by blockage of a blood vessel. Diagnosis is typically with medical imaging such as a CT scan or MRI scan along with a physical exam. Other tests such as an electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood tests are done to determine risk factors and rule out other possible causes. Low blood sugar may cause similar symptoms.A stroke often requires emergency care. An ischemic stroke, if detected within three to four and half hours, may be treatable with a medication that can break down the clot. Aspirin should be used. Some hemorrhagic strokes benefit from surgery. Treatment to try recover lost function is called stroke rehabilitation and ideally takes place in a stroke unit; however.??????????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????.?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????.?? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???: ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????????????? ??? HYPERLINK "" \t "_blank" \o "?????? ????" ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? HYPERLINK "" \t "_blank" \o "????" ????????????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? HYPERLINK "" \t "_blank" \o "?????? ?????? ?????????" ?????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? (???? ??? ??? ?????) ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? 72 ????. ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? HYPERLINK "" \t "_blank" \o "???????" ???????? HYPERLINK "" \t "_blank" \o "?????" ??????? HYPERLINK "" \t "_blank" \o "???? ??????" ????? ?????? HYPERLINK "" \t "_blank" \o "?????? ?????" ??????? ?????? HYPERLINK "" \t "_blank" \o "???? ???????" ????? ???????. ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????.?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? HYPERLINK "" \t "_blank" \o "???? (???)" ??????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????.???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? HYPERLINK "" \t "_blank" \o "?? ??????" ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????.?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? HYPERLINK "" \t "_blank" \o "?????? ??????" ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? HYPERLINK "" \t "_blank" \o "??????? ???????" ??????? ??????????? HYPERLINK "" \t "_blank" \o "??? ??? ????? ???????" ??? ??? ????? ??????????? HYPERLINK "" \t "_blank" \o "??? ??????" ??? ??????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? HYPERLINK "" \t "_blank" \o "????????" ???????????????? ???? HYPERLINK "" \t "_blank" \o "??????????" ??????????? HYPERLINK "" \t "_blank" \o "???????????" ???????????????????? HYPERLINK "" \t "_blank" \o "???? ?????" ????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? 10? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????.Epilepsy? a Greek word for “seizure.” Convulsions are another term used. Seizures may have many causes and not all seizures are epilepsy. High fevers in young children may trigger seizures which are short in duration, easily controlled and, typically, have no permanent aftereffects. Epilepsy is a specific condition which may occur at any age, seizures are more intense, longer lasting in duration, and recur with some frequency. Respiratory system Rhin/oNoseRhinitis, rhinorrhea (inflammation of and “runny” nose)Laryng/oLarynx, “voice box”*Laryngotomy, Laryngectomy (cutting into, surgically removing the larynx)Trache/oTrachea, “windpipe”Tracheotomy, tracheostomy (temporary and permanent openings)Bronch/oLung air passagewaysBronchoscopy (looking into the bronchi)Pne/u, -pneaBreath, air, lungTachypnea, dyspnea, apnea (accelerated, difficult/painful, cessation of breathing)Pulmo/oLungPulmonary artery-ptysisSpitting (coughing)Hemoptysis (spitting or coughing up blood from lungs)-plastyReconstructionRhinoplasty (surgical reconstruction of nose)?? ?? ???? ????????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????. ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ???????. ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????. ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????.Common Diseases:Asthma A chronic disease involving the airways in the lungs.If you have asthma your airways are always inflamed. They become even more swollen and the muscles around the airways can tighten when something triggers your symptoms. This makes it difficult for air to move in and out of the lungs, causing symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and/or chest tightness.For many asthma sufferers, timing of these symptoms is closely related to physical activity. And, some otherwise healthy people can develop asthma symptoms only when exercising. This is called exercise-induced asthma (EIA). Staying active is an important way to stay healthy, so asthma shouldn't keep you on the sidelines. Your physician can develop a management plan to keep your symptoms under control before, during and after physical activity.People with a family history of allergies or asthma are more prone to developing asthma. Many people with asthma also have allergies. This is called allergic asthma.Occupational asthma is caused by inhaling fumes, gases, dust or other potentially harmful substances while on the job.Childhood asthma impacts millions of children and their families. In fact, the majority of children who develop asthma do so before the age of five.Many things can trigger or worsen asthma symptoms. Triggers may include:Allergens from dust, animal fur, cockroaches, mold, and pollens from trees, grasses, and flowersIrritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, chemicals or dust in the workplace, compounds in home décor products, and sprays (such as hairspray)Medicines such as aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and nonselective beta-blockersSulfites in foods and drinksViral upper respiratory infections, such as coldsPhysical activity, including exercise?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????????.???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????. ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????. ???? ???? ?? 50 ????? ?? ?????? ?????. ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????. ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????. ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????. ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????.???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????:????????????? ?? ????????????????????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????:??? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????????????????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???????. ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????.???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? (??????? ??????? ????????) ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????????.???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???????. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????.???? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???. ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????.????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????. ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????. ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? (??? 65 ?????) ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????.???????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? “???????? ?????”, ????? ????????? ???????, ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????, ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???:? ??? ?????.? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????.? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????. ? ?? ????? ??? ?????.? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????.?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? (??????) ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????.????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? (??????) ?????? ??????????? ???? ??? ?? ???:? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????.? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????.? ???????? ???????? ????????.? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????.?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????:- ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????.- ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????.- ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. - ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? 937.Musculoskeletal system Oste/oBoneOsteitis, osteoma, osteocyteChondr/oCartilageChondritis, chondroma, chondrocyteArthr/oJointArthritis, arthroplastyMyel/oBone marrowMyelomaTen/o, tendin/oTendon (binds muscle to bone)Tendonitis, tenorrhaphyLigament/oLigament (binds bone to bone)Ligamentous injuryBurs/oBursa, “bag”, (shock absorber between tendons and bones)BursitisMy/o, myos/oMuscleMyoma, myositis-malaciaSofteningOsteomalacia, chondromalacia-porosisPorousOsteoporosis-astheniaWeakness, loss of strengthMyasthenia gravis-trophyDevelopment, stimulation, maintenanceAtrophy (shriveling of muscles), hypertrophy? (increase in size and strength of muscles)-algia, algesiaPainMyalgia, arthralgia, analgesia? (take away painThe skeletal systemThe skeletal system includes all of the bones and joints in the body. Each bone is a complex living organ that is made up of many cells, protein fibers, and minerals. The skeleton acts as a scaffold by providing support and protection for the soft tissues that make up the rest of the body. The skeletal system also provides attachment points for muscles to allow movements at the joints. New blood cells are produced by the red bone marrow inside of our bones. Bones act as the body’s warehouse for calcium, iron, and energy in the form of fat. Finally, the skeleton grows throughout childhood and provides a framework for the rest of the body to grow along with it. The skeletal system in an adult body is made up of 206 individual bones. These bones are arranged into two major divisions: the?axial skeleton?and the?appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton runs along the body’s midline axis and is made up of 80 bones in the following regions:SkullHyoidAuditory ossiclesRibsSternumVertebral columnThe appendicular skeleton is made up of 126 bones in the folowing regions:Upper limbsLower limbsPelvic girdlePectoral (shoulder) girdle?????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????. ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? 600 ???? ????? ????? ??? 40 % ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????.????????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????.????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????.?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????.????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????.????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????:- ?????? ?? ????????- ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????- ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????- ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????- ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????.?- ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????- ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????- ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????.Common Diseases:Osteoarthritis A degenerative joint condition affecting the weight-bearing joints such as the hips, knees and ankles and well as the hands and spine.Risk factors include ageing, overweight or obesity, joint injury or trauma, joint misalignment, and repetitive loading tasks (e.g. kneeling, squatting, heavy lifting).Rheumatoid arthritis An autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system attacks its own tissues, and thus differs from osteoarthritis which is characterised by wear and tear of joints. It is more severe than osteoarthritis and while not only confined to the joints, the hand joints are the most commonly affected.The exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis is unknown, although family history of the disease is thought to have a role. The condition is more common in women, with almost twice as many women affected than men.Osteoporosis A largely preventable condition whereby there is a progressive loss of bone density and decrease in the strength of the skeleton, such that even a minor bump or accident can cause serious fractures. Often people are not aware they have osteoporosis because the condition lacks obvious symptoms. The condition is much more common in females than in males.Risk factors include ageing, being female, menopause, significantly low body weight, poor calcium intake, smoking and Vitamin D deficiency. The condition is up to four times more common in women than in men.???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????????. ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????.?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???. ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???.Osteomalacia? “Soft bones.” If not enough calcium is deposited during early childhood development, the bones do not become rock-hard, but rubbery. Both adequate calcium in the diet and vitamin D, primarily, from normal sunlight exposure or supplementation, are necessary for normal bone development. Before vitamin supplementation to milk, “rickets,” another name for osteomalacia in children, was common resulting in the classic bowed legs of the afflicted child. Carpal tunnel syndrome? People whose job involves repeated flexing of their wrist (typing, house painting) may develop tingling and/or pain in their thumb, index and middle fingers along with weakness of movements of the thumb, especially, grasping an object. Digestive system Gastr/oStomachGastritis, GastrectomyHepat/oLiverHepatitis (inflammation of), hepatoma (tumor of)Chol/eGall, bileCholecystitis, cholecystectomy (inflammation of, removal of gallbladder)Cyst/oBladder, sac(see above)Emes/oVomitEmesis (vomiting), emetic (stimulating vomiting), antiemetic (stopping vomiting)Lith/oStoneCholelithotomy (removal of gall stones)Lapar/oAbdominal wallLaparotomy (cutting into the abdomen)-centesisTo punctureAbdominocentesis (puncturing and draining)-tripsyTo crushCholelithotripsy (smashing gall stones with sound waves)-rrheaFlow, dischargeDiarrhea-iasis(-osis)Abnormal conditionCholelithiasis (presence of gall stones causing symptoms)?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? 9 ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ??????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????.???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????????. ? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????:????? ?????? : ??? ???? ?????? ???????????????????? ??????? : ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????.Common Diseases:?????? ??????????????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???. ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? (??????) ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? 40 ? 60 ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???????.???????:?? ????? 60% ??? 80% ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????. ???? ??????? ???????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? 8 ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? 15 ????? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????.??? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???? HYPERLINK "" \o "????? ?????? (?????? ??? ??????)" ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????.??????:?????? ???????: ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????????????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????.??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????: ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???.?????? ??????? ???????? ???????: ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????.???????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? .???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? (?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????) ? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? (Gastroesophageal reflux disease) .???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???????. ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????: ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ? ????? ??? ???? ????? ? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????.??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????: ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????????????????? (Helicobacter) ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????????.???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? :1. ???????? ??????? :?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????????.2. ?????? ??????? :????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? .3. ?????? ??????? :???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? .4. ?????? ?????????? :??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ? ? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????. DyspepsiaDyspepsia, also known as indigestion, is a term that describes discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen. It is not a disease. Dyspepsia is a group of symptoms which often include bloating, nausea and burping. Indigestion is usually caused by stomach acid coming into contact with the mucosa of the digestive system - the sensitive protective lining of the digestive system. Stomach acids break down the mucosa, causing irritation and HYPERLINK "" \o "What is inflammation? What causes inflammation?" inflammation, which trigger the symptoms of indigestion. In the majority of cases indigestion is linked to eating and/or drinking. Sometimes it may be caused by infection or some medications. What are the symptoms of indigestion?NauseaBelchingFeeling bloated (very full) In very rare cases indigestion may be a symptom of stomach cancer. Mild indigestion is rarely anything to worry about. You should see your doctor if symptoms continue for more than two weeks. See your doctor immediately if pain is severe, and the following also occur: Loss of appetite or weight loss, Vomiting, Black stools, Jaundice (yellow coloring of eyes and skin), Shortness of breath, Sweating.What are the causes of indigestion? Indigestion is usually related to lifestyle and what we eat and drink. It may also be caused by infection or some other digestive conditions. Some common causes include: Eating too much or too rapidly, Consuming greasy or spicy foods, Consuming too much caffeine, Consuming too much chocolate, Gastritis, Pancreatitis, Obesity, Smoking, and Some medications, such as antibiotics.Colon cancerColon cancer is cancer of the large intestine (colon), the lower part of your digestive system. Rectal cancer is cancer of the last several inches of the colon (rectum). Together, they're often referred to as colorectal cancers. Colorectal cancer is a malignant tumor arising from the inner wall of the large intestine. Most cases of colon cancer begin as small, noncancerous (benign) clumps of cells called adenomatous polyps. Over time some of these polyps become colon cancers. Removing polyps can prevent colorectal cancer.Risk factors for colorectal cancer include a family history of colorectal cancer, colon polyps, and a history of ulcerative colitis.Colon polyps and early cancer may have no symptoms. Therefore regular screening is important.Diagnosis of colorectal cancer can be made by: Barium enema which is a series of x-rays of the lower gastrointestinal tract. A liquid that contains barium (a silver-white metallic compound) is put into the rectum. The barium coats the lower gastrointestinal tract and x-rays are taken. Colonoscopy: A procedure to look inside the rectum and colon for polyps, abnormal areas, or cancer. A colonoscope is inserted through the rectum into the colon. A colonoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove polyps or tissue samples, which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer.Treatment of colorectal cancer depends on the location, size, and extent of cancer spread, as well as the health of the patient.Surgery is the most common treatment for colorectal cancer.113511752313200 Chemotherapy can extend life and improve quality of life for those who have had or are living with colorectal cancer.Urinary system terms & Female reproductive systemNephr/o, ren/oKidneyNephritis, renal arteryHydro/oWaterHydronephrosis (abnormal condition involving back up of urine into the kidneyCyst/oBladderCystitis, cystectomy (inflammation of, removal of bladder)Pyel/oRenal collecting ductsPyelogram (X-ray of the collecting ducts)Ur/o, -uriaUrinePolyuria, anuria (frequent urination, no urine formation)Olig/oScanty, less than normalOliguria (reduced urine formation)-pexyTo surgically reattach, fix in normal positionNephropexy (surgically attach kidney in normal anatomical position)?Urinary System ??The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and produce urine. The ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra together form the urinary tract, which acts as a plumbing system to drain urine from the kidneys, store it, and then release it during urination. Besides filtering and eliminating wastes from the body, the urinary system also maintains the homeostasis of water, ions, pH, blood pressure, calcium?Common Diseases:Urethritis?- inflammation of the urethra, the final pathway for urine in both sexes, and the common pathway for urine and semen in the male.Nocturia?– frequently getting up and urinating during the night.Enuresis?- involuntary release of urine, most often in reference to “bedwetting.”What is urinary retention?Urinary retention is the inability to empty the bladder completely. Urinary retention can be acute or chronic. Acute urinary retention happens suddenly and lasts only a short time. People with acute urinary retention cannot urinate at all, even though they have a full bladder. Acute urinary retention, a potentially life-threatening medical condition, requires immediate emergency treatment. Acute urinary retention can cause great discomfort or pain.Chronic urinary retention can be a long-lasting medical condition. People with chronic urinary retention can urinate. However, they do not completely empty all of the urine from their bladders. Often people are not even aware they have this condition until they develop another problem, such as urinary incontinence—loss of bladder control, resulting in the accidental loss of urine—or a urinary tract infection (UTI), an illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract.What causes urinary retention?Urinary retention can result fromobstruction of the urethranerve problemsmedicationsweakened bladder musclesObstruction of the UrethraObstruction of the urethra causes urinary retention by blocking the normal urine flow out of the body. Conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia—also called BPH—urethral stricture, urinary tract stones, cystocele, rectocele, constipation, and certain tumors and cancers can cause an obstruction.Nerve ProblemsUrinary retention can result from problems with the nerves that control the bladder and sphincters. Many events or conditions can interfere with nerve signals between the brain and the bladder and sphincters. If the nerves are damaged, the brain may not get the signal that the bladder is full. Even when a person has a full bladder, the bladder muscles that squeeze urine out may not get the signal to push, or the sphincters may not get the signal to relax. People of all ages can have nerve problems that interfere with bladder function.Weakened Bladder MusclesAging is a common cause of weakened bladder muscles. Weakened bladder muscles may not contract strongly enough or long enough to empty the bladder completely, resulting in urinary retention.??? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????????. ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????. ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????????????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????????. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????.????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????. ?????????????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??. ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????. ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????.?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? (?????? ??????????). ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????. ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????. ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????.Female reproductive system termsHyster/o, metr/UterusHysterectomy, endometritis (inflammation of the lining of uterus)Salping/o, -salpinxUterine tubeSalpingitis, hematosalpinx (blood in the uterine tube)Colp/oVaginaColporrhaphy (suturing a tear), colpoplasty (surgical reconstruction), colposcopy (viewing the interior)Oophor/oOvaryOophorectomy, oophoropexy (surgery fixation, reattachment)Men/oMenstruationMenarche (first), dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation)Mamm/o, mast/oBreastMammogram, mastectomy-pareunia, coitusIntercourseDyspareunia (painful intercourse), precoital, postcoital (before and after intercourse)Cervicitis What Is Cervicitis?The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that extends into the vagina. This is where menstrual blood exits the uterus. During labor, the cervix dilates to allow a baby to pass through the endocervical (birth) canal. Like any tissue in the body, the cervix can become inflamed for a variety of reasons.Inflammation of the cervix is called cervicitis. The most common cause of this inflammation is an infection. The condition is typically categorized as acute or chronic. Acute cervicitis involves a sudden onset of symptoms. Chronic cervicitis lasts for several months. Chronic cervicitis is common after childbirth. It may also occur during pregnancy because increased hormone levels cause increased blood flow to the cervix.What Are the Symptoms of Cervicitis?Some women are asymptomatic, but when symptoms are present, they can include:abnormal vaginal bleedingvaginal paina feeling of pelvic pressureHow Do I Know If I Have Cervicitis?If you have symptoms of cervicitis, see your doctor for an accurate diagnosis. The symptoms of cervicitis can also be signs of other vaginal conditions. Sometimes, cervicitis is discovered during a routine exam if you aren’t having any symptoms. There are multiple ways cervicitis can be diagnosed such as cervical biopsy, pelvic exam and microscopic examination.How Is Cervicitis Treated?There is no standard treatment for cervicitis. Your doctor will determine the best course for you based on several factors, including your overall health, your medical history, the severity of your symptoms, and the extent of the monly used treatments include:antibiotics to kill any infectionswatchful waiting, especially after childbirthcryosurgery or silver nitrate in severe cases when there is damage to cervical cells (Cryosurgery involves using freezing temperatures to freeze abnormal cells in the cervix, which then destroys them. Silver nitrate may also be used to destroy abnormal cells.)When the cause of your cervicitis is determined, it can be treated. Without treatment, however, cervicitis can last for years, causing pain and worsening symptoms.Medical Report (1):DIAGNOSES1.DOWN SYNDROME.MUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA. 3.RESPIRATORY FAILURE ON MECHANICAL VENTILATION.4.ATLANTO-AXIAL SUBLUXATION.HISTORYThis 16-year-old female patient is a known Down syndrome patient admitted to King Fahad Medical City in July 25, 2013 with community acquired pneumonia and needed mechanical ventilation because of respiratory failure. She was kept in the ICU for a long time and she found to have atlanto-axial subluxation for which she went a spinal surgery. Currently, she is stable with a stable clinical parameters and she is still requiring mechanical ventilation through tracheostomy tube. Her laboratory range within normal value at the current stage. VENTILATORY SETTING She is on pressure support of 8 cm mercury and PEEP of 6 cm water around the clock. She turns to developed airway mucus plugging with setting lower than this for extended length of time. HOSPITAL COURSEThe patient was admitted with respiratory failure. She underwent mechanical ventilation and currently she is on tracheostomy due to ventilatory dependency and she had tracheostomy tube in placed and this is usually placed on monthly basis. The last time tracheostomy was in November 12, 2014. She is requiring pulmonary hygiene and she gets open the suctioning and chest physiotherapy every 3 hours. Otherwise, she easily gets airway mucus plugging and atelectasis. NUTRITION SUPPORTShe tolerates Ensure tube feeding at 60 mL per hour through NGT.MUSCULOSKELETALShe had minimal physical and occupational therapy and she urgently needs to begin an aggressive physiotherapy and occupational therapy program. INTRAVENOUS ACCESSShe had working right peak line PICC line inserted in November 18, 2014. MEDICATION/S She is currently on anticoagulation with enoxaparin 30 mg subcutaneously daily. RECOMMENDATIONS The patient needs a long-term care facility and she needs attention to physical and occupational therapy and to continue pulmonary hygiene with optimal nutrition. Medical Report (2):DIAGNOSES1.BILE ACID SYNTHESIS DEFECT2.MITOCHONDRIAL HEPATOPATHY. HISTORYThis is 1-month-old male child who was admitted electively from Najran with the complaint of Jaundice since birth. He was born full term with normal delivery. He had no significant antenatal, natal, or post natal history. He developed jaundice during the first day of life. However, there was no history of fever, vomiting, diarrhea, seizure, abnormal body movement, or any urinary complaints. Stool’s color according to the mother is normal. Family History He is a product of consanguineous parents. He has a significant family history of neonatal death. Four siblings died due to similar complaint. Immunization The patient was vaccinated at the time of birth then he developed milestones which appeared to be normal. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION General: There is no obvious dysmorphology. He is moderately jaundiced and has umbilical hernia. Liver is 3 cm below costal margin. Spleen is just palpable. Growth Parameters: Weight: 4.3 kg, height: 57cm, head Circumference: 37.5 cm Neurological Assessment: Unremarkable Ophthalmological Examination: Normal Cardiac Evaluation: Normal INVESTIGATIONSCBC: White blood cells 8.90, hemoglobin 10.11, absolute neutrophils count 1.62%, platelets 447. Plasma Lactate Level: 4.7, repeated twice. Urine Microscopy and Culture: Negative Liver Function Test: ALT 198, GGT 37, bilirubin 84, total bilirubin 95, albumin 35, AST 283, alkaline phosphatase 1088. Serum and urine bile Acid’s Results: Awaited. Hepatitis B Screening: Negative Lab sent for mitochondrial gene study: Awaited. Liver biopsy: Refused by the family. Abdominal ultrasonography: No abnormality is seen. CT scan: Normal.Chest x-ray: Normal cardiac shadow. MRI/MRS: Normal.HOSPITAL COURSEThe patient remained stable during hospital course. He was feeding well, active, alert, and with good neonatal reflexes. He was thriving well. The patient was investigated with possible causes of cholestatic jaundice. The liver biopsy was explained to the father but he refused the procedure. The patient started on ursodeoxycholic acid, ADEK vitamins , and vitamin D3 orally after sending samples for serum and urine bile acid. The patient was stable. The patient was discharged with followup appointment in a stable condition. RECOMMENDATIONS 1.Followup with Dr. Al-Hussaini in liver clinic after 2 weeks with CBC, coagulation profile, vitamin D level, and LFT, GGT, and bone profile 2.To follow the result of serum bile acid and urine bile acid 3.To continue ursodeoxycholic acid 50 mg two times a day, ADEK 1 ml orally two times a day, vitamin K 2 mg orally daily, and vitamin D3 1500 international unit orally daily. Note: This medical report was given upon the father requested as he informed that patient was expired in local hospital outside Riyadh due to cardiomyopathy. Technical TextProper Use of Energy It is difficult to imagine the world today without electricity. Every day, at work, at home, and everywhere, electricity is used many times and in different ways. Because our life depends so much on this type of energy, the consumer must be aware of both the benefits and the dangers that may result from misusing it. The issue of rationalizing electricity does not mean compromising comfort. It is possible to take advantage of all the benefits that energy provides in the right way without wasting it. Here are some good practical tips to help rationalize the use of electricity.Lamps-Whenever possible, fluorescent lamps that last longer and use less energy should be used.-Lighting lamps during the day should be avoided and more natural light should be used.-Walls should be painted with bright colors that reflect the light thus reducing the need for artificial lighting.-Lights that are not being used should be switched off, except those that contribute to the consumer?s safety.Air Conditioning?Rationalizing the use of air conditioners make a good difference in the energy bill, especially in summer when the air conditioners account for one third of the power consumption of the household._The appliance should be unplugged when the room is vacated._Windows and doors should be closed when the appliance is on.Electric Iron?The electric iron should only be connected when there is a lot of clothing to iron.Connecting the electric iron when many appliances are connected should be avoided. It overloads the electrical supply system.The iron should not be left on unless there is a need.The temperature instructions for each type of clothing should be followed.The temperature in the case of automatic irons should be adjusted. The most delicate garments must be ironed first. At the end, after the iron having been turned off the heat of the iron can be used to iron some light clothing.Refrigerator / Freezer_When choosing a new appliance, the instructions on the orange label that indicates the average monthly consumption should also be taken into account.- The back of the refrigerator should not be used to dry cloths and clothes.- When the ice layer reaches a thickness of about 1cm, it should be thawed.- The appliance must be protected from sunlight and kept as far away as possible from the cooker heat._The doors of the refrigerator or freezer should not be open for a long time. The user must keep food as close as possible in order to spend less time trying to find it.??????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????:???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? – ??????? ?????? ??????? - ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ....????????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????:1-?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???2-?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????.3-?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???????.4-????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? 998 ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????5-????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????:??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????:1.???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????.2.????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????.3.????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????4.??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????????:??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????1.??????????? ??????2.?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????.3.?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????.4.?????????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????5.?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????:??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????.??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????:1.???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????2.???????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????3.?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????????.4.???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????5.?????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????6.???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????????7.?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????? ????.8.?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ???????.????? ?????:??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? .. ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????:1.???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???????.2.?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????3.???????????)???????? ) ?????????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???4.???????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???5.?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????6.?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????.7.???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????.How to Maintain a Vacuum CleanerYour vacuum cleaner doesn't need very much attention, but a little simple maintenance will keep it?working?and cleaning as efficiently as it can. Maintaining your vacuum cleaner properly can also head off more costly repairs or replacement.Tips:Don't vacuum up large?objects. Pick up trash, pennies, etc. with your hands or use a broom.Never run the machine to the end of the cord so that the plug pulls out of the wall outlet while the machine is running. This will cause an electric arc which will damage the prongs on the plug. It could also damage the cord.The?power cord?is a weak point on vacuum cleaners, so avoid getting it hung up on furniture, or other obstructions. Also avoid running over it with the roller brush.Turn off your vacuum immediately if you hear or feel it struggling or if you accidentally roll over anything you shouldn't. An abrupt change in the loudness or the tone of the noise usually indicates a problem. Unplug it, check for and remove any obstructions, then plug it back in and listen carefully when you restart it.Perform maintenance?proactively?to prevent more severe problems. They vacuums were assigned to each individual of the district and it is the individuals responsibility to maintain the vacuum and clean it daily.Do not vacuum up large chunks of ROCK SALT. Sweep the rock salt off with a broom and then vacuum up smaller pieces. Never sweep a floor and sweep your pile onto a rug and vacuum it up. This is considered laziness and abuse of your vacuum cleaner.Some vacuum cleaners have a device that stops the machine if it overheats. If your vacuum cleaner cuts out, unplug it, wait for a period of time. Some of our new vacuums have a reset switch right on the base. Check your manual. Check for obstructions or other problems, and carefully turn it on again.On an upright with on-board tools, always insert the hose securely into its place when vacuuming?floors. Any leak of air at this point will cost you cleaning power.0000-47625031115000????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???????. ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????. ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???? (??) ????? "?????". ??? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ???????. ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? "?????" ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????????Windows?RT??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? (??????? ???? ?????? InstantGo)? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? 8,5 ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????. ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? "?????"? ????? ????? ????? ???????: ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????????????. (??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????????). ???? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ???????. ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????: ????? ??????? ?? ???? "????" ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? InstantGo ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ??? Windows ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????. ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????. ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? (????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????)? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? /??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????????? (?? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? InstantGo ???? ??? ???????). ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? (??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????). ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ?????. ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? (??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????) ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ??. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ??????????? How to Maintain Your Laptop ComputerIt is important that you take good care of your laptop to keep it working well. There are easy steps that will maintain your laptop.Keep liquids away from your laptop.?As tempting as it might be to drink coffee, soda, water or any other liquid near your laptop, accidents can happen all too easily. Alternatively, use a cup with a cover on it, so even if it does spill, the liquid doesn't go anywhere.Having antivirus software available is the best defense against a virus.?Even if you know what you download, it could still contain a virus.Keep the computer in a clean and dust free room.Always have clean hands when using your laptop.?Clean hands make it easier to use your laptop touchpad and there will be less risk of leaving dirt and other stains on the computerDon't pull on the power cord.?Because it can cause the cord to break off from the plug or damage the power socket.Don't expose your laptop to rapid temperature changes.?When bringing your laptop indoors during winter, don't turn it on immediately. Instead, let it warm to room temperature first. This will avoid any potential for damage to the disk drive.Avoid placing heavy materials, such as books, on top of your laptop.??????? ??????????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? (?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? USB) ????????? ?????? ?????????.????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????: ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? Warms? ? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ?????? Trojan horses, ? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????????. ????? ??????? Droppers? ? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ? ????? ?????????? ? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????????. ??????? ???????? Logic Bombs? ? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ???????:1- ????? ??????? (The Replication Mechanism) 2- ????? ??????(The Protection Mechanism) 3- ????? ???????(The trigger Mechanism) 4- ????? ???????(The Payload Mechanism) ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????:1: ??????? ???? ??????? (Boot Sector Virus)??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????2: ??????? ??????? (Macro Virus)??? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? Notpad?3: ??????? ??????? (File Virus)??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????????.?4: ????????? ??????? (Steath Virus)??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ? ??? ??? ??????? ???.?5: ????????? ???????? (Polymorphic virus)??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????.?6: ??????? ?????? ??????? (Multipartite Virus)???? ????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ????????. ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? :? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????????? . ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? .??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? .??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? .??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? .????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? .??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? .??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? .???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? .????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? .????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? .???????? ????? DOS ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????.????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? non bootable diskette .Technical Glossary (1) ????? ??????Fire extinguisher????? ?????Flames????Neglect???? ??????Assembly point ?????? ??????Civil Defense?????Ignite????????? ???????First aid?????Doses???Hazard???? ????Gastric lavage???? ?????Food poisoning ???? ???????Electrical socket??? ?????? / ??? ???????Power cord???? ????????Electric shock ???? ?????Arson ????????? ???????Personal belongings???Drowning ????Inch ????? ???????Preventive awareness????????? ??????????Electric wiring?????? ????Fire Blanket????? ????? ?? ??????Smoke detector??? ???? Matchstick ????? ?????Water faucet????????Suffocation?????Spark ?????Conservation?????Facility???????Consumption?????Extravagance???? ????? ????Power plant???Capacity?????Efficiency????CondenserTechnical Glossary (2) Maintenance ?????Electric arc??? ???????Plug prongs????? ??????Acceleration?????Amplifier????Inflammable???? ????????Disc driver ???? ?????Hibernation ??????Applications ?????????Tablets ??????? ???????Disable ?????Lid??????Antivirus????? ?????????Browser?????Database ????? ??????Domain???/ ????Home Page???? ?????Search Engine???? ?????Information Technology – IT????? ?????????Multimedia????? ??????Endurance ????Control panel???? ??????Three dimension ????? ???????Blog ?????Computer Malware ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????Technical Glossary (3) ????? ??????? ?????????Social media ???? Feature ?????? ?????Smart phone ?? ???????Decoding????? ?????Hard drive????? ???????Operating systems???? ????????Circuit ?????Forum????Server???? ??????Task bar????? ????????Virtual memory??????? / ??????? ????????Data recovery????? / ?????Installation????? ????? ????????Expiration date ???? ???????Toolbar????Port?????Hacking???Duplicate ????? ????? ?????? GPS (Global Positioning System)???? ????????Extension cord????? ?????Water proof????Lens ???Shallow ???? ????Annually ???? ????Periodically ????Warranty????Exclusive ???????/ ????Inhale ????Exhale?????? ???????Food poisoning ??????Authorized?????? ????Spyware ................
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