ACID RAIN - Ms. Mandel's Science Courses



Name Date Period

Honors Physical Science Final Exam

Review Packet

The final exam will consist of two parts. Part I will contain multiple choice problems/questions. Part II will consist of scientific method and critical thinking questions.

Suggestions to help you review:

~ Study all worksheets given out over the course of the semester

~ Review all notes from the semester, including the framework notebook

~ Review the information contained on the semester 2 portion of the website

~ Review the items on this list

You will be required to bring the following items to the test:

1. One or more # 2 pencils

2. Calculator (You will not be able to share during the final)

3. Textbook

Topics

Water Cycle and Water Pollution

• Know the steps to the water cycle

• Explain how the steps are connected

• What powers the water cycle?

• Water pollution – Hg, P, N

• Eutrophication

• Hypoxia and anoxia

• Bioaccumulation

• Biomagnification

Carbon Cycle

• Know the steps of the carbon cycle

• Explain how the steps are connected

• Human alterations to the cycle

Global Warming

• What is the greenhouse effect?

• Name the greenhouse gases.

• How are each of the greenhouse gases created?

• What is global warming?

• What is climate change?

• What are the effects of global warming?

• What can be done to slow global warming down?

Carbon Chemistry

• Carbon backbones

• Hydrocarbons

• Alkene

• Alkane

• Alkyne

• Isomers

Combustion Reactions

• Complete combustion

• Incomplete combustion

• Carbon monoxide poisoning

Polymers

• General structure of a polymer

• How are they created?

• Synthetic vs. Biopolymers

• Stress-strain behaviors

• Recycling

Landfills

• How are they made?

• What are the advantages and disadvantages?

• Environmental issues

Incinerators

• What are its parts?

• What are the advantages and disadvantages?

• Environmental issues

Rock Cycle

• Know the steps of the rock cycle

• Explain how the steps are connected

• How does the internal energy of the Earth cause the rock cycle to take place?

Brownfields

• What are they?

• What are greenfields?

• What are the steps to revitalizing a Brownfield area?

Energy Sources

• Non-renewable sources

o Oil

o Coal

o Natural Gas

o Nuclear

Energy Sources

• Renewable sources

o Solar

o Wind

o Hydrogen Fuel Cells

o Hydropower

o Geothermal

o Biomass

Energy Transformations

• Mechanical

• Electromagnetic

• Electrical

• Chemical

• Thermal

• Energy transformations for objects such as a toaster, flash light, etc.

Heat Transfer

• Convection

• Radiation

• Conduction

Electricity

• How is electricity generated from energy sources?

• Static electricity

• Friction, conduction, induced charge

• Conductors vs. Insulators

• Current, resistance, voltage

• Ohms Law

• Circuits

• Parallel and series circuit

Magnetism

• Magnetism- what is it?

• North and south poles

• Attraction and repulsion

• Right-hand rule

• How are magnetism and electricity related?

CAPT Labs

• Polymers

• Solar Cooker

Scientific Method

• Statement of the Problem

• Graphing

• Conclusion

Review Questions

Answer the following questions to help you review for the final exam.

Water Cycle and Water Pollution

Definitions:

|Condensation | |

|Evapotranspiration | |

|Infiltration | |

|Water storage in ice and snow | |

|Evaporation | |

|Precipitation | |

|Springs | |

|Stream flow | |

|Surface runoff | |

|Clouds | |

|Ground water storage | |

|Water storage in the atmosphere | |

|Water storage in oceans | |

|Sublimation | |

|Impaired Waters | |

|Eutrophication | |

|Algae Bloom | |

|Hypoxia | |

|Anoxia | |

|Dead Zone | |

|Bioaccumulation | |

|Biomagnification | |

What drives the water cycle?

List and explain the causes of N and P pollution.

What is the difference between point and non-point sources of pollution?

List ways to prevent N and P pollution.

Sources of Mercury

|Natural Sources |Human Sources |

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How does mercury accumulate in organisms?

|Bioaccumulation |Biomagnification |

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Consider the following food chain.

[pic]

Which species contains the highest level of mercury? Explain why.

Which would likely contain more mercury, a large fish or a small fish? Explain why.

Which would likely contain more mercury, an old fish or a young fish? Explain why.

Symptoms of Mercury Poisoning

|Mild Poisoning |Serious Poisoning |

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Why is the ingestion of mercury so dangerous for pregnant women?

Carbon Cycle

Carbon Cycle reservoirs

|Name |Description |Form of carbon found there? |

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Below, you will find the name of some of the various “pathways” by which carbon moves throughout the carbon cycle. Explain what it is, and how it moves carbon within the cycle.

|Diffusion |Carbon goes from _____________________ to _____________________ |

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|Photosynthesis |Carbon goes from _____________________ to _____________________ |

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|Respiration |Carbon goes from _____________________ to _____________________ |

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|Sedimentation |Carbon goes from _____________________ to _____________________ |

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|Volcanic |Carbon goes from _____________________ to _____________________ |

|Eruptions | |

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|Burning of fossil fuels |Carbon goes from _____________________ to _____________________ |

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|Weathering and Erosion |Carbon goes from _____________________ to _____________________ |

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In class, we discussed multiple ways that humans can affect the carbon cycle. List these human alterations.

Global Warming

|Climate | |

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|Weather | |

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|Climate change | |

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|Global Warming | |

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Definitions:

What is a major contributing factor to the problem of global warming?

What are some ways to cut down this contributing factor?

What is GWP? What is the GWP for methane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide?

Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere:

• The general trend for the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is that it is ________________. (increasing/decreasing)

• This has been the trend since the _______________________________. (time period)

• The major cause for this trend is ________________________________.

Carbon Chemistry

List the properties of carbon that allow it to form so many different compounds.

Definitions:

|Organic Chemistry | |

|Hydrocarbon | |

|Isomer | |

|Saturated | |

|Unsaturated | |

|Straight chain or linear | |

|Branched | |

|Ring or cyclical | |

|Cross-links | |

Hydrocarbon Groups

|Name of Group |Types of bonds? |Are all bonds the same type?|Saturated or Unsaturated? |Name ends with? |

| | | | | |

|Alkane | | | | |

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|Alkene | | | | |

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|Alkyne | | | | |

Using the information below, write the names that would fit the following descriptions. Then draw the molecule. Be sure to include the hydrogen atoms as well.

Prefixes for Naming Organic Compounds

1 = Meth- 6 = Hex-

2 = Eth- 7 = Hept-

3 = Prop- 8 = Oct-

4 = But- 9 = Non-

5 = Pent- 10 = Dec-

• This compound forms a ring, and contains six carbons.

Name? Drawing? Chemical Formula?

• This compound is linear with seven carbons in a row. There are no double bonds.

Name? Drawing? Chemical Formula?

• This compound is branched with three carbons in a line, and then a single carbon branches off of the central carbon atom. There are no double bonds.

Name? Drawing? Chemical Formula?

• This compound is linear and contains five carbons. The third carbon in the line is double-bonded to the fourth one.

Name? Drawing? Chemical Formula?

Combustion

What is combustion?

What is the chemical equation for complete combustion?

What is the chemical equation for incomplete combustion?

Why is Carbon Monoxide a concern?

Polymers

Definitions

|Monomer | |

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|Polymer | |

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|Condensation Polymerization | |

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|Addition Polymerization | |

|Biopolymer (define and give example) | |

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|Synthetic polymers (define and give example) | |

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What is the purpose of resin identification codes?

HDPE/LDPE: How do they differ? Why?

Thermoset vs. Thermoplastic

Draw the polymers in a thermoset vs. a thermoplastic. Show the cross-links in the thermoset. Why are these important?

Recycling

• How are thermosets recycled?

• How are thermoplastics recycled?

Waste Management

Definitions:

|Sanitary Landfill | |

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|Leachate | |

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|Landfill liner | |

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|Incineration | |

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|Ash | |

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Long- and short-term effects of landfills and incinerators

| |Benefits |Short-Term Drawbacks |Long-Term Drawbacks |

|Landfill | | | |

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|Incinerator | | | |

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Four Critical Components of a Sanitary Landfill

|Name |Description |

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Rock Cycle

Definitions:

|Igneous Rock | |

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|Sedimentary Rock | |

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|Metamorphic Rock | |

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Explain the differences between extrusive and intrusive igneous rock.

Explain the various pathways within the rock cycle in the table below.

|Weathering and Erosion | |

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|Heat and Pressure | |

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|Cementation and | |

|Compaction | |

Brownfields

Define “Brownfield site.” Why does the Northeast of the U.S. have numerous Brownfields?

What substances are potential Brownfield sites tested for?

Once a site is designated as a Brownfield site, what are ways to clean it up?

What is the benefit of cleaning up Brownfield sites?

Energy Sources

Definitions:

|Energy | |

|Kinetic Energy | |

|Potential Energy | |

What is the Law of Conservation of Energy? Give an example of how this works.

Explain the relationship between kinetic and potential energy. Use a rollercoaster or falling item as your example.

Energy Source Categories

|Type of Energy |Definition |

|Non-renewable | |

|Renewable | |

Name the four types of non-renewable energy sources.

1) __________________

2) __________________

3) __________________

4) __________________

Nuclear fusion/fission

Define each. Which is used in the sun? Which is used in nuclear power plants?

Fusion –

Fission -

Name the six types of renewable energy sources

1) __________________

2) __________________

3) __________________

4) __________________

5) __________________

6) __________________

What are the advantages and disadvantages of solar cookers?

ADV: DISADV:

What are the necessary components in the construction of a solar cooker?

Energy Transformations

Define:

|Mechanical | |

|Electromagnetic | |

|Electrical | |

|Chemical | |

|Thermal | |

What energy transformations occur when a toaster is turned on to make toast?

What energy transformations occur when a flash light is turned on?

What energy transformations occur within a tree?

Heat Transfer

Define

|Convection | |

|Radiation | |

|Conduction | |

Label the following diagram.

Label each example with the appropriate type of heat transfer: radiation, convection, or conduction.

Heat we feel from the sun.

The heat you feel when you touch a hot stove.

Your spoon is hot after leaving it on the saucepan that was on the stove.

This is responsible for making macaroni rise and fall in a pot on the stove.

The heat a snake feels from the heat lamp above him.

Electricity and Magnetism

Definitions

|Electric Current | |

|Insulators | |

|Conductors | |

|Series Circuit | |

|Parallel Circuit | |

|Magnet | |

|Magnetic Field | |

What are characteristics and examples of good conductors of electricity?

What are characteristics and examples of good insulators of electricity?

Describe how like charges and opposite charges interact with each other.

How are resistors arranged on a series circuit? Draw an example.

How are resistors arranged on a parallel circuit? Draw an example.

Fill in the following table

|Term |Symbol |Units |Unit Symbol |

|Current | | | |

|Voltage | | | |

|Resistance | | | |

State the formula for the Power Equation using the symbols from the table above. Be able to use this to solve equations.

State the formula for the Ohm’s Law equation using the symbols from the table above. Be able to use this to solve problems.

What are the three ways that charge can be transferred?

Why do you get a shock from touching a door knob when walking across a carpet in your socks? Use the scientific terms from class (friction, electrons, positive charge, negative charge, etc.)

What happens when you cut a bar magnet in half?

Scientific Method

Define:

|Question | |

|Hypothesis | |

|Independent Variable (IV) | |

|Dependent Variable (DV) | |

|Control | |

|Controlled Variable | |

|Conclusion | |

Why is a control important to your experiment?

When graphing results, which variable (IV and DV) are plotted on the x- and y- axes?

Web Evaluation

Definitions:

|Credible | |

|Reliable | |

|Biased | |

How is the reliability of a website affected by how up-to-date the data may be?

Explain the meaning of each of the following URLs:

|.edu | |

|.com | |

|.gov | |

|.org | |

Which of the above URLs is …

• likely the most credible?

• likely the most biased?

• created by highly educated people?

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Phytoplankton

Swordfish

Flying Fish

Shrimp

Zooplankton

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