Liberty University



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Course Syllabus

OBST/NBST 910/THEO 997

Use of the Old Testament in the New Testament

8:30-4:30 MTWTrF

Instructors: Dr. Gary Yates/Dr. Leo Percer

Office: Seminary/Campus North

Telephone: 592-4149 or 592-4178

E-mail: GYates@liberty.edu and LPercer@liberty.edu

Please note that this syllabus may change at the instructors’ discretion.

I. COURSE DESCRIPTION

An intensive study of the historical, exegetical, and theological issues related to the use of the Old Testament in the New Testament, with special attention to the question of how the hermeneutics of the New Testament writers should impact Christian interpretation of Scripture. 

II. RATIONALE

The study of the Bible requires some background in the interaction and relationship between the Old and New Testaments. The fact that many New Testament writers relied on the Old Testament as their primary Scripture points to the need to understand how the authors of the New Testament books used and interpreted the earlier material. This class offers the student in biblical studies an overview of the various uses of the Old Testament in the New Testament while also offering some approaches for interpreting materials in both Testaments. This course is designed primarily for the PhD student who has chosen the Biblical Studies cognate and will provide a scholarly overview of the use of the Old Testament in the New Testament as part of the fulfillment of that cognate.

III. PREREQUISITES

Students who choose the Biblical Studies cognate must have at least one year of Masters’ level courses in both Hebrew and Greek to participate. Students taking the course as a THEO elective do not need to meet this prerequisite.

IV. MATERIALS LIST

Required Textbooks

Beale, G. K. (ed.), The Right Doctrine from the Wrong Text?: Essays in the Use of the Old Testament in the New. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 1994. ISBN 0-8010-1088-8

Beale, G. K., and Donald Carson, (ed.). Commentary of the New Testament Use of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2007. ISBN 0-8010-2693-8

Chirichigno, Gregory, and Gleason Archer, Jr. Old Testament Quotations in the New Testament: A Complete Survey. Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2005. ISBN 1-5975-2040-3

Kaiser, Walter C., Jr., Darrell L. Bock, and Peter Enns, Three Views on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament. Counterpoint: Bible and Theology. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2008. ISBN 0-310-27333-1

Moyise, Steven. The Old Testament in the New. T & T Clark Approaches to Biblical Studies. New York: T&T Clark, 2004. ISBN 0-5670-8199-0

Porter, Stanley E. (ed.), Hearing the Old Testament in the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2006. ISBN 0-8028-2846-9

A number of selected articles will also be assigned as required reading.

V. LEARNING OUTCOMES/OBJECTIVES

Upon completing this course, the student will be able to:

1. Compare and contrast New Testament interpretations of Old Testament texts with Jewish exegetical methods contemporaneous to the New Testament era (Methods Paper)

2. Analyze theological and hermeneutical issues associated with the New Testament interpretation of Old Testament texts (Analysis Paper)

3. Identify the historical development of key theological themes from Old Testament to New Testament (with special attention to the development of a particular biblical concept like the Messiah) (Collateral Reading Paper)

4. Evaluate how and to what degree the hermeneutical methods of the New Testament writers should be employed by Christians today in their reading and interpreting of Scripture (Reflection Paper)

VI. COURSE REQUIREMENTS AND ASSIGNMENTS

Pre-Course Assignments

Reading of course texts and panel discussion of these books in class seminars: Students must read the entirety of each of the required textbooks (except for Beale and Carson’s Commentary—for this text read the introduction—and Chirichigno and Archer’s book—for this text read pages xxiii-xxxii) PRIOR to the class meeting. Particular texts may be assigned to individual students to lead a panel discussion during the week of class. This assignment will be determined by the instructor(s) on the first day of class.

Analysis of Use of the OT in a Selected NT Passage: (15-20 pages). Each student will select one passage below and write a paper for presentation during the week of class. These papers must be turned in on Blackboard at least a week BEFORE the class meets (March 5, 2012) so that your colleagues will have time to read and to reflect on them. The student will present their topic on an assigned day during class for discussion. This paper will examine a selected text dealing with the use of the NT in the OT. This paper will examine translational issues, the hermeneutics of the NT writer, interpretive issues found in the passage, and the theological significance of the use of the OT in the selected passage. Passages for study will include:

• the use of Isaiah 7:14 in Matthew 1:18-25

• the use of Jeremiah 31:15 (and other OT passages) in Matthew 2:16-23

• the use of Isaiah 61:1-2 (and 58:6) in Luke 4:16-30

• the use of OT quotations and allusions in Hebrews 1:7-14

• the use of Psalm 8 in Hebrews 2:5-9

• the use of Psalm 95 in Hebrews 3-4

• the use of Jeremiah 31:31-34 in Hebrews 8 and 10

• the use of Psalm 2:7 in the New Testament

• the use of Psalm 82:6 in John 10:34-36

• the use of the Old Testament in 2 Corinthians 5-7

• the use of Isaiah’s Servant Songs in the NT Passion Narratives

• Paul’s use of the Old Testament in 1 Cor 10:1-15

• John’s use of Isaiah in John 12:37-41 and its Christological significance

• the use of Isaiah 40:3-5 in Matthew 3:1-3; Mark 1:3-8; Luke 3:2-6

• the use of Psalm 118:22 in selected NT texts

• the use of the prophecies against Babylon and Tyre in Revelation 17-18

• the use of Amos 9:11-12 in Acts 15:16-18

• the use of the Sarah/Hagar story in Galatians 4:21-31

• the use of Isaiah 45:17; Jeremiah 31:34; 59:20 in Romans 11:25-27 (and in the larger context of chapter 11)

• the use of OT in Romans 9:22-29

• the use of Hosea 11:1 in Matthew 2:13-15

• Paul’s use of Habakkuk 2:4

• Paul’s use of Isaiah in Romans 9:20-33

• Paul’s use of Isaiah in Romans 10:15-20

• The use of Melchizedek in Hebrews 7

Other Assignments

Collateral reading: The student is required to read 500 pages from the suggested readings and to submit a 6-10 page annotated bibliography for the class. You may want to pick a particular topic for this paper (e.g., Messianic concepts) for this assignment, but you are welcome to read from a variety of eclectic sources if you’d like. This paper will be due AFTER the class meets (a due date will be given in class).

Methods of Interpretation Paper and Presentation: (15-20 page minimum) two students will work together in preparing a paper and presentation discussing interpretive approaches of the biblical writers from the OT and NT. Topics for these papers and presentations will include: Typology in the OT; Use of Typology in the NT; The Prophets and their Use of the OT Law; Messianic Scriptures/Interpretation in the Literature from Qumran; Pesher Interpretations and the Fulfillment of Prophecy in Qumran and NT Literature; Midrash in Jewish Literature and the OT; 2nd Temple Jewish Views on Life after Death and their Impact on the NT; The Influence of Rabbinic Interpretation on the NT Writers. You may suggest another topic if you like, but it will need to be cleared by the professors. You need to pick this topic BEFORE the class meets and contact the professors with your preference. You need to let us know your topic no later than February 13 to give you and your colleague enough time to prepare.

Reflection paper (20 page minimum): Paper will address the topic: “should Christians today employ the hermeneutics of the New Testament writers?” This paper will provide an opportunity to synthesize what the student has learned concerning the hermeneutics of the NT writers and provide guidelines on how Christians should interpret the Bible in light of the NT use of the OT. The student should also include discussion of the validity (or invalidity) of a Christological hermeneutic when reading the OT. This paper will be due AFTER the class meets.

VII. COURSE GRADING AND POLICIES

Weighting of assignments:

Reading of course texts, class presentation/participation: 100

Collateral readings: 150

Interpretive Methods paper: 250

Selected Passage paper: 250

Reflection Paper: 250

Grading Scale:

|A |960-1000 |

|A- |940-959 |

|B+ |920-939 |

|B |890-919 |

|B- |870-889 |

|C+ |850-869 |

|C |820-849 |

|C- |800-819 |

|D+ |780-799 |

|D |750-779 |

|D- |730-749 |

|F |0-729 |

A. Attendance Policies

The student is obliged to follow the attendance policies identified in the graduate catalog.

B. Academic Misconduct Policies

Academic misconduct is strictly prohibited. See the graduate catalog for specific definitions, penalties, and processes for reporting.

C. Drop/Add Policies

The student is obliged to follow the drop/add policies identified in the graduate catalog.

D. Dress Code

The student is expected to maintain a neat, professional appearance while in class. The code is described in the graduate catalog and may be amended with guidelines by the school of study.

E. Classroom Policies

The use of cell phones will not be permitted. The use of computers is provisional. The student will only be allowed to use a computer if he/she is taking notes during class. Surfing of the web, social networking, or any other activity on a computer that distracts the student from the lecture (in the opinion of the professor) will result in the forfeiture of the privilege of the use of the computer in class. Should one student’s behavior result in the forfeiture of the use of a computer for that student, the entire class may lose the privilege of the use of computers.

F. Disability Assistance

Students with a documented disability may contact the Office of Disability Academic Support (ODAS) in DH 2016 to arrange for academic accommodations. For all disability test accommodation requests (i.e. quieter environment, extended time, oral testing, etc.) the Tutoring/Testing Center is the officially designated place for all tests administered outside of the regular classroom.

G. Student Conduct Policy

The student is expected to conduct himself/herself in a Godly and civil manner when addressing the professor or other students. While good healthy discussion will be expected and encouraged, at no time will personal attacks be tolerated.

VIII. RECOMMENDED (NOT REQUIRED) BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aageson, J.W. Written Also for Our Sake: Paul and the Art of Biblical Interpretation. Louisville: JK, 1993.

Baker, D.L. Two Testaments, One Bible. Leicester: InterVarsity, 1976.

Beale, G.K., ed. The Right Doctrine from the Wrong Texts: Essays on the Use of the Old Testament in the New. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1994.

Bock, Darrell L. Proclamation from Prophecy and Pattern: Lucan Old Testament Christology. JSNTSup 12. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1987.

________. "Evangelicals and the Use of the Old Testament in the New." BibSac 142 (1985): 209–23, 306–19.

Bratcher, R. G. (ed.). Old Testament Quotations in the New Testament. 3rd revised edition. New York: UBS, 1987.

Bruce, F.F. New Testament Development of Old Testament Themes. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987.

Carson, D.A. and  H.G.M. Williamson, It is Written: Scripture Citing Scripture; Essays in Honour of Barnabas Lindars.  Cambridge: University Press, 1988.

Charlesworth, James A., editor. The Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls: The Second Princeton Symposium on Judaism and Christian Origins. 3 volumes. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2006.

Dockery, David S. Biblical Interpretation Then and Now: Contemporary Hermeneutics in the Light of the Early Church. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1992.

Dodd, C.H. According to the Scriptures, the Sub-Structure of New Testament Theology. London:Nisbet, 1952.

Ellis, E.E. Paul’s Use of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1981 [original printing 1957].

Evans, C.A. From Prophecy to Testament: The Function of the Old Testament in the New. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 2004.

Evans, C.A. and J.A. Sanders, Paul and the Scriptures of Israel. Sheffield: JSOT, 1994.

Feinberg, John S., ed. Continuity and Discontinuity: Perspectives on the Relationship Between the Old and New Testaments: Essays in Honor of S. Lewis Johnson, Jr. Westchester, IL: Crossway, 1988.

Fishbane, Michael. Biblical Interpretation in Ancient Israel. New York: Oxford, 1985.

France, R.T. Jesus and the Old Testament: His Application of Old Testament Passages to Himself and His Mission. Tyndale, 1971.

Goppelt, Leonhard. Typos: The Typological Interpretation of the Old Testament in the New. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982.

Gundry, R.H. The Use of the Old Testament in St. Matthew’s Gospel. Leiden: Brill, 1967.

Hanson, A.T. The Living Utterances of God: the New Testament Exegesis of the Old. London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1983.

_________. The New Testament Interpretation of Scripture. London: SPCK, 1980.

Hays, R.B. Echoes of Scripture in the Letters of Paul. New Haven: Yale UP, 1989.

_______. Conversion of the Imagination. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2005.

Johnson, S. Lewis, Jr. The Old Testament in the New: An Argument for Biblical Inspiration. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1980

Kaiser, Walter C., Jr. The Uses of the Old Testament in the New. Chicago: Moody Press, 1985.

Kraft, Robert A. and George W. E. Nickelsburg, eds. Early Judaism and Its Modern Interpreters. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1986.

Kugel, James L. and Rowan A. Greer. Early Biblical Interpretation. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1986.

Lindars, B. New Testament Apologetic: The Doctrinal Significance of the Old Testament Quotations. London: SCM, 1961.

Longenecker, R.N. Biblical Exegesis in the Apostolic Period. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1975.

Marcus, Joel. The Way of the Lord: Christological Exegesis of the Old Testament in the Gospel of Mark. Louisville: Westminster/John Knox, 1992.

Moo, D. J. The Old Testament in the Gospel Passion Narratives. Sheffield: Almond Press, 1983.

Moyise, Steve. The Old Testament in the New. T & T Clark Approaches to Biblical Studies.  London: T & T Clark, 2001.

Moyise, Steve., ed. The Old Testament in the New Testament: Essays in Honour of J.L. North.  Sheffield: Academic Press, 2000.

Moyise, Steve and Maarten J. J. Menken, eds. Isaiah in the New Testament. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 2005.

________. The Psalms in the New Testament. London: T & T Clark, 2004.

Mulder, Martin Jan. Mikra: Text, Translation, Reading and Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity. Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum 2.1. Philadelphia: VanGorcum/Fortress, 1988

Porter, S.E. ‘The Use of the Old Testament in the New Testament: A Brief Comment on Method and Terminology’.  Pages 79-96 in Early Christian Interpretation of the Scriptures of Israel. Edited by Craig A. Evans and James A. Sanders. Sheffield: Academic Press, 1997.

Porter, S.E., ed. Hearing the Old Testament in the New. McMaster Series.  Grand Rapids: Eermans, 2006.

Silva, M. ‘Old Testament in Paul’. In Dictionary of Paul and His Letters. Edited by G.F. Hawthorne, R.P. Martin and D.G. Reid, 630-42. Downer’s Grove, Ill.: IVP, 1993.

Stanley, C.D. Paul and the Language of Scripture: Citation Technique in the Pauline Epistles and Contemporary Literature. Cambridge: UP, 1993.

Stendahl, K. The School of St. Matthew, and Its Use of the Old Testament. Lund: CWK Gleerup, 1954.

Tasker, R.V. The Old Testament in the New Testament. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1947.

Waard, Jan de. A Comparative Study of the Old Testament Text in the Dead Sea Scrolls and in the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1966.

Watson, F. Paul and the Hermeneutics of Faith. London: T & T Clark, 2004.

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