EXTROVERT, INTUITIVE, THINKING, PERCIEVING (ENTP)



INTUITIVE, SENSING, THINKING, PERCEIVING (ISTP)

ISTP types are cool onlookers. They analyze life with detached curiosity and occasional surprising flashes of humour. They exert themselves only when necessary, wanting not to waste energy. Inwardly, they organise the information they gather about things and nature.

Choosing a Degree

• Like to investigate career options as long as possible; are likely to be unsure even after having decided

• See ideal career as providing a stable and secure future

• Tend to choose fields such as applied science, mechanical troubleshooting, law, economics, marketing, securities, or statistics

Learning Style

• Learn by devising logical categories for new material

• Find underlying principles

• Want instructors to present material clearly

• Prefer objective material

• May experience difficulty in classrooms because few college instructors are their type

Reading, Writing, Studying

• Bring order to unorganized facts

• Prefer to study alone

• Enjoy reading technical material about ways to solve problems

• Write with difficulty unless first drafts can include their natural wry wit, mixed with facts

• Must revise final drafts adding human examples and deleting all but necessary facts

Playing

• Report they like to attend athletic events

• May become so engrossed in a project that roommates never see them

• Report dating no more than once a month, or haven't tried

• Enjoy hands-on work even as play

Possible Causes of Stress

• Tend to keep important thoughts to themselves

• Often underestimate the time required for a project

• Friends may feel dismissed if their logic isn't clear

• Rarely show appreciation

• Tests in complex subjects that require getting at the underlying meaning

Dealing with Stress

• Naturally think things through before acting

• Naturally calm in the face of crises

• Can often find a way to succeed in spite of the rules

• May need to show others what they like about them

• May need to invite friends to join in

EXTROVERT, INTUITIVE, FEELING, JUDGING (ENFJ)

ENFJ types arouse support and enthusiasm for new projects. They express themselves well, especially in front of a group. They radiate concern for others and will work hard in their behalf. Their actions are usually guided by an idealistic vision that they believe is possible for people.

Choosing a Degree

• Say an ideal career is one that lets them use their special abilities

• Tend to decide early on a degree and stick with it

• Tend to choose people-oriented majors that require cooperation, such as teaching, counseling, or selling

Learning Style

• Report that the most important goal of education is to learn how to get along with different kinds of people

• Interested in literature and tolerant of theory

• Do their best thinking aloud, bouncing ideas off others

• Achieve through perseverance and hard-work

• Want learning to pertain to human values and growth

Reading, Writing, Studying

• Need harmony to study or to achieve potential

• Prefer to study with others and often organise study groups

• Prefer to reach about human interest rather than technical subjects

• Would rather talk than write, and often dictate their first drafts

• Need to revise writing to make it more logical and sequential

Playing

• Often involved in college activities helping others or providing some service, often as a leader

• Initiate many get-togethers in the but first ask what others want to do

• Say they have no trouble dating once a week or more

• Throw themselves into work but enjoy it if they are helping others

Possible Causes of Stress

• May try to take care of others more than themselves

• May over-idealize others

• May be oversensitive to indifference and personalise it

• Their need to socialise may interfere with work

• May try to live by others' "shoulds"

Dealing with Stress

• Like going to movies with friends to relieve tension

• Naturally rely on friends for support

• Naturally give their personal best to any task

• Learn to identify and take care of own needs

• Must make time for studies in busy social schedule

EXTRAVERT, INTUITIVE, FEELING, PERCEPTIVE (ENFP)

ENFP types can inspire and energize any group of people. Their enthusiasm for new ways of doing things is often very contagious. They never tire of coming up with original possibilities, which are usually insightful or even ingenious.

Choosing a Degree

• May declare many degrees until one captures their imagination.

• Tend to be happy in degrees or careers where they can initiate new ideas that others will implement.

• Found frequently in counseling, teaching, the arts, journalism, advertising, sales.

Learning Style

• Material must stimulate their imagination. Impulsive energy may lead them to get involved in one project after another, sometimes not finishing them.

• Enjoy complexity and abstractions.

• Express themselves well, especially spontaneously.

• Like variety in classes, subjects, majors, and tests.

Reading, Writing, Studying

• Dislike uninspired routine and may avoid necessary details

• Like to study in groups but sometimes find that nothing gets done

• May read anything; tend to have piles of books and magazines around

• Write quickly when inspired, dashing off a first draft after "talking out" the paper

• Must push themselves to rewrite a second or later draft, and usually benefit from editing the first one for organization, missing logic and data

Playing

• Usually involved in college social life

• Like classmates to gather together for impromptu games or discussions, even at exam time

• Report they have no trouble going out once a week or more

• Motto might be "Work must be fun"

Possible Causes of Stress

• May like to test the limits of college rules—and sometimes push too far

• Among college females, tend to be the most assertive of the types

• May "burn out" or develop physical problems because of trying to do it all

• May not finish projects if they don’t care enough about the topic

• May say "yes" to anything interesting with little sense of priority

Dealing with Stress

• Naturally good at getting things done at the last minute with a burst of energy

• Natural versatility and openness to change helps reduce stress

• Must find some time to be alone

• Learn to set priorities and say "no" to some requests

• Need to pay attention to physical needs

EXTROVERT, INTUITIVE, THINKING, JUDGING (ENTJ)

ENTJ types are natural leaders. Usually both frank and knowledgeable, they engage in projects to make their lives and others' more productive. They sometimes appear more confident than their experience can support. They organise what they can to accomplish long-range goals.

Choosing a Degree

• Tend to decide early and remain confident of choice

• Enjoy competitive challenges

• Often found in management positions, whether in schools, business, science, or health professions

Learning Style

• Want instructors to present material clearly

• Interested in models of how system works

• Stimulated by complex material

• Sees possibilities beyond their present studies

• Use knowledge to make things happen

Reading, Writing, Studying

• Like to establish a study schedule and follow it rigorously

• Will organise study groups and keep everyone on task

• Read practical material to learn how to be more efficient or productive

• Write first drafts expediently from a brief outline

• Need to revise final drafts by expanding on ideas presented too hastily, and qualifying overly blunt statements

Playing

• Like to attend athletic events and take charge of college groups

• Prefer an organised, responsible, hard-working friend

• Have trouble fitting dating into their busy schedule

• Are hard driving, even at play; like competition

Possible Causes of Stress

• Are frustrated by others who don't meet deadlines

• Impatient with those not willing to follow their well-made plans

• May put excessive pressure on self and others to perform

• May make quick decisions without enough information

• May not notice early signs of stress

Dealing with Stress

• Naturally one of the most assertive of the types in college

• Good at staying organized and feeling in control

• Need to be willing to rethink decisions and gather more information

• Need to listen to others instead of pointing out flaws

• Plan some time for recreational activity

EXTROVERT, INTUITIVE, THINKING, PERCEIVING (ENTP)

ENTP types like change. They bring enthusiasm and imagination to new projects, but often neglect routine assignments. They are sure of the worth of their inspirations and any difficulty along the way is a stimulating challenge. They enjoy debating for its own sake.

Choosing a Degree

• Interested in so many things, choosing one subject may be hard

• Believe an ideal job allows for creativity and originally

• Frequently chose degrees or careers in the sciences, journalism, marketing, promotion, invention, troubleshooting, or computers

Learning Style

• Like intellectual challenges

• Prefer autonomy to come up with their own ideas

• Value competence in diverse areas

• Learn best through dialogue, critique, and debate

• Like to create and learn from conceptual models

Reading, Writing, Studying

• Find it hard to apply themselves to necessary details

• Prefer to study in groups

• Regularly read serious, non-required material

• Write best when they can talk out their first drafts

• When revising their writing, need to fill in missing facts and eliminate highly complex and rambling concepts

Playing

• Usually seek out social groups, athletic events, or the student union

• May complain about inflexible friends who "get in their way"

• Often date in groups around activities

• Need for play may interfere with getting work done

Possible Causes of Stress

• May get overwhelmed trying to do it all

• May not notice early signs of stress

• Impulsive energy may distract them from realities

• May have difficulty setting priorities

• May commit to unwise projects or fail to finish those chosen

Dealing with Stress

• Naturally one of the most assertive of the types in college

• Natural impulsive energy can be harnessed to deal with challenges

• Must pay attention to their own physical needs

• Learn to decide what is truly important

• Learn to follow through on projects

EXTROVERT, SENSING, FEELING, JUDGING (ESFJ)

ESFJ types like to put other people at ease. They are talkative, popular, and genuinely convinced that rough times can be overcome if people work together. They put a lot of conscientious energy into making this happen. Natural hosts and hostesses, they pay attention to even the smallest detail to make people feel welcome.

Choosing a Degree

• Like to have study and career plans settled early

• Seek work in people-oriented fields, serving others

• Frequently found in teaching, selling, health care and any work where the tangible well-being of others can be served

Learning Style

• Think best while talking and greatly enjoy conversation

• Want theories and abstractions to be illustrated with human examples

• Report that college classes seem to be taught only for the better students

• Need harmony in their environment to concentrate effectively

• Interested in applying learning to serving others

Reading, Writing, Studying

• Often achieve beyond expectations by planning and follow-through

• Like to study in organised groups where students help one another

• May assume that everything they read is authoritative

• Write first drafts best if they are personalized, showing what they care about, with background facts and details

• Need to revise final drafts by stating a general thesis at the beginning and deleting many of the references to what they personally believe in

Playing

• Usually very involved in college groups, often as a leader, and like to attend activities with others

• With friends, like things settled and will work tirelessly to smooth out problems

• Report they have no trouble getting dates once a week or more

• May find it hard to relax until the job is done but enjoy working on behalf of others

Possible Causes of Stress

• May be sensitive to indifference from others

• May give their all in service and expect others to do the same

• May live too much by "shoulds"

• May take care of others and neglect own needs

• May try helping someone before finding out what they need

Dealing with Stress

• Naturally rely on family and friends

• Naturally give their personal best to any task

• Must be careful not to expect everyone else to share their high standards

• Pay close attention to own needs

• Ask others what they want before trying to help

EXTROVERT, SENSING, FEELING, PERCEIVING (ESFP)

ESFP types have fun. They like to live life to its fullest and are great company. Good natured and openly friendly, they are very curious about what they can see, hear, and known firsthand. They then find ways to adapt to what they've noticed, and are good at getting others to adapt too.

Choosing a Degree

• Tend to try alternatives and remain open to change

• Prefer a job dealing directly and flexibly with people

• Often found in health field, sales, design, entertainment, transportation, or troubleshooting

Learning Style

• Can remember a great number of facts and events

• Prefer first-hand experience rather than books or lectures

• Usually do better in actual situations rather than on written tests

• May experience difficulty in classrooms because few teachers are their type

• Learn and solve problems best through trial and error

Reading, Writing, Studying

• Prefer to study with others and with external stimulation

• May need to learn that test taking often requires trusting their hunches and reading between the lines

• Report they spend no time in non-required serious reading

• Write best by first talking out the facts they know

• Need to revise final drafts by making the language less conversational and shortening their paragraphs

Playing

• Like to engage in physical exercise and sports

• Roommates may find them fun, enthusiastic, and adaptable

• Report no trouble dating once a week or more

• Having fun is important

Possible Causes of Stress

• Bored by too much focus on theories in the classroom

• May be concerned about close relationships

• May socialise too much

• May jump into action before carefully evaluating options

• May neglect studies if they are having too much fun in college activities

Dealing with Stress

• Natural openness and flexibility helps avoid stress

• Usually have a lot of friends to turn to

• Clever at adapting existing rules to get around roadblocks

• May need to study with others who can help them get organized and focused

• May need to learn to follow through

EXTROVERT, SENSING, THINKING, JUDGING (ESTJ)

ESTJ types make sure that things get done. They have firm standards that assist them in running things. They are often college leaders and prefer traditional leadership styles. They can achieve a tremendous amount when given room to be in charge and when others cooperate.

Choosing a Degree

• Tend to chose their degree early and don't question it later

• Desire a job that leads to immediate, tangible results

• Frequently major in business, production, construction and administration, where they can set goals, make decisions, give orders, and evaluate outcomes

Learning Style

• Want to know exactly what is required to master the subject

• Prefer step-by-step learning; may struggle with theory

• Prefer instructors to present material clearly and logically and not to arouse enthusiasm

• Usually not convinced by anything but logic backed by solid facts

• Want to see ideas put into practice

Reading, Writing, Studying

• Set study schedules and follow them

• Prefer to study with others as long as they can keep it organised

• Read just enough to be able to start a project

• Good at public speaking and write best by dictating first draft

• Need to revise final drafts by citing theories that underlie the facts and observations

Playing

• Often leaders of college groups, and participants and spectators at athletic events

• Friends may find them friendly but wanting to be in charge

• Females may be outspoken; males tend to play traditional roles

• Tend to work hard at playing; enjoy competing

Possible Causes of Stress

• May make decisions too quickly

• May stick to first decision rather then seek out other possibilities that might solve the problems

• May criticise others with little awareness of its impact

• Inefficiency and confusion in groups

• Others not being logical

Dealing with Stress

• Naturally good at getting organized and taking charge

• Must be aware of rushing decisions; be willing to reconsider

• Must balance criticisms by expressing appreciation

• Trust hunches about the meaning of abstract test questions

• Lowering expectations of others may reduce frustrations

EXTROVERT, SENSING, THINKING, PERCIEVING (ESTP)

ESTP hypes are good-natured problem solvers. They dislike long explanations, and would rather get a few key details about a situation, make a brief recommendation, and then move on to the next problem. Their friendliness leads others to like and listen to them.

Choosing a Degree

• Decide by trial and error

• Seek part-time work to try out options

• Tend to seek majors and careers requiring action, flexibility, and dealing with the real world, such as engineering, construction, production, recreation, police work, marketing, health technology

Learning Style

• Prefer first-hand experience

• Ability more like to show in actual situations than on written tests

• Impatient with ideas or theories that can't be directly tested

• May experience difficulty in classrooms because few college teachers are their type

• Like to get their facts straight

Reading, Writing, Studying

• May jump from subject to subject while studying

• Frequently organise study groups that turn into play

• Interested in physical activity; report no hours per week of non-required serious reading

• Would rather show someone what they know than write about it, but can write easier by dictating first drafts

• Need to revise drafts by presenting the bottom line and removing excessive data

Playing

• Enjoy physical exercise and sports

• Roommates find them happy-go-lucky, gifted at easing tense situations

• Like to entertain their dates

• May enjoy playing so much that work is sometimes forgotten

Possible Causes of Stress

• Abstractions and theories that seem irrelevant

• May offend roommates by being too blunt

• May act too quickly without checking how actions affect others

• May lack clear sense of direction

• May get so caught up in activity that studies are ignored

Dealing with Stress

• Naturally spontaneous and adaptable

• Like physical activity to reduce stress

• Like risk-taking and new experiences to relieve tension

• Need to trust hunches when taking multiple choice tests

• May need to slow down and weigh the pros and cons before acting

INTROVERT, INTUITIVE, FEELING, JUDGING (INFJ)

INFJ types are often quietly creative. Usually well-prepared when approaching any situation, they also seek to bring an original flair to their work, either artistic, poetic, or imaginative in some way. They have a deep faith in their inner vision of human potential.

Choosing a Degree

• Usually decide after careful research, but often trust an inner vision

• Tend to seek work were they can quietly aid in the personal development of people, including their colleagues

• Found frequently in fields such as teaching, counseling, science, research, training and/or development

Learning Style

• Tend to focus on theory and underlying meaning

• Independent and willing to challenge authorities, even their professors

• Learn best when they study alone, with quiet for concentration

• Prefer to express creative ideas in writing

• Want instructors who arouse enthusiasm for learning

Reading, Writing, Studying

• Prefer quiet for study and concentration

• Do well academically because of good time management and organization

• Report no non-required reading per week; they do so much required reading

• Best writing will be done when they can freely express their strong convictions

• Need to revise final drafts by fitting original ideas to the instructor's requirements

Playing

• Tend to join college groups were they can put their ideals into practice or serve others

• Friends may find them quiet and steady with unique interests who will follow through on their commitments

• Report that they do not date much

• Usually want work to be done before relaxing

Possible Causes of Stress

• May ignore information that might challenge what they believe because of single-minded devotion to their cause

• May have definite expectations of others that are not expressed

• May have difficulty seeing why others aren't as invested in their ideals

• May have high expectations for self

• May have difficulty following instructions because of individualism

Dealing with Stress

• Naturally trust in their inner vision or values

• Need to make their expectations clear to others

• Learn to seek and give criticism more often

• May need to set realistic goals for self

• Learn to compromise to meet professors' expectations

INTROVERT, INTUITIVE, FEELING, PERCEPTIVE (INFP)

INFP types are more deeply invested in what they do than people realize. They are quiet but warm. They notice the subtle nuances behind people's words and behavior, and seek to have personal impact in whatever they do. They too easily take on more than seems possible to accomplish, but somehow get it done.

Choosing a Degree

• Always dreaming of new possibilities

• Want their work to contribute to a purpose beyond the money, aiding human development

• Usually found majoring in counseling, teaching, writing, science, or psychology

Learning Style

• Like general concepts and original or complex material

• Seek patterns among seemingly unrelated events and ideas

• Value artistic expression and the written word

• Say they spend up to nine hours a week in serious non-required reading

• Want instructors to arouse enthusiasm for learning

Reading, Writing, Studying

• Need quiet to study or do serious work

• May be surprised in college because they did not have to study to achieve good grades in high school

• Usually interested in literature

• Write best from inner inspiration, drawing ideas from diverse sources and showing conceptual links

• When revising, may need to shorten sentences, simplify overly complex ideas, get to the point quicker, and provide factual data to illustrate points

Playing

• Very adaptable as friends, but sometimes may be oblivious of others' concern for order or possessions

• Report they don't like casual dating; want to find a long-term partner

• Often find it hard to pull themselves away from intriguing reading or projects to engage in physical recreation or play

Possible Causes of Stress

• May feel a sense of inadequacy despite objective performance

• Among the least assertive of the types in college

• May find reality does not match their perfectionist idealism

• May have trouble with time management and organization

• May delay finishing projects because they never feel complete

Dealing with Stress

• Naturally find ways, often by writing, to express ideals

• Learn to trust objective evidence for performance

• Learn ways to act assertively

• Learn time management skills

• May need to turn project in even though it feels incomplete

INTROVERT, INTUITIVE, THINKING, JUDGING (INTJ)

INTJ types have independent, original ideas. Although INTJ types do not occur frequently in the general population, they appear in greater numbers in college and graduate school. They use analysis and skepticism to further their goals. They value competence in themselves and others and work hard to achieve it.

Choosing a Degree

• Carefully research options before deciding on their own

• Prefer careers with autonomy and little or no routine

Learning Style

• Seek an underlying principle or theory behind everything

• Learn by challenging authority and popular beliefs

• Delight in conceptualising new models

• Find many instructors of their type

• Want learning to relate to some larger purpose

Reading, Writing, Studying

• Are task-oriented, high achievers who enjoy the challenge of new problems

• Study best alone

• Report that they study up to 30 hours each week

• Write quickly, stating a popular position, then challenging it

• Need to revise first drafts by softening overly firm statements, filling in missing facts, and providing human examples

Playing

• Prefer lectures, drama, and music for extracurricular time

• Prefer a neat roommate who is serious about academics

• Enjoy intellectual discussions on dates; don't like small talk

• Even when playing, tend to set high performance standards

Possible Causes of Stress

• May have trouble putting school work aside to relax

• May get so caught up in organising their work that they don't actually do it

• May offend others with their critiques or bluntness

• May attempt to master all subjects they are interested in

• May not share feelings even with close friends

Dealing with Stress

• Naturally get things organized

• May need help learning how to relate intimately to others

• Must learn to relax without striving

• Need to learn to express appreciation

• Must work to involve others in their personal lives

INTROVERT, INTUITIVE, THINKING, PERCIEVING (INTP)

INTP types are quiet but undying skeptics. They are mainly interested in new ideas and have little concern for parties or small talk. They can, however, become quite talkative about a topic they've recently studied. Their logic cuts directly to the core issue of any problem.

Choosing a Degree

• Need to understand everything; may be difficult to focus on one degree

• See ideal job as allowing freedom to use special abilities

• Found frequently in pure sciences, mathematics, research, engineering, college teaching, computer analysis, or any field involving theory, such as philosophy or psychology

Learning Style

• Intensely curious

• Global and abstract learners

• Understand theories and underlying principles quickly

• Can get so absorbed in reading or research that they forget time and people

• Report 3 to 9 hours per week of non-required serious reading

Reading, Writing, Studying

• May find it impossible to study without quiet for concentration

• Enjoy mastering complex theories

• May not have studied much in school; college may come as a shock

• Write first drafts loosely, including all possible ideas related to the topic

• Need to revise final drafts by reducing complexity and by including human examples

Playing

• Extracurricular activities usually include lectures, drama, and music

• May frustrate friends who need casual conversation or appreciation

• Report that they do not date much in college; abhor small talk

• Because they follow their curiosity, work is play

Possible Causes of Stress

• May lack social supports

• May not pay attention to details and follow through

• May get consumed by favorite courses and ignore all the others

• May be so involved with work that they ignore extracurricular activities

• May put off writing until they read everything available on the topic

Dealing with Stress

• Naturally adapt well to outside pressures

• Need to look beyond logic to see what others, and they themselves, really care about

• May need to work at making social contacts

• Need to learn to take breaks for physical activity

• Need to restrain their urge to read everything that's ever been written on a topic

INTROVERT, SENSING, FEELING, JUDGING (ISFJ)

Extremely dependable, ISFJ types accept responsibilities beyond the call of duty. They genuinely care for people and work tirelessly in their behalf. When in charge of something, their practical judgment and appreciation of what works make them conservative and consistent.

Choosing a Degree

• Prefer to research options carefully before deciding

• Believe an ideal job provides a stable and secure future

• Tend to choose majors designated to prepare them for careers in human services, especially where they can approach work in an orderly fashion, such as teaching, health care, or office work

Learning Style

• Like everything clearly stated by professors

• Can remember and use any number of facts

• Want to be sure their facts are accurate

• Want learning to have a practical purpose

• Learn best from real human examples

Reading, Writing, Studying

• Achieve grades above what their aptitude scores predict by thorough and painstaking work

• Prefer to study alone

• Tend to enjoy reading real-life adventure or human interest stories

• Write best by first recording the facts they are sure about

• May need to revise final drafts by highlighting general themes discovered among the facts and extraneous facts

Playing

• Reluctant to accept leadership roles in groups, but will step in if asked

• Will go to any trouble to help a friend

• Tend to date less often than classmates in general

• Usually serious, may need to plan time to play

Possible Causes of Stress

• Among females, one of the least assertive types

• May lack self confidence regarding social or academic abilities

• May have difficulty beginning college because of separation from friends and family

• May be undervalued because of their quiet style

• May be burdened by having agreed to help too many others

Dealing with Stress

• Naturally persevering; they don't quit unless experience tells them they are wrong

• Naturally rely on past experience to deal with present problems

• May need to learn to put more trust in own hunches and imagination

• May need to learn to act more assertively

• May need to work on developing self-confidence

INTROVERT, SENSING, FEELING, PERCIEVING (ISFP)

ISFP types are both friendly and quiet. They usually do not care to lead but are loyal followers. They enjoy the present moment and don't want to spoil it with overexertion. They enjoy relaxing and have a quiet sense of humoUr. They are modest about their abilities, seek to please others, and avoid disagreements whenever possible.

Choosing a degree

• Prefer to keep major and career options open

• Like degrees and careers where they can serve others, work with their hands, or express their love of nature

• Often major in health care, fields demanding craftsmanship or working with animals, or any area requiring immediate service or performance

Learning Style

• Like teachers to be clear but flexible

• Believe that school did not adequately prepare them for college

• See the goal of college as acquiring a basic general education

• May feel they have less potential than their test scores indicate

• May experience difficulty in classrooms because few teachers are their type

Reading, Writing, Study

• Prefer to show what they've learned through quiet action rather than words

• Will study better with quiet for concentration

• Report they engage in no non-required serious reading

• Writing comes easier when they care about the topic

• May need to revise final drafts by adding a firm conclusion and taking out excessive facts or stories

Playing

• Tend to join college groups and are good at gently persuading people to cooperate

• Usually easy to get along with as a friend; may play practical jokes

• Usually more hesitant than other types to initiate dates

• Want work to be more than a job; must have personal commitment

Possible Causes of Stress

• May find it hard to talk about their feelings, even though they care deeply about things

• May take for granted what they do well

• May tend to undervalue themselves and understate their gifts

• Report feeling inferior academically

Dealing with Stress

• Naturally enjoy the present moment

• Discuss feelings with close friend

• May need to learn time management and study skills

• May need to learn to appreciate and reward own accomplishments

• May need to learn to act more assertively

INTROVERT, SENSING, THINKING, JUDGING (ISTJ)

ISTJ types like to be accurate and they usually are. Others can go to the bank on an ISTJs promise to provide practical information. The data will be clear, on time (if not early), and exactly in the form promised. They are among the most reliable and dependable members of any group.

Choosing a Degree

• Tend to carefully gather facts before deciding

• Prefer fields where their attention to important details can be used

• Tend to choose majors such as accounting, finance, business, law, civil engineering, production, construction, health administration

Learning Style

• Learn best when following a plan; may devise one themselves if not provided by the teacher

• Achieve through endurance and hard work, perspiration over inspiration

• Learn best sequentially

• Learning means mastering the facts

• Arrive at generalisations by accumulating facts

Reading, Writing, Studying

• Usually excellent at time management

• Study best quietly alone on one project at a time

• May be avid readers

• Write first drafts from an outline of factual information using a format that's worked before

Playing

• Usually prefer hands-on hobbies or projects they work on alone

• Like a neat room and hard-working, quiet, organized roommates

• Report dating no more than once a month or are too busy to date

• Feel they must get all their work done before playing

Possible Causes of Stress

• May have a tendency to overlook long-range planning because today's work is not done

• May be too perfectionistic about details

• school study techniques may not work in college

• May overwork and miss out on the fun of college

Dealing with Stress

• Naturally tend to pay careful attention to important details

• Naturally tend to seek solutions to problems from past successes

• May need to learn to skim material

• May need to plan time for relaxation and fun

• Outline main points rather than memorizing

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