Essentials of Sociology - GBV

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Essentials of Sociology

A DOWN-TO-EARTH APPROACH

FIFTH EDITION

?

?

James M. Henslin

Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville

Boston New York San Francisco Mexico City Montreal Toronto London Madrid

Hong Kong Singapore Tokyo Cape Town

Munich Sydney

Paris

Contents

FART I

The Sociological Perspective

1 The Sociological Perspective

The Sociological Perspective 2 Seeing the Broader Social Context 2

The Origins of Sociology 3

Tradition Versus Science 3 Auguste Comte and Positivism 4 Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism 4 Karl Marx and Class Conflict 5 Emile Durkheim and Social Integration 6 Max Weber and the Protestant Ethic 6

Sexism in Early Sociology 7 Attitudes of the Time 7 Harriet Martineau 7

Sociology in North America 7

Early History: The Tension Between Social Reform and Sociological Analysis 7

Jane Addams and Social Reform 8 W. E. B. Du Bois and Race Relations 8

? Down-to-Earth Sociology: Early North American Sociology: Du Bois and Race Relations 9 Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills: Theory Versus Reform 10 The Continuing Tension and the Rise of Applied Sociology 10

? Down-to-Earth Sociology: Careers in Sociology: What Applied Sociologists Do 11

Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology 11

Symbolic Interactionism 12

Functional Analysis 13

Conflict Theory 15 Levels of Analysis: Macro and Micro 15 Putting the Theoretical Perspectives Together How Theory and Research Work Together

16 16

Doing Sociological Research 17

? Down-to-Earth Sociology: Enjoying a Sociology Quiz--Sociological Findings Versus Common Sense 17 A Research Model 17

Research Methods 21

Surveys 21

? Down-to-Earth Sociology: Loading the Dice: How Not to Do Research 23 Participant Observation (Fieldwork) 24 Secondary Analysis 24 Documents 24 Experiments 25 Unobtrusive Measures 25

Ethics in Sociological Research 25 Protecting the Subjects: The Brajuha Research 26 Misleading the Subjects: The Humphreys Research 26 Values in Sociological Research 27

Summary and Review 28

/ Culture

33

What Is Culture? 34 Culture and Taken-for-Granted Orientations to Life 35 Practicing Cultural Relativism 36

Cultural Diversity Around the World: Do You Feel Sorry? Hire an Apology Specialist 37

Components of Symbolic Culture 37 Gestures 37 Language 40

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? Down-to-Earth Sociology: Emoticons: "Written Gestures" for Expressing Yourself Online 41

v Cultural Diversity in the United States: Miami--Language in a Changing City 42 Language and Perception: The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 42 Values, Norms, and Sanctions 43

' - Cultural Diversity in the United States: Race and Language: Searching for Self-Labels 43 Folkways and Mores 44

Many Cultural Worlds: Subcultures and Countercultures 44

Values in U.S. Society 45 An Overview of U.S. Values 45 Value Clusters 46

? Mass Media in Social Life: Why Do Native Americans Like Westerns? 47 Value Contradictions and Social Change 48 Emerging Values 48 Culture Wars: When Values Clash 49 Values as Blinders 49 "Ideal" Versus "Real" Culture 49

Technology in the Global Village 50 The New Technology 50 Cultural Lag and Cultural Change 50 Technology and Cultural Leveling 51

Summary and Review 52

Socialization

57

Global Considerations: Socialization into Emotions 64 The Self and Emotions as Social Control--Society

within Us 65

Socialization into Gender 66 Gender Messages in the Family 66 Gender Messages in the Mass Media 66

Agents of Socialization 67 The Family 67

? Mass Media in Social Life: From Xena, Warrior Princess, to Lara Croft, Tomb Raider: Changing Images of Women in the Mass Media 68 The Neighborhood 69 Religion 69 Day Care 69

Cultural Diversity in the United States: Caught Between Two Worlds 70 The School and Peer Groups 70 Sports 71 The Workplace 71

Resocialization 71 Total Institutions 72

Socialization Through the Life Course 72 Childhood 72

Down-to-Earth Sociology: Boot Camp as a Total Institution 73 Adolescence 74 Young Adulthood 74 The Middle Years 75 The Older Years 75

Are We Prisoners of Socialization? 76

Summary and Review 76

What Is Human Nature? 58 Isolated Children 58 Institutionalized Children 58

Doum-to-Eartb Sociology: Heredity or Environment? The Case of Oskar and Jack, Identical Twins 59 Deprived Animals 60

Socialization into the Self, Mind, and Emotions 61 Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self 61 Mead and Role-Taking 62 Piaget and the Development of Reasoning Abilities 6i Global Considerations: Developmental Sequences 63 Freud and the Development of Personality 64

Social Structure and Social Interaction 81

Levels of Sociological Analysis 82 Macrosociology and Microsociology 82

The Macrosociological Perspective: Social Structure 83

Culture 84 Social Class 84 Social Status 84

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? Down-to-Earth Sociology: College Football as Social Structure 85 Roles 87 Groups 87 Social Institutions 87 Societies--and Their Transformations 87 Bioeconomic Society: Is a New Type of Society Emerging? 91

Sociology and the New Technology: "So, You Want to Be Yourself?" Cloning in the Coming Bioeconomy 92 What Holds Society Together? 93

The Microsociological Perspective: Social Interaction in Everyday Life 94

Stereotypes in Everyday Life 94 Personal Space 94

O Cultural Diversity in the United States: The Amish--Gemeinschaft Community in a Gesellschaft Society 95

? Down to Earth Sociology: Beauty May Be Only Skin Deep, But Its Effects Go On Forever: Stereotypes

in Everyday Life 96

Dramaturgy: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life 96

Ethnomethodology: Uncovering Background Assumptions 99

? Mass Media in Social Life: You Can't Be Thin Enough: Body Images and the Mass Media 100 The Social Construction of Reality 102 Social Interaction on the Internet 103

The Need for Both Macrosociology

and Microsociology

103

Sociology and the New Technology: When Worlds Collide: Virtual Reality and the Real World 104

Summary and Review 105

FART (I

Social Groups and Social Control

Social Groups and Formal Organizations

Social Groups 110 Primary Groups 110 Secondary Groups 111 In-Groups and Out-Groups 113 Reference Groups 114 Social Networks 115 A New Group: Electronic Communities 116

Sociology and the New Technology: Electronic Communities: Internet Intimacy and Our Changing Culture 116

Working for the Corporation 122

Stereotypes and the "Hidden" Corporate Culture 122

U.S. and Japanese Corporations 123

109

Group Dynamics

124

Sociology and the New Technology: Cyberslackers and Cybersleuths: Surfing at Work 125

Effects of Group Size on Stability and Intimacy 125 Effects of Group Size on Attitudes and Behavior 126 Leadership 127 The Power of Peer Pressure: The Asch Experiment 128 Global Consequences of Group Dynamics 131

Summary and Review

132

Bureaucracies

117

The Characteristics of Bureaucracies 117

The Perpetuation of Bureaucracies 119

The Rationalization of Society 120

Coping with Bureaucracies 120

? Down-to-Earth Sociology: The McDonaldization of Society 121

6 Deviance and Social Control

137

What Is Deviance?

138

Cultural Diversity Around the World: Human Sexuality in Cross-Cultural Perspective 139

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How Norms Make Social Life Possible 139 Sanctions 140 Competing Explanations of Deviance: Sociology, Biology,

and Psychology 141

The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective 142 Differential Association Theory 142 Control Theory 143 Labeling Theory 144

? Mass Media in Social Life: Pornography on the Internet: Freedom versus Censorship 147

The Functionalist Perspective 147 Can Deviance Really Be Functional for Society? 147 Strain Theory: How Social Values Produce Deviance 148 Illegitimate Opportunity Structures: Social Class and Crime 149

? Down-to-Earth Sociology: Islands in the Street: Urban Gangs in the United States 150

The Conflict Perspective 151 Class, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System 151 Power and Inequality 152 The Law as an Instrument of Oppression 152

Reactions to Deviance 153 Street Crime and Prisons 153 Recidivism 156 The Death Penalty 156 Legal Change 156 The Medicalization of Deviance: Mental Illness 158 The Need for a More Humane Approach 160

Summary and Review 161

PART Hi

Social Inequality

? v

Hi

7 Global Stratification

Global Stratification: Three Worlds 178

The Most Industrialized Nations 178

165

The Industrializing Nations 178

An Overview of Social Stratification 166 Slavery 166 Caste 168

? Mass Media in Social Life: What Price Freedom? Slavery Today 169 Class 170 Global Stratification and the Status of Females 170

What Determines Social Class? 171 Karl Marx: The Means of Production 171 Max Weber: Property, Prestige, and Power 172

The Least Industrialized Nations 182

How Did the World's Nations Become Stratified? 182

Colonialism 182 World System Theory 183 Culture of Poverty 184 Evaluating the Theories 185

Maintaining Global Stratification

Neocolonialism 185 Multinational Corporations 185 Technology and Global Domination

185 186

Why Is Social Stratification Universal? 173

A Concluding Note 186

The Functionalist Perspective: Motivating Qualified People 173

Summary and Review 186

The Conflict Perspective: Class Conflict

and Scarce Resources 174

Lenski's Synthesis 175

How Do Elites Maintain Stratification? 175 Ideology Versus Force 175

mm

8 Social Class in the United States

191

Comparative Social Stratification 177

Social Stratification in Great Britain 177 Social Stratification in the Former Soviet Union 177

What Is Social Class? 192 Wealth 192 Power 196

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Prestige 196 Status Inconsistency 198

Sociological Models of Social Class

Updating Marx 199 Updating Weber 200 Social Class in the Automobile Industry

199 202

Consequences of Social Class 203

Family Life 203 Education 203 Religion 203 Politics 203 Physical Health 204 Mental Health 204 Social Class and the New Technology 205

? Down-to-Earth Sociology: Can Money Buy Happiness? 206

Sociology and the New Technology: Closing the Digital Divide: The Technology Gap Facing the Poor and Minorities 207

Social Mobility 208

Three Types of Social Mobility 208 Women in Studies of Social Mobility 208 The New Technology and Fears of the Future 209

Poverty 209 Drawing the Poverty Line 209 Who Are the Poor? 209

? Down-to Earth Sociology: Exploring Myths About the Poor 210 Children of Poverty 213 The Dynamics of Poverty 214 Welfare Reform 214

? Down-to-Earth Sociology: Poverty: A Personal Journey 215 Why Are People Poor? 216 Where Is Horatio Alger? The Social Functions of a Myth 216

Summary and Review 216

Ineq?aiities of Race

221

Cultural Diversity in the United States: Tiger Woods and the Emerging Multiracial Identity: Mapping New F.thnic Terrain 224 How People Construct Their Racial-Ethnic Identity 225 Prejudice and Discrimination 226 Individual and Institutional Discrimination 227

Theories of Prejudice 229 Psychological Perspectives 229 Sociological Perspectives 230

Global Patterns of Intergroup Relations 231 Genocide 231

? Down-to-Earth Sociology: The Racist Mind 232 Population Transfer 233 Internal Colonialism 234 Segregation 234 Assimilation 234 Multiculfuralism (Pluralism) 234

Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States 234

Cultural Diversity in the United States: "You Can Work for Us, But You Can't Live Near Us" 235 White Europeans 236 Latinos 238 African Americans 240

? Down-to-Earth Sociology: Stealth Racism in the Rental Market: What You Reveal by Your Voice 244 Asian Americans 245 Native Americans 247

Looking Toward the Future 249 The Immigration Debate 249

Cultural Diversity in the United States: Glimpsing the Future: The Shifting U.S. Racial-Ethnic Mix 250 Affirmative Action 251 Toward a True Multicultural Society 251

Summary and Review 252

10 Inequalities of Gender and Age

257

Inequalities of Gender

Laying the Sociological Foundation 222

Race: Myth and Reality 222 Ethnic Groups 223 Minority and Dominant Groups 223

Issues of Sex and Gender 258

Gender Differences in Behavior: Biology or Culture? 258

Opening the Door to Biology 260

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How Females Became a Minority Group 261

: Cultural Diversity Around the World: "Psst. You Wanna Buy a Bride?" China in Transition 262 The Origins of Patriarchy 262

Gender Inequality in the United States 264 Fighting Back: The Rise of Feminism 264 Gender Inequality in Education 265 Gender Inequality in Health Care 266 Gender Inequality in the Workplace 268 Sexual Harassment 272 Gender and Violence 272

The Changing Face of Politics 273

--? Cultural Diversity Around the World: Female Circumcision 274

? Mass Media in Social Life: Beauty and Pain: How Much Is an Ad Worth? 275 Glimpsing the Future--with Hope 275

Inequalities of Aging 276

Aging in Global Perspective 277 The Social Construction of Aging 277

Effects of Industrialization 278 The Graying of America 278

The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective 280 Ageism: The Concept 280 Shifting Meanings of Growing Old 281 The Influence of the Mass Media 281

? Mass Media in Social Life: Shaping Our Perceptions of the Elderly 282

The Functionalist Perspective 282 Disengagement Theory 283 Activity Theory 283 Continuity Theory 284

The Conflict Perspective 284 Social Security Legislation 284 Intergenerational Conflict 285

Looking Toward the Future 287

Summary and Review 288

PART IV

Social Institutions

11 Politics and the Economy

293

Politics: Establishing Leadership 294

Power, Authority, and Violence

Authority and Legitimate Violence Traditional Authority 295 Rational-Legal Authority 295 Charismatic Authority 295 The Transfer of Authority 296

294 294

Types of Government 297

Monarchies: The Rise of the State 297 Democracies: Citizenship as a Revolutionary

Idea 297

? Mass Media in Social Life: Politics and Democracy in a Technological Society 298 Dictatorships and Oligarchies: The Seizure of Power 299

The U.S. Political System 299 Political Parties and Elections 299 Voting Patterns 300 Lobbyists and Special-Interest Groups 302

Who Rules the United States? 303 The Functionalist Perspective: Pluralism 303 The Conflict Perspective: The Power Elite, or Ruling Class 304 Which View Is Right? 304

War and Terrorism: A Means to Implement Political Objectives 305

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War 305 Terrorism 305

EXPERIENCING SOCIOLOGY September 11,2001

9-11, the stunning day that changed the United States. We will only realize its impact on society and our own lives as time goes on. 306

The Economy: Work in the Global Village 307

The Transformation of Economic Systems

Preindustrial Societies: The Birth of Inequality Industrial Societies: The Birth of the Machine Postindustrial Societies: The Birth of the

Information Age 308 Bioeconomic Societies: The Merger of Biology

and Economics 309 Implications for Your Life 309 Ominous Trends in the United States 309

307 307 308

World Economic Systems 310

Capitalism 310 Socialism 312 Ideologies of Capitalism and Socialism 312 Criticisms of Capitalism and Socialism 312

? Mass Media in Social Life: Greed Is Good-- Selling the American Dream 313 The Convergence of Capitalism and Socialism 313

Capitalism in a Global Economy 314 Corporate Capitalism 314 Multinational Corporations 315 A New World Order? 316

-?: Cultural Diversity Around the World: Doing Business in the Global Village 317

Summary and Review 318

12 Marriage and Family

323

Marriage and Family in Global Perspective 324 What Is a Family? 324 Common Cultural Themes 325

Marriage and Family in Theoretical Perspective 327 The Functionalist Perspective: Functions and Dysfunctions 327

The Conflict Perspective: Gender and Power 328 The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Gender and

Housework 330

The Family Life Cycle

330

Love and Courtship in Global Perspective 330

Cultural Diversity Around the World: East Is East and West Is West. . . Love and Arranged Marriage in India 331

Marriage 332 Childbirth 333 Child Rearing 333 The Family in Later Life 335

Diversity in U.S. Families

335

African American Families 336 Latino Families 336 Asian American Families 337 Native American Families 338 One-Parent Families 338 Families Without Children 338

Blended Families 339 Gay and Lesbian Families 339

Trends in U.S. Families 339

Postponing Marriage 339 Cohabitation 340 Unmarried Mothers 341 The Sandwich Generation and Elder Care 341

? Down-to-Earth Sociology: "What Do You Mean When You Say You Want Us to Live Together?" 342

Divorce and Remarriage 343

Problems in Measuring Divorce 343 Children of Divorce 344

? Down-to-Earth Sociology: You Be the Sociologist: Curious Divorce Patterns 344

The Absent Father and Serial Fatherhood 346 The Ex-Spouses 346 Remarriage 346

Two Sides of Family Life

347

The Dark Side of Family Life: Battering,

Child Abuse, and Incest 347

? Down-to-Earth Sociology: "Why Doesn't She Just Leave? The Dilemma of Abused Women 348

The Bright Side of Family Life: Successful Marriages 348

The Future of Marriage and Family

349

Summary and Review

349

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