An Introduction to Functional Grammar - UEL Portal

[Pages:700]An Introduction to Functional

Grammar

THIRD EDITION

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An Introduction to Functional

Grammar

THIRD EDITION

M.A.K. Halliday

Emeritus Professor of Linguistics University of Sydney, Australia

Revised by Christian M.I.M. Matthiessen

Professor of Linguistics Macquarie University, Australia

Hodder Arnold

A MEMBER OF THE HODDER HEADLINE GROUP

First published in Great Britain in 2004 by Arnold, a member of the Hodder Headline Group, 338 Euston Road, London NW1 3BH



Distributed in the United States of America by Oxford University Press Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY10016

? 2004 M.A.K. Halliday and Christian Matthiessen

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanically, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without either prior permission in writing from the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying. In the United Kingdom such licences are issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency: Saffron House, 6?10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.

The advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, but neither the authors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN-10: 0 340 76167 9 ISBN-13: 978 0 340 76167 0

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Typeset in 10 on 12.5pt Berling by Phoenix Photosetting, Chatham, Kent Printed and bound in India

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Contents

Preface ix

Part I The Clause 1

1 The architecture of language 3 1.1 Text and grammar 3 1.2 Phonology and grammar 11 1.3 Basic concepts for the study of language 19 1.4 The location of grammar in language; the role of the corpus 31

2 Towards a functional grammar 37 2.1 Towards a grammatical analysis 37 2.2 The lexico-grammar cline 43 2.3 Grammaticalization 46 2.4 Grammar and the corpus 48 2.5 Classes and functions 50 2.6 Subject, Actor, Theme 53 2.7 Three lines of meaning in the clause 58

3 Clause as message 64 3.1 Theme and Rheme 64 3.2 Group or phrase complexes as Theme; thematic equatives 68 3.3 Theme and mood 71 3.4 Textual, interpersonal and topical Themes 79 3.5 The information unit; Given + New 87 3.6 Given + New and Theme + Rheme 93 3.7 Predicated Themes 95 3.8 Theme in bound, minor and elliptical clauses 98 3.9 Thematic interpretation of a text 100

CONTENTS

4 Clause as exchange 106 4.1 The nature of dialogue 106 4.2 The Mood element 111 4.3 Other elements of Mood structure 121 4.4 MOOD as system; further options 134 4.5 Polarity and modality 143 4.6 Absence of elements of the modal structure 151 4.7 Clause as Subject 154 4.8 Texts 158

5 Clause as representation 168 5.1 Modelling experience of change 168 5.2 Material clauses: processes of doing-and-happening 179 5.3 Mental clauses: processes of sensing 197 5.4 Relational clauses: processes of being and having 210 5.5 Other process types: summary of process types 248 5.6 Circumstantial elements 259 5.7 Transitivity and voice: another interpretation 280 5.8 Text illustrations 303

Part II Above, Below and Beyond the Clause 307

6 Below the clause: groups and phrases 309 6.1 Groups and phrases 309 6.2 Nominal group 311 6.3 Verbal group 335 6.4 Adverbial group, conjunction group, preposition group 354 6.5 Prepositional phrase 359 6.6 Word classes and group functions 361

7 Above the clause: the clause complex 363 7.1 The notion of `clause complex' 363 7.2 Types of relationship between clauses 373 7.3 TAXIS: parataxis and hypotaxis 383 7.4 Elaborating, extending, enhancing: three kinds of expansion 395 7.5 Reports, ideas and facts: three kinds of projection 441 7.6 Clause complex and tone 482 7.7 Texts 484

8 Group and phrase complexes 486 8.1 Overview of complexing at group or phrase rank 486 8.2 Parataxis: groups and phrases 489 8.3 Hypotaxis: nominal group 493 8.4 Hypotaxis: adverbial group or prepositional phrase 495 8.5 Hypotaxis: verbal group, expansion (1): general 497

vi

Contents

8.6 Hypotaxis: verbal group, expansion (2): passives 505 8.7 Hypotaxis: verbal group, expansion (3): causative 509 8.8 Hypotaxis: verbal group, projection 515 8.9 Logical organization: complexes at clause and group or phrase rank, and

groups 521 9 Around the clause: cohesion and discourse 524

9.1 The concept of text; logogenetic patterns 524 9.2 The lexicogrammatical resources of COHESION 532 9.3 Conjunction 538 9.4 Reference 549 9.5 Ellipsis and substitution 561 9.6 Lexical cohesion 570 9.7 The creation of texture 579 10 Beyond the clause: metaphorical modes of expression 586 10.1 Lexicogrammar and semantics 586 10.2 Semantic domains 593 10.3 Modality 613 10.4 Interpersonal metaphor: metaphors of mood 626 10.5 Ideational metaphors 636 References 659 Index 667

vii

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