Executive Summary - Kokomo
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City Of Kokomo Sanitation Utility
Combined Sewer Overflow Operational Plan (CSOOP) 2020
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Table of Contents
Page
1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………………… 5
1.1 Historical ……………………………………………………………………….. 6
1.2 Historical Perspective - Collection System …………………………………… 7
1.3 Historical Perspective – Wastewater Treatment ……………………………….. 11
2.0 Sanitary Utility Goals …………………………………………………………………… 13
3.0 Strengths and Weaknesses …………………………………………………………… 14
3.1 Strengths ……………………………………………………………………….. 14
3.2 Weaknesses …………………………………………………………………… 15
3.3 Recommendations …………………………………………………………… 15
4.0 Plan Organization ……………………………………………………………………….. 17
4.1 Chapter 1 – Kokomo Wastewater System ……………………………………….. 17
4.1.1 Sewer Separation Efforts …………………………………………………… 17
4.1.2 Collection System Description …………………………………………… 18
4.1.3 Combined Sewer Overflow Outfalls ……………………………………….. 20
4.1.4 Lift Stations ……………………………………………………………….. 28
4.1.5 Wastewater Treatment Plant ……………………………………………….. 29
4.1.5.1 Influent Flow Sampling …………………………………………… 30
4.1.5.2 Influent Wet Well and Pump Station ……………………………….. 30
4.1.5.3 Preliminary Treatment Processes …………………………………… 31
4.1.5.4 Wastewater / RAS Mixing Basin …………………………………… 31
4.1.5.5 Activated Sludge Process …………………………………………… 32
4.1.5.6 Secondary Treatment Unit Process ……………………………….. 33
4.1.5.7 Disinfection ……………………………………………………….. 33
4.1.5.8 Tertiary Filtration …………………………………………………… 34
4.1.5.9 De-Chlorination …………………………………………………… 34
4.1.5.10 Effluent Flow Measurement ……………………………………….. 34
4.1.5.11 Outfall 025 ……………………………………………………….. 34
4.1.5.12 Sampling and Monitoring ………………………………………….. 35
4.1.5.13 Biosolids Treatment and Disposal ……………………………… 35
4.2 Chapter 2 – Administrative Controls ……………………………………………… 35
4.2.1 NPDES permit Requirements ……………………………………………… 36
4.2.2 Existing Local Controls ………………………………………………….. 36
4.3 Chapter 3 – Organization and Responsibility ……………………………………… 39
4.3.1 Organization ……………………………………………………………… 39
4.3.1.1 Equipment ……………………………………………………………… 40
4.3.1.2 Staffing ……………………………………………………………… 41
4.3.1.3 Customer Complaints and Emergency Stoppages ………………….. 41
4.3.1.4 Preventative Maintenance Programs ………………………………….. 41
4.3.1.5 Sewer Repairs ………………………………………………………….. 42
4.3.1.6 Street Cleaning ……………………………………………………… 42
4.3.1.7 Data Management and Record Retention ……………………………… 43
4.4 Chapter 4 – Control Strategy’s and Methods ……………………………………… 44
4.4.1 Goals and Activities ……………………………………………………… 44
4.4.2 Capacity of Wastewater Treatment Plant ………………………………….. 45
4.4.3 Capacity of the Interceptor Junction Area ……………………………… 46
4.4.4 Sewer System Capacity ………………………………………………….. 46
4.4.5 Approaches to Combined Sewer Overflow Controls ……………………… 47
4.4.6 Maximum Operation of Existing Facilities ……………………………… 47
4.4.7 Public Involvement ……………………………………………………… 48
4.5 Chapter 5 – Implementation Schedule ………………………………………….. 50
4.5.1 Proper Operation and Regular Maintenance Programs ………………….. 50
4.5.2 Update Existing Sewer System Maps and Associated Resources ……… 51
4.5.3 Development of a Sewer System Data Management System ……………… 52
4.5.4 Catch Basin Cleaning Program ………………………………………….. 53
4.5.5 Replacement of Rehabilitation of Flap Gates on CSO’s ………………….. 53
4.5.6 Develop a Sewer Maintenance Training Program ……………………… 53
4.5.7 Update and Improve CSO Inspection Program ………………………….. 54
4.5.8 Maximization of Storage in the Collection System ……………………… 55
4.5.9 Review and Modification of Pretreatment Requirements ………………….. 55
4.5.10 Maximization of Flow to the WWTP for Treatment ……………………… 55
4.5.11 Elimination of CSO’s During Dry Weather ……………………………… 56
4.5.12 Control of Floatable Materials in CSO ………………………………….. 60
4.5.13 Street Sweeping ………………………………………………………….. 60
4.5.14 End of Pipe Floatable Controls ………………………………………….. 61
4.5.15 CSO Impact Characteristics ……………………………………………… 61
4.5.16 Pollution Prevention Programs ………………………………………….. 61
4.5.17 Public Education Programs ……………………………………………… 61
4.5.18 Solid Waste Collection and Recycling ………………………………….. 62
4.5.19 Illegal Dumping ………………………………………………………….. 62
4.5.20 Household Hazardous Waste Collection ………………………………….. 62
4.5.21 Public Notification ……………………………………………………… 63
4.5.22 Public Participation Meeting ……………………………………………… 64
4.6.0 Monitoring to Characterize CSO Impacts ……………………………………… 65
4.7.0 Stream Reach Characterization and Evaluation ……………………………….. 66
4.8.0 Post Construction Monitoring ………………………………………………….. 69
4.8.1 Physical Habitat Assessment (HA) ……………………………………… 70
4.8.2 Chemical Sampling ……………………………………………………… 71
4.8.3 Bacteria Sampling ………………………………………………………….. 71
4.8.4 Biological Community Sampling ………………………………………….. 71
1.0.0 Introduction
The Kokomo Sanitation Utility is operating, maintaining and managing its combined sewer system and combined sewer overflows (CSOs) to comply with federal and state requirements, and more importantly, to preserve and protect the local and regional environment. Kokomo is committed to properly managing CSOs and to abating, through proper control and management, adverse effects of overflows from the collection system to the local environment.
Kokomo’s prior efforts form a foundation for the continuing implementation of this updated Operating Plan. This document represents information and knowledge of the existing wastewater collection and treatment infrastructure in Kokomo, as it relates to CSOs, and describes the City’s continuing efforts to preserve and protect the local and regional environment. It also describes the City's wet weather operating philosophy for the wastewater system, with particular focus on the wastewater treatment plant since the capital improvement program at the plant has been completed.
The City’s CSO Operating Plan was originally developed by examining the major components of the collection and treatment system; by reviewing and analyzing the management and administration of the system; and by reviewing and analyzing the maintenance of the system. This updated Plan looks at the wastewater system as it currently exists; continued opportunities for reducing inflow to the combined sewers; the feasibility of eliminating overflow points; and increasing treatment capabilities. This updated Plan, accordingly, focuses on the capture and treatment of the maximum volume of wet weather flows and updates the plan submitted in 2001.
The major objective of updating the Plan is to describe the ongoing efforts to further reduce pollutant discharges to the local and regional environment. The process of updating the Plan describes efforts to increase in-line storage through improved maintenance and operating procedures; reduced inflow/infiltration; and improved management of the hydraulic capabilities of the treatment plant.
Kokomo is committed to the implementation of a cost effective and efficient combined sewer system management program that meets the requirements of EPA and IDEM and, more importantly, also protects the public health and enhances the water quality in and around the City. Concurrent to the implementation of this updated plan, Kokomo also implemented phase 1 of the long-term control plan (LTCP) and continues to complete the LTCP addendum, to achieve full compliance with the regulatory requirements to minimize and eliminate the effects of combined sewer overflows.
As of 2012, the Kokomo Sanitation Utility is responsible for approximately 330 miles of sewers, 20 lift stations, 15 operational and permitted CSO Outfalls, a Wastewater Treatment Plant that has a designed treatment capacity of 23.5 MGD, a design hydraulic and wet weather treatment capacity of 30 MGD and a design peak hydraulic capacity or 40 MGD continuously.
1.1.0 Historical
The City initiated a program to address the effects of combined sewer overflows in 1959. Construction of new combined sewers was banned within the City and a program for limited, cost effective separation of existing combined sewers was initiated. Since 1959, the City invested more than $25 million to separate and rehabilitate over 65 miles of sewers. These actions have reduced the number of inflow connections which discharge wet weather flows directly to the wastewater treatment plant.
The first sewer (of record) in Kokomo was constructed in 1869. By 1920, the City had approximately 60 miles of combined sewers with six reported outfalls to Wildcat and Kokomo Creeks. The original wastewater treatment plant was constructed in 1936 along with additional collection system capacity. As the sewer system was separated and rehabilitated over the years, CSOs and their effects were not evaluated. Finally, as a requirement of the City's revised NPDES Permit, effective in September 2000, a Stream Reach Characterization and Evaluation Report (SRCER) was completed (in 2001and 2002) to determine the impacts of the CSOs on the receiving waters. In addition, as part of the Permit requirements, the City submitted a CSO Long Term Control Plan (LTCP) in February 2003 that:
• Forms the framework to address the elimination of several CSOs; and
• Manages the remaining CSOs to decrease the frequency and duration of discharge(s) to eliminate impacts on the receiving streams.
As of May 31, 2011, the City of Kokomo is no longer required to conduct bi-weekly bacterial stream sampling as required by the Agreed Judgment. In June 2008, the City of Kokomo submitted a UAA to IDEM followed by Addendum No. 1 of the UAA in October 2008. IDEM completed a technical review of the UAA in 2011. Once Kokomo has fully implemented the CSO LTCP by December 31, 2025, it is anticipated the designated recreational use of the water body will be changed from “full body contact” to the “Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) wet weather limited use” subcategory.
1.2.0 Historical Perspective – Collection System
The first record of a sanitary sewer in Kokomo is dated September 1869. The Andrews Sewer ran from a point near Mulberry Street and Washington Street, south towards Wildcat Creek. This sewer still exists and enters the Northside Interceptor at a point approximately 285 feet west of Washington Street. Most of the early sewers in Kokomo were constructed as combined sewers that discharged directly to creeks or open drains. Between 1911 and 1916, three interceptors were constructed to carry untreated sewage away from the populated areas of the City.
1. The Northside Interceptor ran from a point east of Appersonway (LaFountain Street) on Wildcat Creek near the dam south of Markland Avenue. The Northside Interceptor was constructed in 1911.
2. The original Pete’s Run Interceptor was enclosed from a point near Home Avenue and Virginia Street west to Wildcat Creek. East of Home Avenue and Virginia Street, Pete’s Run was an open ditch. This interceptor discharged to Wildcat Creek on the east bank of the Wildcat Creek south of Markland Avenue.
1. The Haynes Branch Interceptor, constructed in 1916, generally followed Kokomo Creek from a point east of Washington Street to a point just east of the current Pete’s Run storm sewer discharge on Kokomo Creek.
A reference dated July 14, 1920, indicated that the City had about 60 miles of combined sewers with six outlets into Wildcat Creek. It was estimated that 25,000 people discharged approximately 3,000,000 gallons of sewage.
When the original wastewater treatment plant was constructed in 1936, the three interceptors were connected to the treatment plant. The Northside Interceptor was routed to the treatment plant from a junction box directly east of the plant on the West Bank of Wildcat Creek. A combined sewer overflow outfall was installed at this point (Permitted Outfall 027). A siphon structure and interceptor was constructed to the south of the junction box for the Northside Interceptor to transport flow from the Haynes Branch and from Pete’s Run to the treatment plant. This siphon structure and interceptor is known as the Park Avenue Sanitary Interceptor.
In addition, the “Central Interceptor” was constructed. This interceptor later became known as the Southside interceptor and followed a course from Ohio Street to a point west of McCann Street where a siphon was constructed that transferred the wastewater from the “Central” interceptor to the Northside Interceptor.
In 1954, the Fay Beal Interceptor was constructed. This interceptor was designed to serve the portion of the City north of Carter Street and west of Phillips Street. Another portion of this project expanded the capacity of the Park Avenue Interceptor by installing an additional siphon and expanding the capacity of the interceptor from the junction point of Pete’s Run and the Haynes Branch. The final portion of this project was expansion of the wastewater treatment plant hydraulic capacity.
During the early 1950’s, another interceptor was installed from the northwest portion of the City to the treatment plant. The R. D. Robbins sewer was initiated from a point just south of Briar Court along the path of the Fay Beal Ditch to a point behind the new Howard County Jail. The sewer then goes southeast towards the treatment plant.
The Pete’s Run Interceptor was originally constructed as a combined sewer prior to 1900. The interceptor consisted of the enclosure of Pete’s Run Ditch, south of Markland to Home Avenue, which was completed by 1903. Pete’s Run was enclosed from Home Avenue and Delphos, as a combined sewer in the 1950’s. The combined sewer interceptor was extended from Delphos Street to Seventeenth Street in the 1960’s that extended its total length to approximately 2 miles.
In the mid-1970’s, the City began constructing modifications to Pete’s Run to separate the combined and sanitary sewers. A pipe to carry sanitary sewage was constructed in the bottom of the existing combined sewer along Markland from the Wildcat Creek to Home Avenue. The combined sewer regulators west and along Home Avenue were modified to transport stormwater into the storm sewer portion of the dual piping.
In the mid-1980’s additional combined sewer separation occurred along the old Pete’s Run combined sewer from Home Avenue to Seventeenth Street. At present, the Pete’s Run sewer is a sanitary sewer within a storm sewer along Markland Avenue and separate storm and sanitary sewers east of the old Continental Steel Facility.
The Lusk Interceptor was constructed in the mid-1950’s to serve the unincorporated Indian Heights area east of U.S. 31 between Center Road and S.R. 26. The original 15-inch interceptor was installed from Highland Park to Boulevard and along Washington and LaFountain Street south to Center Road.
In the mid-1980’s the Lusk Sewer was re-routed at Alto Road and LaFountain Street to flow west to Webster Street. The new 24-inch diameter sewer currently travels along Webster Street from Alto Road to Highland Park, where it combines with other interceptors prior to entry into Highland Park.
In 1967, the Dixon Road Sanitary Sewer was constructed to serve the area along Dixon Road north of Markland. The Dixon Road Sanitary Sewer and the R. D. Robbins Sewer were joined in 1995 and became the Dixon Road Interceptor.
During the period 1974 to 1976, the City completed a major sewer separation project encompassing the area between Markland Avenue and Boulevard Street from Wildcat Creek to U.S. 31 Bypass. The Pete’s Run combined sewer had been discharging wet weather flows to the Kokomo Creek and the City was mandated by the Indiana State Board of Health to correct this problem. The solution included the separation of most sewers within that area and the installation of a new interceptor from Home Avenue to the wastewater treatment plant. This interceptor is called “Pete’s Run Relief”.
In 1985, the Northside Interceptor was rebuilt from a point west of Main Street to a point west of McCann Street. A new sewer line was constructed along this path to replace the rapidly deteriorating line that was originally installed around 1911.
Another major sewer, the Apperson Way, was constructed in three phases during the mid-to-late-1990’s to extend sewer service into un-incorporated areas of Howard County, north of the City of Kokomo, to foster economic development and to provide growth to the north side of Kokomo. The first phase of the project consisted of the replacement of an old eight-inch sanitary with a twelve inch sanitary sewer from Fischer Street to Gerhart and north to Smith Road. A small lift station was constructed to pump the sewage from Smith Road (C.R. 300 N) through a four-inch force main south to an existing twenty-seven-inch sanitary sewer at Gano Street. The project was completed in 1994. The second phase consisted of the construction of a twenty-four inch sewer east along Smith Road from Apperson Way to C.R. 050 East. The 2,650-feet of sewer extended sanitary sewer to the new Chrysler Indiana Transmission Plant and was completed in 1996. Phase three of the project was completed in 1997. This phase consisted of the construction of a new lift station at Apperson Way and Smith Road and parallel sixteen and twelve-inch diameter force mains. The outlet of the new force mains was the existing twenty-seven-inch sanitary sewer at Gano Street.
In 1995, a new interceptor was constructed along the south side of Wildcat Creek. This interceptor replaced the old central or Southside interceptor. The siphon, which was constructed west of McCann Street in 1935, was eliminated and the flow in the south side interceptor was removed from the Northside interceptor. The new Southside interceptor crosses Wildcat Creek at Markland Avenue and then travels south to the treatment plant.
1.3.0 Historical Perspective – Wastewater Treatment
The original wastewater treatment plant was constructed in 1936. The WWTP utilized the standard rate trickling filter process. The original plant had a hydraulic design capacity of 3.0 MGD and that capacity was expanded by projects at the treatment plant in 1954, 1960, 1966, 1974, 1995, 2000 and 2008.
A major renovation of the wastewater treatment plant took place during the period 1974 to 1978. In previous expansions of the treatment plant (1954, 1960 & 1966), additional process units were added but no substantive changes in process methodology were included. During the 1974 / 1978 renovation, major changes were made to several processes.
1. The secondary treatment process was changed from attached fixed film biological reactors (trickling filtration) to suspended growth biological reactors (activated sludge).
2. The sludge treatment process was changed from anaerobic digestion/lagoon disposal to wet air oxidation/landfill disposal.
3. Tertiary filters were installed for effluent polishing.
The hydraulic and treatment design capacity of the WWTP following these modifications is 30 MGD, with a 40 MGD peak flow.
Subsequent to the expansion of the treatment plant’s hydraulic capacity and conversion to the activated sludge process in 1978, the City received a new NPDES Permit in 1987. This permit imposed a nitrification requirement and effluent limitations on the concentration and mass of ammonia that could be discharged. In 1991, the conventional activated sludge process was modified by the installation of fine bubble aeration in order to operate as a single stage nitrification activated sludge process. These new effluent limits effectively reduced the WWTP’s treatment capacity (single stage nitrification activated sludge) to 23.5 MGD. However, this was not recognized nor acknowledged until 1997/1998 when the City began renegotiating a revised NPDES permit. In 1995 the secondary clarifiers were modified by improving the return sludge box, rake mechanism, dunking skimmer and the installation of a high flow baffle that would reduce short circuiting during high flows.
In 1995, the City constructed a biosolids composting facility at the wastewater treatment plant to replace the wet air oxidation system for biosolids stabilization and disposal.
A major capital improvement program at the wastewater treatment plant was initiated in 2000 and completed in June 2003. The improvements included a new influent wet well and pump station, new grit removal system and fine screens that replaced primary clarification, improvements to the aeration system for the activated sludge process, new tertiary filters and tertiary filter pump station, new flow monitoring and metering, a new operations control and laboratory building, installation of a SCADA system and site improvements to improve storm water management. In addition, three (3) sewer repair projects were completed. This capital improvement program was in response to an extensive internal audit of the wastewater system and a review of the operation, maintenance and management of the Sanitation Utility by a citizen’s advisory group appointed by the Mayor.
In 2008, construction began on the Wet Weather Project. This project consisted of lowering the 48” CSO overflow pipe in the existing Influent Pump station, installation of a fine screen, construction of the CSO pump station, installation of chlorination and de-chlorination equipment and the installation of up flow Tertiary Filters. The new up flow Tertiary Filters will be used to process normal plat flows while the existing Tertiary Filters are to be used to filter the treated CSO wastewater. The substantial completion date was March 2010 and became fully operational in June 2010.
2.0.0 Sanitary Utility Goals
The overall goal of the Combined Sewer System Operating Plan (CSSOP) is to reduce and/or eliminate the discharge of untreated wastewater and combined wastewater/storm water into the receiving stream. Additional goals include:
• Elimination of dry weather discharges at combined sewer overflow points;
• Reduction in the frequency and duration of wet weather discharges from combined sewer overflows through proper maintenance of the collection system and utilization of storage capacity within the existing system;
• Minimization of the pollutant load to the receiving stream(s) which occur during wet weather discharges from combined sewer overflows; and
• Treatment of excess wet weather flow and not causing damage to equipment and/or treatment process performance.
The City is performing the following actions to achieve the goals:
❖ Maximizing operation of the collection and treatment components of the wastewater system.
❖ Encouraging public involvement during the development and implementation of the LTCP and program to best identify how to minimize the number, and effects, of CSOs.
❖ Eliminate, to the extent possible, CSO Outfalls and minimize, to the extent possible, the frequency, duration and effect of the remaining CSO Outfalls.
3.0.0 Strengths and Weaknesses
Kokomo has the basic elements necessary for a strong, proactive combined sewer system management effort. Programs initiated have laid a foundation and much of the work to develop and implement Kokomo’s CSSOP will be directed at focusing the efforts of existing personnel and enhancing operation of equipment to assure that the wastewater collection and treatment components perform effectively and efficiently.
3.1.0 Strengths
• The City’s sewer separation program reduced the volume of combined sewage discharged to the environment.
• The City’s sewer maintenance department has personnel and equipment to clean sewers within the collection system.
• The City’s operation, maintenance and management efforts since 1997 have eliminated dry weather overflows and have significantly reduced the frequency and duration of wet weather CSO events. This effort includes the purchase and installation of additional backflow prevention valves (“Tideflex Valves”) at CSO Outfalls to prevent the receiving streams from flow back into the collection system. This has increased the wet weather flow capacity of the collection system.
• Improved secondary clarification and overall operation and maintenance at the WWTP have reduced the volume of internal recycle flows, which allows the WWTP to receive and treat more wet weather flow.
• The influent wet well / pump station has reduced the surcharged condition in the influent sewers. Those sewers were cleaned and flow can be maximized to the WWTP.
• The increased pumping capacity of the influent pump station allows wet weather flow to be maximized at the WWTP and allows for greater volumes of wet weather flows to receive treatment.
• The construction of a Wet Weather Process (CSO treatment) has reduced the head condition in the influent pump station wet wells by activating once the influent pump station has reached 40.0 mgd. The CSO treatment allows the screening, disinfecting and Dechlorination of any CSO discharge from CSO Outfall 027.
3.2.0 Weaknesses
• The age and condition of the collection system impacts the overall operation of the system and a significant portion of the system contains combined sewers.
• Sources of extraneous water (inflow and infiltration) are not fully identified and the hydraulic capacity of the collection system is impacted during wet weather.
• Construction of sewers at minimum slopes results in reduced transport capacities causing increased sedimentation in the system. Slow velocities prevalent in interceptors, trunk lines, and residential sewers cause odor and siltation problems in many sewer lines throughout the City. These problems require intensive maintenance of the collection system.
• Older residential sewer lines were installed in rear yard easements and fences, sheds and other residential structures have encroached upon some of those easements. This makes maintenance in those areas difficult.
• In older areas of the City, many homes have common laterals that are in disrepair and experience high levels of infiltration. In addition, many areas of the City still have downspouts connected to the collection system that result in inflow.
Most of the sanitary sewers installed prior the 1990 are vitrified clay which is highly susceptible to root intrusion and infiltration.
3.3.0 Recommendations
The following recommendations are incorporated in this updated Plan.
1. The City will, to the extent possible, continue to identify CSO Outfalls that can be eliminated and will work toward the reduction in the total number of CSO Outfalls and reduction in the frequency and duration of CSO events.
2. Sewer system maps will continue to be updated and maintained.
3. The sewer maintenance program will continue to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the program incorporating pollution prevention principles to the extent possible.
4. Notification provided by posting signs at each CSO Outfall identifying the pipe as a CSO Outfall and advising the public about combined sewer outfall discharges will be maintained.
Based on the evaluation completed as part of Addendum No. 2 and the 5-year LTCP update, changes are recommended for addressing CSOs 050, 006, 041, 009, 010, and 002 as follows:
• CSO 050 – Optimize HPPS and monitor for 12 months
• CSOs 006, 041, 009, 010, and 002
1. Install storm sewer from the Mulberry/Delphos intersection to Wildcat Creek per LTCP Addendum No. 1.
2. Construct siphon structure on the 96-inch storm sewer at the CSO 041 diversion to eliminate overflows into the outfall for storms less than 6-month recurrence intervals. Once the separation projects at Mulberry/Delphos and the CSO 041 Siphon project are constructed, monitor the CSO 006 outfall for minimum of 12 months to determine the required size of treatment. The construction of end-of-pipe treatment at CSO 006 should also eliminate overflows at CSOs 009 and 010.
3. Monitor CSO 002 over the next 5-year LTCP cycle and determine whether it can be sealed with no additional work or a relief sewer must be constructed first.
4.0.0 Plan Organization
The updated Plan, review and analysis of current information, the conclusions and recommendations and implementation schedule are contained in the following chapters.
Chapter 1 – Kokomo Wastewater System
Chapter 2 - Administrative Controls
Chapter 3 - Organization and Responsibility
Chapter 4 - Control Strategy and Methods
Chapter 5 - Implementation Schedule
4.1.0 Chapter 1 - Kokomo Wastewater System
This chapter describes the existing wastewater collection and treatment system and how it is intended to operate. System components are summarized and then described in detail in the major sections of this chapter. This chapter concludes with an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the Kokomo Wastewater Collection and Treatment System.
Kokomo owns and operates a system of combined and separate sewers for the collection and transport of wastewater and wet weather flows to a treatment plant owned and operated by the Kokomo Sanitation Utility.
4.1.1 Sewer Separation Efforts
In 1959, the City committed to replacement, where feasible and practicable, of combined sewers with separated sanitary sewers and initiated a program of sewer system separation projects. The program had two components.
a) New construction required the installation of separated sewers.
b) A long-term sewer separation and rehabilitation program was instituted to separate and/or rehabilitate sewers to reduce inflow and infiltration, as funding allowed.
Since 1959, the City has separated, replaced or rehabilitated over 65 miles of sewer lines at a cost of approximately $25 million. These actions have reduced the number of inflow connections which discharge wet weather flows directly to the wastewater system.
4.1.2 Collection System Description
There are ten distinct service areas within the Kokomo wastewater collection system. Wastewater and wet weather flow from each service area is carried to the wastewater treatment plant by an interceptor sewer. The major interceptors are:
1. Northside Interceptor - A 48" interceptor that combines with the Fay Beal Interceptor in a 30" interceptor immediately prior to the WWTP’s influent junction box.
2. Fay Beal Interceptor - A 21" combined sewer that combines with the Northside Interceptor in a 30" interceptor immediately prior to the WWTP’s influent junction box.
3. Prairie Creek Interceptor - An 84" combined sewer that discharges into the Northside Interceptor.
4. Southside Interceptor - A 48" combined sewer that discharges to the WWTP’s influent junction box piping.
5. Park Avenue Interceptor - A 48" combined sewer receiving flow from the 15" Pete’s Run Combined Sewer, the Haynes Branch Interceptor, and the Haynes Branch Relief Interceptor through the Highland Park Lift Station.
6. Haynes Branch Interceptor - A 27" combined sewer discharging into Highland Park lift station and pumped to the Park Avenue Interceptor.
7. Haynes Branch Relief Interceptor - A 42" combined sewer discharging into Highland Park lift station and pumped to the Park Avenue Interceptor.
8. Dixon Road Interceptor - A 36" interceptor receiving flow from the Dixon Road Sanitary Sewer and the R. D. Robbins Combined Sewer.
9. Pete’s Run Relief Sewer Interceptor - A 36" combined sewer that discharges directly into the WWTP’s Influent Junction Box.
10. Lusk Interceptor - A 36" combined sewer that discharges into the Haynes Branch Relief Interceptor.
Each service area is further divided into subsystems. There are 39 sub-systems within the Kokomo wastewater collection system.
Since their identification, the Kokomo Sanitation Utility staff has worked to analyze and remove all of the SSRs in the Kokomo System. In the February 2003 LTCP report, there were 42 SSRs identified. According to the 2004 LTCP Addendum No. 1, 29 of the SSRs had been plugged. As of the end of September of 2011, all 42 of the SSRs have been plugged as shown in Figure 1.
• SSRs #101-102, 105-121, 123-125, 130, 132, 134-136, and 138-139 were all eliminated by the end of 2003.
• SSR #133 was eliminated on November 1, 2004. The work was performed by Kokomo Sanitation Utility.
• SSR #103 was eliminated on January 28, 2005. The work was performed by Kokomo Sanitation Utility.
• SSRs #126 and 129 were eliminated on March 30 and March 31, 2005, respectively. The work was performed by Kokomo Sanitation Utility.
• SSR #104 was eliminated on May 7, 2005. The work was performed by Kokomo Sanitation Utility.
• SSR #122 was eliminated on May 1, 2006. The work was performed for a total cost of $155,376.97.
• SSRs #131 and 137 were removed in 2007. The work was performed by Kokomo Sanitation Utility.
• SSRs #127 and 128 were eliminated on August 3 and September 6, 2007, respectively. The work was performed for a total cost of $378,675.74.
• SSR #141 was discovered after completion of Addendum No. 1. This SSR was eliminated on November 28, 2007. The work was completed for a total cost of $1,196,339.50.
• SSR #151 and SSR #152 were eliminated on December 3, 2008. SSR #152 was identified and eliminated during the work to eliminate SSR #151. The work was performed by Atlas Construction for a total construction cost of $640, 289.65.
As of 2012, the City of Kokomo does not have any remaining Sanitary Sewer Reliefs.
4.1.3 Combined Sewer Overflow Outfalls
There were thirty (30) permitted CSO Outfalls (NPDES Permit September 2000) in the Kokomo wastewater collection system. This was a reduction from 44 CSOs identified in the 1987 NPDES Permit as the Sanitation Utility made a concerted effort to eliminate CSO Outfalls to the extent possible and to manage the remaining Outfalls to reduce the frequency and duration of CSO Outfall discharge events. As the Sanitation Utility studied the collection system, reviewed historical records, inspected and inventoried appurtenances and compiled information about the collection system in 2000 and 2001, it was determined that four (4) of the CSO Outfalls permitted in the City’s 2000 NPDES Permit were in actuality sanitary sewer relief points and should not have been identified as CSO Outfalls. That information was provided to IDEM and a permit modification issued in March 2002 identifies 26 CSOs in the Kokomo collection system. During the New Highland Park Lift Station Project which was completed in late 2007, three (3) CSO’s (029, 031 and 037) were eliminated. This projected combined these CSO outfalls into one (1) new outfall (050). As of February 2008, there are 24 CSO’s. Beginning in May 2008 and continuing through December 2008, the City of Kokomo eliminated eight (8) CSO’s (008, 019, 020, 032, 035, 042, 046 and 048) as shown in Figure 2. In addition, the remaining two (2) SSO’s (151 and 152) were eliminated.
The following indicates the cost associated with the removal of the CSO’s:
• CSO 008 was eliminated on July 24, 2008. The elimination of the CSO was performed in-house by the Kokomo Sanitation Utility staff. The total cost was $622.72.
• CSO 019 was eliminated on August 21, 2008. The elimination of the CSO was performed in-house by the Kokomo Sanitation Utility staff. The total cost was $622.72.
• CSO 020 was eliminated on June 26, 2008. The elimination of the CSO was performed in-house by the Kokomo Sanitation Utility staff. The total cost was $622.72.
• The elimination of the CSO 029 discharge into Wildcat Creek and CSO 031 discharge into Kokomo Creek by relocating and expanding the Highland Park Pumping Station (HPPS). CSO 037 will be conveyed to a “non-sensitive area” of Kokomo Creek, in relation to the relocated Highland Park Pump Station. (Completed November 2007 for $6,136,244.95). Note that during construction of the HPPS, CSOs 029, 031, and 037 were eliminated and combined into one new outfall known as CSO 050).
• The elimination of the only CSO (CSO 032) that discharges into the “sensitive area” on Kokomo Creek. (Completed June 16, 2008 for $217,555.00). CSO 032 is located in Highland Park and discharges to Kokomo Creek. The CSO 032 elimination project was completed on June 24, 2008. The project consisted of the following key components:
• Construct two new storm sewers.
• Construct a new 8-inch (low flow) and 24-inch (high flow) double-barrel siphon across Kokomo Creek.
• Construct a new 24-inch gravity sanitary sewer and tie into the existing 24- inch Haynes Branch Interceptor.
The CSO 032 storm sewers were constructed for a cost of $53,208.28. The remainder of the CSO 032 project was constructed for a construction cost of $217,555.00. The total CSO 032 elimination construction cost was $270,763.28.
• The elimination of the only CSO discharge (CSO 035) into the East Fork of Wildcat Creek. (Completed December 28, 2008 for $255,487.62)
• CSO 042 was eliminated on June 16, 2008. The elimination of the CSO was performed in-house by the Kokomo Sanitation Utility staff. The total cost was $863.04.
• CSO 046 is located on the south side of the Ohio Avenue Bridge. According to Addendum No. 1, flow monitoring results and computer modeling indicated that this CSO was not very active. CSO 046 was eliminated on May 19, 2008. The elimination of the CSO was performed in-house by the Kokomo Sanitation Utility staff. The total cost was $622.72.
• CSO 048 outfall is located downstream of Phillips Street in UCT Park and is considered a sensitive area. CSO 048 was eliminated on May 20, 2008. The elimination of the CSO was performed in-house by the Kokomo Sanitation Utility staff. The total cost was $647.72.
In March 2013, the CSO 041 Siphon Project began. The CSO 041 control structure, located at the intersection of Purdum and Walnut Streets, is intended to provide relief to the main 72-inch combined sewer that serves the northeast portions of Kokomo. In addition, upstream of the CSO 041 control structure is a large 96-inch diameter storm sewer that flows south along Purdum Street to Wildcat Creek. A set of weir walls within the control structure allows peak combined sewer flows to either continue southwesterly within the combined sewer or flow over the weir wall and enters the outfall line. Storm flows within the 96-inch storm sewer can also flow into the existing combined sewer. A 12-inch low flow pipe within the storm sewer is intended to convey small rainfall events across the combined system; however, CSO 041 becomes active for rainfall events larger than 0.08 inches per hour, indicating that the low flow pipe does not have much of an impact. A number of scenarios might be occurring within the CSO 041 control structure during wet weather events. If peak flow in the combined sewer exceeds the elevation of the weir wall, then combined sewer flow enters the CSO 041 outfall piping and a CSO occurs. If peak flow in the storm sewer exceeds the elevation of the weir wall, then storm water will enter the combined sewer piping, which typically causes increased activity downstream at the CSO 006 control structure.
The final consideration for CSO 041 was separating or decoupling the storm system from the combined system at the CSO 041 diversion structure. This would require creating a large siphon structure on the 96-inch storm sewer on Purdum. This siphon would route stormwater underneath the existing CSO 041 diversion structure. An interconnection between the 84-inch combined sewer and 96-inch storm sewer would still be provided, but only to accommodate storms greater than 6-month recurrence intervals. In order to ensure that the diversion structure for the combined portion only activates when the 6-month recurrence interval is exceeded, the City will monitor this location. A flow sensor will be provided at the overflow point from the 84-inch combined sewer to the storm sewer to monitor events in which the 84-inch combined sewer pipe has reaches its capacity. The overflow control will be constructed in an adjustable manner so that it can be appropriately set based on actual wet weather events.
A 2012 review of the recommended plan for the second phase of improvements to the HPPS (i.e., CSO 050) has led the City to investigate new and innovative technologies to economically and effectively address the additional wet-weather flow volume conveyed to CSO 050. The City will address CSO 050 by way of a staged approach beginning November 2011. The first stage would involve optimizing pump system performance by doing in-house modifications (i.e., changing the impellers and modifying operations). Depending on the success of the first stage, a second stage probably would not be required; however, if the first stage proved unsuccessful, a second stage of improvements would be necessary. The two stages are further described below.
Stage 1 would include optimizing the HPPS pump station by changing pumping operations. This may also include changing out the existing impellers of the pumps, adding a valve operator at the existing diversion control valve, and integration with the City’s SCADA system and the HPPS wet well level controller. The HPPS force main is connected to the existing WWTP influent pump station force main, but also has a bypass line and valve between the HPPS force main and WWTP pump station wet well. As part of Stage 1, a high level sensor would be added to control and actuate the existing bypass valve. The four (4) existing pumps would be outfitted with new impellers to theoretically increase the existing 15 MGD pumping rate to the maximum achievable (to handle the additional CSO 050 overflow volume). Stage 1 will be monitored for a period of 12 months to determine the new level of control at the HPPS. This monitoring period would run until June 30, 2013 as stated in the Implementation Schedule in the Kokomo 5-Year Update/Addendum No. 2. Overflow data collected for CSO 050 to date indicate an additional 3.6 MGD of pump capacity is needed at the HPPS. The goal of Stage 1 is to determine what additional pumping capacity is available by optimizing HPPS and what additional capacity appears to be required to control CSO 050 overflows to the 6-month recurrence interval storm. If sufficient data is collected during the 12-month monitoring period to indicate the optimized HPPS is controlling at least a 6- month recurrence interval storm, no additional work would be needed at the HPPS. Stage 2 would be necessary if within the 12 month monitoring period and after the pump station has been optimized, a 6-month, 1-hour storm were to cause an overflow at CSO 050. In this case, the City would have two options to consider for handling the additional flow at the HPPS.
Option 1
The first option would involve treatment of the additional flows at the HPPS with an end-of-pipe treatment system.
Option 2
The second option would be to increase the existing 15 MGD pumping capacity of the HPPS and to add an additional force main to transfer the flow to the WWTP.
In 2011, the Wastewater Treatment Plant changed its wet weather operational strategy by implementing a procedure that would relieve head pressure on the HPLS force main, which would increase the pumping capacity of the station. The WWTP’s Influent Pump station is designed to have the HPLS discharge enter into the IPS discharge header or can be valved to allow the HPLS discharge to enter the IPS wet well. During extreme rain events, the IPS wet well is monitored and prior to the activation of CSO 050, the HPLS force main valve to the IPS wet well is opened. This procedure has significantly reduced the frequency of the CSO 050 activation.
Table 1 summarizes the permitted CSO Outfalls, identified as of February 28, 2008.
TABLE 1
CSO Outfalls
| | |Location |Flap Gate / Tideflex Valve |
|CSO Outfall # |Outfall Size | |Other |
| | |SE Corner of Ohio St. Bridge |Tideflex |
|001 |24’’ | | |
|002 |24’’ |NE corner of Ohio St. Bridge |Tideflex |
|006 |84’’ |E. of Apperson Way Bridge, N. Bank of Wildcat Cr. | |
|008 |24’ |E. of union St. Bridge, S. Bank of Wildcat Cr. |Tideflex |
|009 |30’’ |E. of Union St. Bridge, N. Bank of Wildcat Cr. |Tideflex |
|010 |24’’ |NE Corner of Union St. Bridge |Tideflex |
|013 |24’’ |E. of Buckeye St. RR Bridge, N. Bank of Wildcat Cr. |Flap Gate |
|014 |84’’ |Washington St. Bridge | |
|015 |24’’ |W. of Washington St., N. Bank of Wildcat Cr. |Flap Gate |
|016 |18’’ |W. of Washington St., S. Bank of Wildcat Cr. |Flap Gate |
|017 |18’’ |W. of Washington St., S. Bank of Wildcat Cr. |Tideflex |
|018 |72’’ | E. of McCann St. N. Bank of Wildcat Cr. |Flap Gate |
|019 |18’’ |E. of Cortland Ave., S. Bank of Wildcat Cr. |Tideflex |
|020 |10’’ |W. of Cortland Ave., on S. Bank of Wildcat Cr. |Tideflex |
|022 |21’’ |E. of Phillips St., N. Bank of Wildcat Cr. |Flap Gate |
|027 |48’’ |S. of Markland Ave., W. Bank of Wildcat Cr. |Flap Gate |
|029 |24’’ |S. of Markland Ave., E. Bank of Wildcat Cr. |Tideflex |
|031 |24’’ |W. of Highland Park LS, E. Bank of Kokomo Cr. |Flap Gate |
|032 |24’’ |N. of Ricketts St. Bridge over Kokomo Cr. |Tideflex |
|035 |54’’ |Indiana Heights LS | |
|037 |24’’ |SE of “old” Park Ave. Bridge over Kokomo Cr. |Flap Gate |
|041 |24 ‘’ |East of Apperson @ RR Bridge, N. Bank Wildcat Creek | |
|042 |24’’ |Terrace Meadows LS |Flap Gate |
|046 |24’’ |SE Corner of Ohio St. Bridge, S. Bank of Wildcat Cr. | |
|048 |68(x43’’ |UCT Park, N. Bank of Wildcat Cr. |Trash Bar Grate |
|049 |96’’ |Fay Beal Ditch |Open Pipe |
|050 |60” |New Highland Park Lift Station |Flap Gate |
Table 2 summarizes the permitted CSO Outfalls, identified as of January 2011.
TABLE 2
CSO Outfalls
| | |Location |Flap Gate / Tideflex Valve |
|CSO Outfall # |Outfall Size | |Other |
| | |SE Corner of Ohio St. Bridge |Tideflex |
|001 |24'' | | |
|002 |24'' |NE corner of Ohio St. Bridge |Tideflex |
|006 |84'' |E. of Apperson Way Bridge, N. Bank of Wildcat Cr. |Tideflex |
|009 |30'' |E. of Union St. Bridge, N. Bank of Wildcat Cr. |Tideflex |
|010 |24'' |NE Corner of Union St. Bridge |Tideflex |
|013 |24'' |E. of Buckeye St. RR Bridge, N. Bank of Wildcat Cr. |Flap Gate |
|014 |84'' |Washington St. Bridge |Open Pipe |
|015 |24'' |W. of Washington St., N. Bank of Wildcat Cr. |Flap Gate |
|016 |18'' |W. of Washington St., S. Bank of Wildcat Cr. |Flap Gate |
|017 |18'' |W. of Washington St., S. Bank of Wildcat Cr. |Tideflex |
|018 |72'' |E. of McCann St. N. Bank of Wildcat Cr. |Flap Gate |
|022 |16” |E. Phillips St., N. Bank of Wildcat Cr. |Flap Gate |
|027 |48'' |S. of Markland Ave., W. Bank of Wildcat Cr. |Flap Gate |
|041 |24 '' |East of Apperson @ RR Bridge, N. Bank Wildcat Creek |Tideflex |
|049 |96'' |Fay Beal Ditch |Open Pipe |
| 050 |60” |New Highland Park Lift Station |Flap Gate |
Figure 3 indicates the location of the current Combined Sewer Overflows for the City of Kokomo.
4.1.4 Lift Stations
Kokomo owns, operates and maintains twenty (20) lift stations within the collection system as shown in Figure 4. During 2007, four (4) lift stations were updated with new pumps, wet wells and valve pits. These lift stations were Days Inn, Darrough Chapel, Carter Street and South LaFountain. During 2007 and completed in 2008, a New Highland Park Lift Station was constructed. In 2012, the new Sycamore Street lift station was constructed to service the residential area near West Sycamore Street and Malfalfa. The lift stations are inspected and maintained by maintenance staff from the WWTP. Physical inspections of each station are made at least once per week. Each lift station has an alarm system. The alarm is conveyed by cellular to WWTP staff. Additional lift stations that discharge into the City sewer system that are privately owned and operated generally serve individual businesses or small subdivisions and are the responsibility of the owner/operator.
Table 3 summarizes the City owned Lift Stations, identified as of January 2011.
Table 3
Lift Stations in Kokomo Collection System
| |Lift Station Name |Age of Station |Number of Pumps |Capacity |Type |
|1 |Alto North |13 years |2 |300 gpm |Dry Pit |
|2 |Alto South |13 years |2 |200 gpm |Dry Pit |
|3 |Apperson Way |10 years |3 |2300 gpm |Submersible |
|4 |Autumn Trace |10 years |2 |150 gpm |Submersible |
|5 |Bent Creek |4 years |2 |100 gpm |Submersible |
|6 |Bridgewater |3 years |2 |150 gpm |Submersible |
|7 |Carter Street |3 years |2 |150 gpm |Submersible |
|8 |Darrough Chapel |3 years |2 |1000 gpm |Dry Pit |
|9 |Days Inn |3 years |2 |150 gpm |Submersible |
|10 |Delphos Street |10 years |2 |330 gpm |Submersible |
|11 |Dixon Road |8 years |2 |150 gpm |Submersible |
|12 |Foxfire |10 years |2 |150 gpm |Dry Pit |
|13 |Highland Park |3 years |4 |2500 gpm |Submersible |
|14 |Indian Heights |3 years |2 |300 gpm |Submersible |
|15 |Lincoln Park |6 years |2 |150 gpm |Submersible |
|16 |South LaFountain |3 years |2 |150 gpm |Submersible |
|17 |Sycamore Street |1 year |2 |67 gpm |Submersible |
|18 |Terrace Meadows |30+ years |2 |1000 gpm |Dry Pit |
|19 |Water’s Edge |10 years |2 |100 gpm |Submersible |
|20 |Willow Ridge |14 years |2 |150 gpm |Submersible |
4.1.5 Wastewater Treatment Plant
Kokomo’s WWTP is designed to treat all dry weather wastewater transported by the collection system and portions of the wet weather flow up to the hydraulic capacity of the plant. Since the collection system is a combined sewer system, the total volume of wastewater transported to, and treated by, the plant is dependent upon wet weather events.
The wastewater treatment plant was thought to have an average daily design hydraulic capacity of 30 MGD and a design peak capacity of 40 MGD. Upon investigation in 1997, it was determined that the hydraulic capacity was 30 MGD but that the actual treatment capacity of the plant was only 23.5 MGD, as determined from the nitrification limits imposed on the plant in the 1987 NPDES Permit. This was reflected in the City’s amended NPDES permit renewal application and incorporated into the NPDES Permit that was effective on September 1, 2000.
In June 2010, the wastewater treatment plants Wet Weather Treatment process became operational as is capable of treating up to 40.0 mgd of combined sewage. The process consists of fine screening, disinfection, tertiary filtration and de-chlorination. The total and final construction cost was $9,424,413.63. The April 2004 LTCP Addendum No. 1 estimated this cost to be approximately $6 million.
The following is a description of the Kokomo Wastewater Treatment Plant.
4.1.5.1 Influent Flow Sampling
The influent wastewater is flow proportioned sampled as it enters the Influent Pump Station Wet Well. The influent wastewater flow from the Highland Park Lift Station is flow proportional sampled prior to being pumped through the Influent Pump Station discharge header pipe. No recycle flows internal to the WWTP are mixed with the influent flow so the sampling establishes the nature, strength and characteristics of the raw influent wastewater entering the WWTP.
4.1.5.2 Influent Wet Well and Pump Station
A major component of the recently completed capital improvements was the construction of the new influent wet well / new influent pump station (IPS). The IPS’ wet well is divided into two (2) chambers with each chamber containing two (2) submersible centrifugal pumps. Each pump is rated at 14,000 gpm capacity. Thus, the total firm pumping capacity of the new influent pump station is 60 MGD with the largest pump out of service. All four pumps have variable frequency drives (VFDs) to maximize their pumping range capability. The pumps can be controlled by hand, automatically with a programmable logic controller (PLC) or by a float system as a backup to the PLC.
All wastewater flow entering the wastewater treatment plant must flow to the influent wet well / IPS or through the IPS discharge header. Unless there is a catastrophic electrical failure, all dry weather flow and wet weather flow to a peak of 40 MGD will be pumped to the WWTP’s downstream processes. The wastewater treatment plants downstream biological treatment is designed to sustain a 30 MGD peak flow for 24 hours. Historical plant data and operational procedures indicate that the biological process can sustain 40 MGD peak flow for 24 hours. The new Highland Park Lift Station force main is piped into the IPS force main or a bypass line into the IPS Wet Well or a combination of both. This station has the capability of pumping a maximum of 15.0 MGD. The combined flow into the treatment plant is metered immediately downstream of the new pump station.
After the maximized flow rate of 40 MGD, has been met, the influent pump station continues to pump 40 MGD until such a time that the wet weather event has ceased and the collection system returns to normal. Once a pre-determined wet well water level (set at an elevation to coincide with the sustained 40 MGD flow) is exceeded, excess wet weather flow overflows into a 48" pipe and gravity flows to the CSO Fine Screen prior to the CSO Pump Station and is pumped out through CSO Outfall 027.
4.1.5.3 Preliminary Treatment Processes
The purpose of preliminary treatment is to remove materials in the wastewater that could damage plant equipment or hinder treatment processes. The preliminary treatment processes at the Kokomo WWTP consist of a two (2) mechanically cleaned fine screens, one (1) hand cleaned bar screen and grit removal (two [2] units with classifiers and cyclones for dewatering the grit). Each fine screen and grit removal unit is designed to handle a flow up to 20 MGD. Thus, during dry weather, only one screen and one grit unit is operated. As wet weather flow increases, the additional screen and grit units are placed into operation to process the design peak flow up to 40 MGD. The screened material is washed (to remove fecal material) and landfilled. The grit removed by the process is also landfilled.
4.1.5.4 Wastewater / RAS Mixing Basin
To insure more effective mixing of the influent wastewater and the return activated sludge (RAS), a mixing chamber was constructed on the effluent end of the screen / grit building as part of the capital improvements. The mixing chamber has fine bubble aeration to insure adequate mixing and pre-aeration before the wastewater flows to the aeration tanks in the secondary treatment process.
The Wastewater / RAS Mix Basin can be operated as follows:
• Only Raw wastewater flow can be valved into the mix zone for freshening in the event of a slug discharge. Return Activated Sludge is valved so that the RAS enters past the mix zone weir, where it mixes with the Raw and then travels to the aeration tanks.
• Only Return Activated Sludge can be valved into the mix zone for freshening and can be treated with chlorine in the event of excessive filaments in the activated sludge. Raw wastewater is valved so that it flows to the effluent side of the mix zone weir where it mixes prior to flowing to the aeration tanks.
4.1.5.5 Activated Sludge Process
The purpose of the activated sludge treatment process is to convert soluble and colloidal pollutants into insoluble, settleable biomass that can be removed from the wastewater in clarifiers. The Kokomo wastewater treatment plant utilizes a conventional, single stage nitrification activated sludge process. Kokomo’s system has two parallel trains of seven aeration tanks. Each of the fourteen aeration tanks has a volume of about 390,000 gallons. The aeration tanks have floor-mounted membrane type fine bubble diffusers to provide mixing and oxygen necessary to the biological process. Each aeration tank is segmented into two (2) aeration zones so that aeration and mixing in the tank can be more effectively controlled.
Flexibility exists in the aeration tanks to allow flow patterns in several configurations from series to parallel operations. The standard operating practice is to operate two (2) treatment trains in parallel with each train’s seven tanks in service. The activated sludge biomass is continually mixed with influent wastewater from the screen / grit discharge in the mixing basin to form the “mixed liquor” (microorganisms, soluble food substrate and wastewater). The mixed liquor is aerated and mixed in the aeration tanks allowing the microorganisms to use the biodegradable food substrate.
Slide gates on individual aeration tank influent lines control flow distribution to the aeration tanks. Return activated sludge flow is controlled by the clarifier sludge withdrawal rate. Air control valves on individual aeration tanks control airflow to each tank’s aeration zone.
4.1.5.6 Secondary Treatment Unit Process
The mixed liquor is discharged from each aeration train and is collected into the secondary clarifier influent junction box. Flow to the secondary clarifiers is by gravity. Slide gates at the secondary clarifier influent junction box control flow distribution to the three (3) secondary clarifiers. Each secondary clarifier is 140 feet in diameter. Each clarifier has a center feed, peripheral overflow of the effluent, energy dissipating inlet, flocculation well, spiral sludge collection arms, sludge thickening ring, Stanford density baffles, full radius scum collection and removal, and a direct coupled return sludge pumps for removing the settled and thickened biomass.
4.1.5.7 Disinfection
The purpose of disinfection is to reduce the level of pathogens in the wastewater prior to discharge into Wildcat Creek. The effectiveness of pathogen reduction is relative to the concentration of chlorine applied and the length of time during which the chlorine is in contact with the wastewater. Pathogen reduction reduces the human health risk from contact with the treated wastewater. The Kokomo wastewater treatment plant uses chlorine for effluent wastewater disinfection. Liquid Chlorine is fed from two, one- (1) ton cylinders through an evaporator and injector, where it is mixed with water, to the seven-sided junction box that collects the secondary clarifier effluent.
The chlorine contact tank has internal baffles to increase the mixing of the chlorine and wastewater. The effluent from the chlorine contact tank flows to the tertiary filter pump station (TFPS). The TFPS pumps the chlorinated wastewater to the tertiary filters.
4.1.5.8 Tertiary Filtration
The purpose of filtration is to remove fine suspended solids material that may remain after secondary treatment. The chlorinated secondary effluent is pumped to an up flow, continuously backwashed media filter process. The media adsorbs the fine solids and those solids are continuously washed off the sand particles and the “reject” backwash water flows by gravity to the secondary clarifier influent. The filtered water is collected and flows to the tertiary filter clearwell, where it exits the plant or is reused for plant process water.
4.1.5.9 De-chlorination
After the wastewater passes through the tertiary filters, sulfur dioxide is applied to the final effluent as it discharges through the Parshall flume, to eliminate any remaining chlorine. Liquid Sulfur Dioxide is fed from two, one- (1) ton cylinders through an evaporator and injector, where it is mixed with water, and injected into the plant effluent.
4.1.5.10 Effluent flow measurement
All dry weather flow from the treatment plant is intended to pass through the tertiary filters for effluent polishing and is collected in a clearwell. The purpose of the clearwell is to provide a water source for non-potable plant water. Flow exits the filter clearwell through a 48" Parshall flume to Outfall 025.
4.1.5.11 Outfall 025
The treatment plant outfall provides a discharge point for the treated wastewater to reach Wildcat Creek and provides a point where the effluent quality can be sampled to determine plant performance and permit compliance. Treated water exits the tertiary filter clearwell through the Parshall flume into a discharge pipe and onto a concrete spillway. Metal plates have been installed on the effluent spillway to aerate the effluent prior to discharge. The water in the clearwell is sampled as it passes through the Parshall flume and is analyzed as representative of the effluent being discharged.
4.1.5.12 Sampling and monitoring
In addition to flow monitoring (quantity), the wastewater is sampled to determine quality. Four (4) permanent automatic sampling units are operated continuously for the collection of samples for analysis. The four locations are:
1. Influent wastewater is sampled the IPS Wet Well.
2. Highland Park Force Main.
1. Secondary effluent is sampled in a structure prior to the chlorine contact tank.
1. Plant effluent is sampled at the exit of the tertiary filter clear well.
4.1.5.13 Biosolids Treatment and Disposal
Excess biosolids are generated in the biological process and those solids (waste activated sludge) are removed to aerated holding tanks for storage. The solids are pumped from the aerated holding tanks across belt filter presses for dewatering. The biosolids end product is land applied per a “distribution land application permit”.
4.2.0 Chapter 2 - Administrative Controls
This Chapter describes administrative controls available to the Kokomo Sanitation Utility and concludes with recommendations for amending them, where appropriate and necessary, to meet the objectives of the revised CSSOP.
4.2.1 NPDES Permit Requirements
After several years of negotiation, IDEM issued a revised NPDES Permit to Kokomo in July 2000. The effective date of the permit was September 1, 2000. Kokomo is operating in compliance with that permit and is working toward meeting the requirements of Attachment A to the permit that delineates the items that Kokomo must achieve to meet the federal and state CSO Policy requirements. In summary, those requirements were as follows.
1. Meet narrative water quality standards at CSO Outfalls (26 identified in the permit).
2. Dry weather discharges from the CSO Outfalls are prohibited.
3. Report the frequency and duration of discharges from CSO Outfalls on the CSO DMR form.
4. Revise the CSSOP and submit it to IDEM.
5. Maximize the flow to and through the WWTP.
6. Incorporate two additional “minimum controls” for CSO operation – pollution prevention and public notification and submit updates of the plans for these two controls to IDEM.
7. Develop and submit a Stream Reach Characterization Evaluation Report (SRCER) to IDEM by March 1, 2002. (Completed)
8. Develop and submit a CSO Long Term Control Plan (LTCP) to IDEM.
On November 13, 2009, IDEM reviewed and issued a draft modification of NPDES Permit No. IN0032875. A modification to the permit included the removal of eliminated Combined Sewer Overflows (CSO’s) and Sanitary Sewer Overflows (SSO’s) and reflects the changes made to the Treatment Facility Description (Wet Weather Treatment Process). On January 29, 2010, IDEM issued the City of Kokomo the amendments to the Permit dated October 30, 2006. The amended provisions became effective on March 1, 2010.
4.2.2 Existing Local Controls
The Kokomo Sewer Use Ordinance was revised in October 1997 to update pretreatment requirements and to make the ordinance consistent with current EPA and IDEM guidance on sewer use ordinances. The sewer use ordinance regulates connections to the Kokomo sewers; the use of the sewers; substances that are prohibited from being discharged to the City’s sewers; and substances that are allowed to be discharged within specified limits. The ordinance is applicable to all users of the Kokomo collection system – residential, commercial and industrial. The revised ordinance was included in Attachment 3 to the March 2001 CSOOP. In August 2008, the City of Kokomo began revising the Sewer Use Ordinance to meet the needs of the wastewater treatment plant and collections system. In 2013, the City of Kokomo submitted its updated Sewer Use Ordinance to EPA for final approval.
In general, the existing sewer use ordinance addresses four major CSO related issues. The ordinance prohibits the introduction of any precipitation related flow into any new or existing sanitary sewer. New stormwater connections are prohibited. Application of this requirement in new construction has been consistent since the mid 1960s. Separate sewer systems have been required in all new areas of development. New construction in existing areas of separated sewer systems are required to separate inflow from sanitary sewage.
The ordinance prohibits the construction of new combined sewers. New construction in existing combined sewer areas generally require that inflow not be directly connected to the combined sewer system. The ordinance also requires that inflow sources from new construction be directed over ground to minimize and / or delay the introduction of the inflow to the older combined sewer system. In addition, the ordinance also indicates that when separate sewers are available the inflow will be directed to the storm sewer system.
Finally, the ordinance provides that the inflow/clear water connection to a combined sewer for any new building shall be made separate from and distinct from the sanitary waste connection to facilitate the disconnection of the former if a separate storm sewer subsequently becomes available.
Recently, the City initiated the process of modifying the existing Sewer Use Ordinance #6064, which became effective in 1997. The modification of the City’s existing Sewer Use Ordinance is necessary, in part, due to the revision of Local Discharge Limitations following the performance of periodic review required by 40 CFR 403I(1) and 327 IAC 5-18-2(b).
In accordance with these regulations, the City is required to “continue to develop” specific limits “as necessary” to ensure that the prohibitions listed in 403.5(a)(1) and (b) are properly implemented and enforced. Additionally, Part III.A.1 of the City’s NPDES Permit (#IN0032875) requires that the City “develop and maintain local limits as necessary to implement the prohibitions and standards in 327 IAC 5-18.”
During 2008 and 2009, the City of Kokomo performed a review to evaluate whether further development or modification of specific limits was warranted. It was determined that since the last revision of Local Limits was performed in 1997, a number of factors were identified which warranted the modification of the Local Limits contained in the current Sewer Use Ordinance.
The modification of the City’s existing Sewer Use Ordinance is also required to incorporate recent changes to the General Pretreatment Regulations (i.e., 40 CFR Part 403). The changes to 40 CFR Part 403 were contained in the Pretreatment Streamlining Rule which was promulgated as a Final Rule in the Federal Register on October 14, 2005 (i.e., 70 FR 60134 – 60198) and the Indiana Register on April 29, 2009 (i.e., 20090429-IR-327060156).
USEPA Region 5 and the Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM) have required that the City make the necessary modifications to fully implement the changes to the General Pretreatment Regulations which were included in the Pretreatment Streamlining Rule which became effective in Indiana on May 3, 2009.
The City of Kokomo submitted proposed pretreatment program modifications to USEPA Region 5 in March 2010. These modifications included a revised Sewer Use and Pretreatment Ordinance #6619 (including revised local discharge limitations), as well as a revised Enforcement Response Plan.
The proposed modifications received “tentative” approval from USEPA Region 5 on July 22, 2010. The City of Kokomo provided the required Public Notice of the proposed changes on September 20, 2010, and the comment period ended on October 20, 2010. The USEPA Region 5 instructed the City of Kokomo to re-submit ordinance #6619 after the City appealed its draft NPDES permit. Once the appeal decision, the Ordinance had to be first approved at the local level (Common Council). The local Common Council approved the proposed ordinance and it was submitted to the USEPA Region 5. Once “Final” approval is granted by USEPA Region 5, the revised Ordinance #6619 will then be formally adopted.
4.3.0 Chapter 3 - Organizational Structure and Responsibilities
4.3.1 Organization
Two City departments comprise the Sanitation Utility and currently have responsibility for management of components of the Kokomo Wastewater System. These two departments report to Director of City Operations.
6. Engineering Department - This department is responsible for collection system engineering and management.
7. Wastewater Treatment Plant - This department is responsible for wastewater treatment plant operation, lift station operation and maintenance, laboratory, pretreatment and NPDES Permit compliance and reporting. In 2009, the Sewer Maintenance Department was transferred to the Wastewater Treatment Plant. This department is responsible for sewer maintenance (includes cleaning and televising) and certain construction repairs (dependent on size and depth).
These departments work as a team in meeting the requirements of the combined sewer overflow program. Each department has been assigned primary responsibility for individual components or subcomponents of the nine minimum controls. Each Department Head reports directly to the Mayor, the Chief Executive Officer of the City.
Fiscal management and policy guidance for the Utility is the responsibility of the Board of Public Works and Safety. The Board has played an active role in budgeting for the operation, maintenance and management of the Utility and in implementing the capital improvement plan to achieve the improvements at the wastewater treatment plant. The Board has also played an integral role in mandating the coordination of the two (2) Utility departments.
4.3.1.1 Equipment
Equipment dedicated to maintenance of the collection system is managed by the Wastewater Treatment Plant Department. The Wastewater Treatment Plant Superintendent has established and maintains a program of equipment replacement based on need and available funding. Confined space entry equipment is owned by the Department.
The City has approximately 330 miles of sewer lines within the service area. Expected production from a jet rodder is about 3,500 feet cleaned per day and from a mechanical rodder is about 2,000 feet cleaned per day.
The equipment maintained for sewer maintenance is identified in the Table 4.
Table 4
Sewer Maintenance Equipment
|Type of Unit |# of Units |
|TV Truck with Camera and Software for Analysis of Videos |1 |
|Mechanical Rodder |1 |
|Hydraulic Jet Rodder |3 |
|Combination Jet Rodder/Vacuum Cleaner (Vactor) |2 |
|Extended Jet Rodder (for backyard cleaning) |1 |
|Sewer Repair Trucks (with accessory equipment) |3 |
|Backhoes |3 |
4.3.1.2 Staffing
The Sewer Maintenance Crew consists of twenty-five (25) employees. There are two (2) supervisors, two (2) Television Crewmen and twenty (20) maintenance staff.
4.3.1.3 Customer Complaints and Emergency Stoppages
A procedure was initially developed in the 1970’s and has been revised as needed throughout the years.
Customer complaints and reports of emergency stoppages are received per the following:
1. Calls received by Wastewater Treatment Plant Staff - The Wastewater Treatment Plant staff receives sewer maintenance related customer complaints and reports of emergency stoppages. These calls are received 24 hours per day, seven days per week since the wastewater treatment plant is manned around the clock. The Sewer Foremen are alerted that a customer complaint or report of emergency stoppage has been received.
1. Call received by the City Dispatch located in the Kokomo Police Department - Central Dispatch handles 911 and other emergency calls within the City. When this agency receives a sewer maintenance related customer complaint and report of emergency stoppage, they contact the sewer foreman via the beepers provided to the foremen. They provide the foreman on call with information regarding location and nature of call.
4.3.1.4 Preventive Maintenance Program
All catch basin cleaning is part of the sewer maintenance program managed by the Sewer Maintenance Department. The City has been divided in half (north and south) and the two jet rodders are assigned to each half of the City for routine maintenance and for emergency situations. The vacuum/hydraulic jet rodders are assigned as needed.
Sewer maintenance crews are assigned to planned preventive maintenance five (5) days per week (Monday through Friday). The crew’s work in specific sections defined assigned by their supervisors. All sanitary, combined and storm sewers (including catch basins) are cleaned in a section. The goal is for all sewers less than twenty-four (24’’) inch to be cleaned annually.
On Fridays, these crews are assigned to “problem” spots. These “problem” spots are primarily older sewers that require more frequent maintenance than two times per year. These “problem” spots have been identified by experience and where the most frequent calls originate.
Root removal and other cleaning operations are completed by using a high pressure jet rodding vehicle. This equipment is generally assigned to root and grease removal 30” diameter sewers and lees and is available to be assigned as needed throughout the City.
Many sewers are located in backyards with no alley access. As a result the Sewer Maintenance Department purchased a portable extended jet rodder that is used for maintenance of sewer lines not accessible to larger equipment.
All sewer maintenance work is currently recorded on a Sewer Maintenance Work Report. Information recorded includes area, date, truck number, location and footage cleaned. All data is entered into the plants database system.
4.3.1.5 Sewer Repairs
Structural problems within the sewer system are identified by a variety of methods including but not limited to TV Inspections, as a result of a citizen complaint or emergency stoppage, reports from cleaning crews or reports from inspection/survey crews. Problems are categorized as major or minor. Minor problems are generally those that require repairs requiring one day or less and do not require replacement of significant portions of the sewer system. Examples of minor repairs are rehabilitation of existing catch basins or manholes or raising manholes. Anything beyond the scope described above would be classified as a major problem.
Major problems are referred to the Sewer System Manager in the Engineering Department for prioritization, evaluation and development of a plan of repair. Depending upon the nature and extent of the problem, the Sewer System Manager may develop a plan of action and return the plan to the Sewer Foreman for action or may develop a plan of action involving an outside contractor.
4.3.1.6 Street Cleaning
Street cleaning is managed by the Street Department through the Roadway Maintenance Division. The City of Kokomo owns and operates four (4) street sweepers. The City is responsible for maintenance of approximately 200 miles of streets. These sweepers are routinely operated from April through December. It is expected that sweepers will clean 3 to 4 miles of streets per working day. To complete the entire City approximately 2 to 3 weeks is required. Street sweepings are landfilled.
If the Street Department is aware of unusual conditions that would cause a particular street or area to have excessive debris on the streets, one or more sweeper is assigned to clean that area more often. An example of this focused street cleaning would be an area where home construction is occurring. In this case, truck traffic may leave construction debris on the roadway thus causing the sweeping to be focused in that area. Focused sweeping will also occur when street surfaces are be removed by grinding in preparation for resurfacing. During the fall leaf pickup, the street sweepers are focused to follow the leaf collection crews to provide a final cleanup of streets and gutters.
4.3.1.7 Data Management and Records Retention
In 2008, a sewer maintenance management system was established. The system has been developed internally utilizing a data base computer program. The program is primarily used to track customer complaints and reports of emergency stoppages, sewer cleaning, catch basin cleaning and sewer televising. In addition, all sewer maintenance activities are entered into the database.
4.4.0 Chapter 4 - Control Strategy
4.4.1 Goals/Activities
As the City moves towards the development and implementation of its Long Term Control Plan, several interim goals have been achieved.
8. Elimination of dry weather discharges from combined sewer overflows.
9. Reduction in the frequency and duration of wet weather discharges from combined sewer overflows through proper maintenance of the collection and treatment systems and utilization of storage capacity within the existing system
10. Minimization of the pollutant load during wet weather discharges from combined sewer overflows.
11. Processing wet weather flows to the maximum extent possible without causing short term or long term damage to equipment and/or treatment process performance.
12. Initiated a comprehensive collection system evaluation in February 2000 that included rainfall data collection, short and long term monitoring and manhole inspections. The study report was finalized in 2001 and provided direction for further study and preliminary information to initiate the long-term control planning process.
13. Conducted a Stream Reach Characterization and Evaluation (SRCE). The SRCE was completed between February and December 2001 and the report was transmitted to IDEM by March 1, 2002.
14. The findings of the SRCE indicated that the impact of the CSOs was only on the bacterial levels and those impacts were short lived.
15. The SRCE also indicated that even if all CSOs were eliminated, water quality exceedances would still occur because of upstream activities outside of the control of the Kokomo Sanitation Utility.
16. Water quality in the receiving streams is influenced by the contaminated sediment from the Continental Steel Superfund Site.
17. The SRCE also found that:
The water quality of the receiving streams is influenced by existing low level dams; and
18. A high level fishery (bass and walleye) exist in the Wildcat Creek downstream of the CSOs and WWTP.
The CSO Long Term Control Plan (LTCP) (February 2003) recommends several early action items that include the elimination of several CSO Outfalls. Because of dry weather in 2002 and the identification of several sanitary sewer relief points, the modeling for the LTCP was not able to be completed. Additional sewer flow monitoring was conducted in the spring of 2003 and that data is now being evaluated and incorporated into the modeling effort. An addendum addressing the modeling and scheduled activities to address all CSO Outfalls will be submitted to IDEM by March 1, 2004.
In 2008, nine (9) CSO’s along with the City of Kokomo’s remaining two (2) SSR’s were eliminated. In additional flow monitoring devices were installed at nineteen (19) CSO locations.
4.4.2 Capacity of Wastewater Treatment Plant
The treatment capacity of the Kokomo WWTP is 23.5 MGD. The hydraulic design flow is 30 MGD and the instantaneous peak flow rate was established at 40 MGD. Biological nitrification limits the treatment capacity to 23.5 MGD during dry weather and 30 MGD during wet weather. Internal plant piping limits the hydraulic flow to 40 MGD.
4.4.3 Capacity of the Interceptor Junction Area
The WWTP receives flow from four (4) major interceptors:
• 48" Southside Interceptor
• 30" sewer with flow from the 48" Northside Interceptor and 21" Fay Beal Interceptor
• 36" Pete’s Run Relief Sewer Interceptor
• 48" Park Avenue Interceptor (through parallel 18" and 27" sewers)
The Interceptor Junction Box has three (3) parallel outlet sewer lines (two 36" sewers and one 33" sewer) flowing to a new Junction Box, designated as Junction Box No. 1 (JB #1).
The potential performance-limiting factor for transporting flow from the Interceptor Junction Box into the WWTP is the operator’s control of the influent pumping rate of the influent pump station. The influent pumping rate is under the control of operating personnel. Operation of the influent lift station is directed by standard operating procedures, which provide guidance for maximizing flow into the POTW.
4.4.4 Sewer System Capacity
Two studies performed for Kokomo in the past 20 years provide limited data and information relative to the overall operation of the collection system in Kokomo, as it currently exists.
The results of a 1982 Infiltration/Inflow Report showed measured base flow the wastewater treatment plant of 12.809 MGD of which 9.083 MGD was theoretical flow and 3.726 was dry weather infiltration. During wet weather, an average of 9.489 MGD high ground water infiltration and 13.957 MGD inflow entered the system. The study, at that time, found 24 of 46 overflows active during most rains, discharging an average of 7.321 MGD. During the study it was determined that several overflows were taking in creek water during high creek flow, and several more show high potential for large back flow during flood stage in the creeks.
The second study, Sewer System Hydraulic Simulation Model by RQAW, was completed in 1989. The model was developed using “HYDRA Storm and Sanitary Sewer Analysis” Software. 1 year, 2 year and 5 year storms were modeled during the study. Based on the 2-year storm, the model identified approximately 2,184,000 gallons of excess capacity within the sewer system. However, no significant amount of storage capacity existed in any single location. The excess storage capacity would be available for rerouting flows from one area to another.
The City completed a study in 2001 that investigated flows at key points in the collection system and measured rainfall in fifteen-minute increments. The purpose of the study was to establish a real time correlation between rainfall and peak flow at the key point in the system.
4.4.5 Approaches to Combined Sewer Overflow Controls
To reduce the impact of CSO events on receiving streams, the City promotes reduction of contaminant loadings through several ongoing programs.
• The City’s Industrial Pretreatment program is effective in reducing pollutant loadings discharged to the collection system.
• Inflow pollutant sources from street runoff are controlled through effective street cleaning operations and catch basin cleaning.
• Finally, regular cleaning of the sewer system prevents material from depositing in the mains reducing the impact of high flows re-suspending pollutants and discharging them during a CSO activation event.
4.4.6 Maximum Operation of Existing Facilities
Through ongoing maintenance operations in the sewer system and at the WWTP, and by operating the facilities by written standard operating procedures, the capacity of the existing POTW facilities are being maximized to transport flow to the WWTP and minimize the frequency, duration and volume of CSO discharges.
The collection system pump stations operate automatically based on wet well water level. Therefore, during wet weather events the collection system pump stations will maximize pumping capacity automatically based on the wet well water levels generated from influent sewer discharge.
Since the majority of CSO structures are fixed overflow weirs, they automatically maximize the volume of flow transported to the WWTP during wet weather events. Since backwater flooding from the Wildcat Creek into the sewer system is possible due to elevations, an ongoing maintenance program for the Flap Gates and Tideflex Valves is critical to maintain the capacity of the collection system to transport wastewater rather than back flood creek water. Tideflex Valves or Flap Gates have been installed on all CSO discharge locations susceptible to inflow from the Wildcat or Kokomo Creeks.
4.4.7 Public involvement in the development and implementation of the program
The Mayor appointed a citizens advisory committee in the spring of 1998. This nine (9) person committee met every 2 weeks for 4 months to develop an understanding of the Kokomo wastewater system and to make recommendations to the Mayor and City Council for addressing problems and making improvements to the system. Although addressing combined sewer overflows and managing a combined sewer system was not the principle focus of the committee, the committee did recommend that the Sanitation Utility needed to develop a better understanding of the dynamics of the collection system and that the Utility needed to develop long-term capital improvement and management plans for the collection system and for the WWTP. The collection system study recommended by the committee was initiated in January 2000 and the report is being finalized.
In addition, the Mayor’s Office worked with the Wildcat Guardians, IDEM, IDNR and the local media to sponsor a canoe trip on the Wildcat Creek in May 1998. The purpose of the canoe trip was to develop a better understanding of the local environment and to better understand the environmental issues along the Wildcat, including the number and location of CSO outfalls. More than 30 local and state environmentalists and leaders participated in this event.
Additionally, as the Preliminary Engineering Reports (PERs) were being developed for the phased capital improvements, public hearings were held to explain the PERs and to solicit public input. Those PERs have been filed with IDEM for SRF Loan purposes. Activities in each of the first two (2) phases include sewer repair work to reduce inflow and infiltration in the collection system. A major component of the first phase is construction of a new wet well and influent pump station at the WWTP to eliminate the surcharging in the collection system. This has been discussed with the citizen’s advisory committee, during the public hearings and at various civic group meetings (e.g., Rotary) around the community during the past 2 years.
In January 2002, the Mayor and City Council appointed a 12 member Citizens Steering Committee for Water Quality to assist the development of the CSO LTCP and the mandated Storm Water Management Plan. This committee met nine (9) times throughout 2002 and in early 2003 to help identify sensitive areas and to help prioritize CSO LTCP actions. In addition, the committee was expanded during the year and subsequently grew to a membership of more than 15 citizens representing a broad array of community interests. A public meeting was held in February 2003 to review and discuss the CSO LTCP.
The City of Kokomo conducts annual CSO notification meeting to inform the public of any changes to the CSO’s.
4.5.0 Chapter 5 - Implementation Schedule
Kokomo’s primary objective in meeting local, state and federal requirements is the full implementation of the Nine Minimum Controls (NMCs) consistent with the Utility’s NPDES Permit.
Implementation of the Nine Minimum Controls
4.5.1 Proper Operation and Regular Maintenance Programs
In order to maximize the performance of the wastewater system’s ability to handle wet weather flows and minimize CSO events, both the collection and treatment facilities must have consistent high quality operation and maintenance programs.
The Sanitation Utility implemented a wastewater system maintenance program to increase the performance and reliability of the wastewater system to process the maximum flow under all conditions. The following program elements are part of the ongoing operation and maintenance of the collection system.
1. Monthly CSO Outfall Inspection - This effort provides CSO monitoring and maintenance inspection to insure proper operating condition of the CSO outfalls and structures.
2. Lift Station Inspection & Monitoring - This effort provides for routine inspection of lift stations and the continuous monitoring of lift station performance in order to respond to alarm conditions.
3. Siphon Inspection & Cleaning - This provides for routine inspection and cleaning of the siphons in the collection system that can control the transporting capacity of the collection system.
4. Sewer Cleaning - This includes the ongoing routine sewer cleaning as well as cleaning operations in response to blocked or reduced capacity sewer lines.
5. Manhole Inspection & Repair - This provides for the regular inspection of manholes for sources of inflow/infiltration and the ongoing repair program a manhole defects as they are identified in the collection system.
6. Sewer Point Repairs - Repairs are made to correct defects identified in the sewer collection system. These include repair/replacement of sewer main breaks, slip lining of sewer mains, replacement of defective sewer service taps, as well as incorporation of inflow source separation during sewer renovation and storm sewer construction projects.
7. WWTP Maintenance Program - This effort is the ongoing operation of a preventive and corrective maintenance program at the WWTP to insure the operability of all critical equipment components required to process at least 40 MGD during any wet weather event.
Completion of the above activities provides assurances that the capacity of the existing collection system will be maintained during wet weather events.
4.5.2 Update Existing Sewer System Maps and Associated Resources
The Kokomo wastewater collection system has grown and expanded over several decades without the advantage of good documentation. As a result, documentation of the sewers in the collection system is limited. In addition, the available records are not integrated into a single database of information. Currently the Utility has a single integrated computer based mapping system to document the sewer collection system based on available record drawings. The mapping system is updated continuously based on sewer televising and sewer repairs. In 1999, the Engineering Department initiated a mapping program that computerized and centralized the mapping for the sewer system. The mapping also included an inventory and verification of the location of infrastructure on the maps. Each base map, structure, and sewer run will be digitized and added into a database with other electronic geographic information. The map will also include combined sewers, drainage infrastructure, and lift stations.
The City has also implemented an aggressive program to enter sewer information installed as part of new development. As-built drawings as well as electronic versions of collection system maps are required from developers prior to release of performance bonds.
The Engineering Department is responsible for the ongoing maintenance and update of the information based.
4.5.3 Development of a Sewer System Data Management System
In order to develop an effective sewer cleaning system, the operating characteristics of the wastewater collection system must be document. Through this documentation, weak points in the collection system’s performance can be identified and appropriate maintenance operations can be performed in a timely manner. All daily cleaning (routine and corrective) of the sanitary and storm sewers are entered into a database which can be viewed by each department. Along with this, all sewer complaints are recorded.
All sewer collection system data is now documented and maintained on a computer database for easy review and evaluation. Monthly review of documented complaints, field investigations, repair work, blockages, lift station operating records, corrective actions, etc. will identify specific operation and maintenance routines and frequencies required in order to maintain the collection system. Each of the City departments involved with maintenance and inspection of the sewer system (Engineering, Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Maintenance personnel) have the capability to issue work orders for the collection system along with viewing each sanitary sewer, storm sewer and structure within the City of Kokomo.
Since responsibility for management, operation and maintenance of the Sanitation Utility’s wastewater system is divided among three separate City departments, the Utility will develop a management system, which integrates the operating and maintenance information for the City’s operating divisions into a single coordinate data base. This single integrated data base will provide a record of operating performance as well as information for evaluating and focusing resources for future work activity to insure the maintenance of the wastewater system’s operating capacity during wet weather. In 2009, the Superintendent instituted weekly meetings involving the Sewer System Manager, Storm Water Manager, Pretreatment Inspections, Sewer Maintenance Supervision, Assistant Superintendent (WWTP) and Superintendent to discuss issues within the system.
4.5.4 Catch Basin Cleaning Program
Catch basin cleaning has been handled in a manner similar to the preventive sewer maintenance. The Crews are assigned by the City of Kokomo Street Commissioner to areas based on the sections of the City. In order to enhance the CSO program, catch basin cleaning must be prioritized based on the type of system into which the catch basins drain. The highest priority will be for catch basins that drain directly into a combined sewer system. These catch basins will need to be cleaned on a semi-annually. By keeping the settlement area of these catch basins clean, a reduction in pollutants in CSO overflows should be accomplished. All other catch basins will be cleaned on an annual basis. Reporting forms have been developed which allow verification of cleaning and allow reporting of structural problems with individual catch basins.
4.5.5 Replacement or Rehabilitation of Flap Gates on CSOs
The City of Kokomo has implemented an aggressive program to reduce the amount of inflow into the collection system when there are elevated flows in the Wildcat and Kokomo Creeks. In 1999, the City installed eight (8) “Tideflex” valves on CSO outfall pipes most susceptible to inflow. These pressure differential style valves require a certain amount of head or storage behind them to operate.
4.5.6 Develop a Sewer Maintenance Training Program
A key element in the success of the CSO program will be sewer maintenance supervisors and workers who know how to effectively clean sewers and how to identify and report problems which may impact the CSO program to the proper personnel. A sewer maintenance training program based on the two volumes Sacramento State Correspondence Course was delivered all sewer maintenance employees in the winter of 2001 / 2002. Specific training regarding the Kokomo collection system was included.
4.5.7 Update and Improve CSO Inspection Program
The monitoring of CSO Outfalls has evolved over the past several years. Initially, WWTP maintenance personnel were visually monitoring the CSO’s. On January 1, 1999 a new position, CSO Inspector, was created within the Sanitation Utility (assigned to the Sewer Maintenance Group in the Street Department) to check all permitted CSO Outfalls Monday through Friday. With the installation of flow monitors in 2008 at each CSO, personnel have the capability of monitoring each site instantaneously. These locations are monitored continuously. Monitoring consists of actual “Start” and “Stop” times along with flow volume (mgd). In addition to the CSO flow monitors, five (5) rain gauges are installed as shown in Figure 5. They are located at 1) Alto South Lift Station (South West section of the City limits), 2) Appersonway Lift Station (North section of the City limits), 3) Transit Center (Center of the City Limits), 4) Lincoln Park Lift Station (South East section of the City limits) and 5) Sycamore Street Lift Station (North West section of the City limits).
4.5.8 Maximization of Storage in the Collection System
The active sewer maintenance efforts and coordination between the sewer system manager and the sewer maintenance foremen have improved the storage capacity in the collection system. Several areas have been cleaned by City crews and on several occasions when the City’s equipment and/or staff was incapable of addressing maintenance efforts, the Utility hired private contractors to clean sewers (e.g., Jefferson Street, Southside interceptor, Southside interceptor under Wildcat Creek).
4.5.9 Review and Modification of Pretreatment Requirements
The City’s Sewer Use Ordinance (SUO) was updated in 1997 as part of an agreed order between the City and US EPA. The principle focus of the Ordinance updates was the Industrial Pretreatment Program and incorporation of PIRT and DSS requirements mandated by US EPA. This included updating local limits in the SUO. US EPA approved the revised SUO and updated pretreatment program in 1998 and the City has been actively enforcing the program since then. All industrial pretreatment permits to the significant industrial users were updated and reissued. In August 2008, Pretreatment personnel began reviewing and updating the Sewer Use Ordinance. The revisions to the Sewer Use Ordinance have been sent to the USEPA Region 5 and IDEM for review.
4.5.10 Maximization of Flow to the WWTP for Treatment
As stated previously, the maximum sustainable treatment flow through the WWTP is limited by the activated sludge secondary treatment process, which has a 23.5 MGD dry weather or 30 MGD wet weather treatment capacity. The WWTP can process wastewater at a flow rate of 40 MGD for a short period of time (less than 4 hours) without causing long-term damage to its treatment capacity. With the upgrade to the tertiary filters and the aeration modifications to the activated sludge process completed, the WWTP is able to treat a sustained wet weather flow of 40 MGD. In addition, the reduction of in-plant sidestreams is implemented to maximize the amount of wastewater flow from the collection system entering the WWTP.
4.5.11 Elimination of CSOs during Dry Weather
Since 1997, the Utility has made a concerted effort to eliminate dry weather overflows. The daily sewer system inspection program coupled with increased maintenance in critical areas focused cleaning at siphons and maximization of flow through the WWTP has virtually eliminated dry weather overflows.
In the event that a dry weather overflow (SSO) should occur, the following “Standard Operating Procedure” as shown in Appendix 1 will be utilized:
Appendix 1
Sanitary Sewer Overflow (SSO)
Standard Operating Procedure for Responding to SSO Releases
Incident: Sanitary Sewage Release in the environment.
Purpose: To contain release, locate possible cause of release and to cease any further release of sanitary
sewage to Surface Waters, Streams, Soil, Basements, Rivers, Lakes, Ponds and Paved Areas.
The following are possible ways by which City of Kokomo personnel may be contacted regarding a sanitary sewage release:
➢ Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM)
➢ Department of Natural Resources (DNR)
➢ Kokomo Police Department
➢ Kokomo Fire Department
➢ Industries
➢ Businesses
➢ Citizens
➢ Other City Departments
In the event that City of Kokomo personnel are contacted regarding a possible sanitary sewage release, the “Illicit Discharge – Personnel Organizational Structure” (Attachment 1) will be implemented and the following Standard Operating Procedure will be used to notify and to establish duties of the appropriate personnel.
Notification – Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM) or Department of Natural Resources (DNR)
Discharge to Surface Water, Streams, Soil, Basements, Rivers, Lakes, Ponds and Paved Areas
1. Wastewater Treatment Plant Superintendent.
The wastewater treatment superintendent and/or the wastewater treatment plant assistant superintendent will be the first responder(s) to the incident and will assume operational control of the site. The superintendent and assistant superintendent vehicles are equipped with containment buoys and sample collection kits. The superintendent will also utilize a laptop computer that contains the City’s sewer system maps. Upon inspection of the site to determine the means, severity and environmental impact of the release, the wastewater treatment superintendent and/or the wastewater treatment plant assistant superintendent will contact the following personnel:
1. Sewer System Manager
2. On-call Sewer Maintenance Supervisor
3. Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations / Maintenance Supervisor
4. On-call Pre-treatment Inspector II
5. Wastewater Treatment Plant Laboratory Director
6. Outside Environmental Contractors
2. Sewer System Manager.
The sewer system manager will isolate the location of the sanitary sewage blockage and/or problem and will inform the wastewater treatment plant superintendent and the sewer maintenance supervisor of his findings. The sewer system manager will inform the wastewater treatment superintendent and sewer maintenance supervisor of possible solutions to relieve the blockage (Jet Rodding, Bypass pumping around blockage, etc).
3. On-call Sewer Maintenance Supervisor.
The sewer maintenance supervisor will consult with the sewer system manager and wastewater treatment plant superintendent regarding the procedure which will be used to correct the problem. Upon inspection of the site to determine the means, severity and environmental impact of the release, the wastewater treatment superintendent and/or the wastewater treatment plant assistant superintendent will contact the following personnel:
1. Jet Rodder (3)
2. Jet Vactor (2)
3. Conventional Rodder
4. Backhoe (2)
5. Dump Truck (5)
6. Manhole Builder Truck (2)
4. Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations / Maintenance Supervisor.
If the discharge is caused by any of the eighteen (18) city owned and operated lift stations, then the wastewater treatment plant superintendent will contact the on-call plant operations/maintenance supervisor. The supervisor will then contact a response crew to cease any further release of sanitary sewage. The supervisor may utilize any and all of the following wastewater treatment plant equipment:
1. Back-up portable generator(s)
2. 6” trash pump
3. Hose trailer with 800’ of 6’ discharge hose
4. 3” trash pump with 200’ of discharge hose
5. Portable Generator/Welder
6. Lighting
5. On-call Pre-treatment Inspector II.
If it is deemed necessary to collect samples of the discharged sewage, then the wastewater treatment plant superintendent will contact the on-call pretreatment inspector II. The inspector II response vehicle is equipped with containment buoys and sample collection kits. The inspector II will also utilize a laptop computer that contains the City’s sewer system maps.
6. Outside Environmental Contractors.
Local Environmental Contractor has supplied the City of Kokomo with 24 hour Emergency Response numbers along with an equipment list. (Attachment 2)
Notification – Kokomo Fire Department/Industries/Businesses/Citizens/Other City Departments
Discharge into Sanitary / Combined Sewer System
1. Sewer System Manager.
The sewer system manager will be the first responder to the incident and will assume operational control of the site. Upon inspection of the site to determine the means, severity and environmental impact of the release, the sewer system manager will contact the following personnel:
1. Wastewater Treatment Superintendent
2. On-call Sewer Maintenance Supervisor
3. Outside Environmental Contractors
4. City Engineer
2. Wastewater Treatment Plant Superintendent.
The wastewater treatment superintendent and/or the wastewater treatment plant assistant superintendent will be the second responder(s) to the incident. The Sewer System Manager will retain operational control of the incident site. The superintendent and assistant superintendent vehicles are equipped with containment buoys and sample collection kits. The superintendent will also utilize a laptop computer that contains the City’s sewer system maps. Upon inspection of the site to determine the means, severity and environmental impact of the release, the wastewater treatment superintendent and/or the wastewater treatment plant assistant superintendent will contact the following personnel:
1. On-call Sewer Maintenance Supervisor
2. Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations / Maintenance Supervisor
3. On-call Pre-treatment Inspector II
4. Wastewater Treatment Plant Laboratory Director
5. Outside Environmental Contractors
3. On-call Sewer Maintenance Supervisor.
The sewer maintenance supervisor will consult with the sewer system manager and wastewater treatment plant superintendent regarding the procedure which will be used to correct the problem. Upon inspection of the site to determine the means, severity and environmental impact of the release, the wastewater treatment superintendent and/or the wastewater treatment plant assistant superintendent will contact the following personnel:
1. Jet Rodder (3)
2. Jet Vactor (2)
3. Conventional Rodder
4. Backhoe (2)
5. Dump Truck (5)
6. Manhole Builder Truck (2)
4. Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations / Maintenance Supervisor.
If the discharge is caused by any of the eighteen (18) city owned and operated lift stations, then the wastewater treatment plant superintendent will contact the on-call plant operations/maintenance supervisor. The supervisor will then contact a response crew to cease any further release of sanitary sewage. The supervisor may utilize any and all of the following wastewater treatment plant equipment:
7. Back-up portable generator(s)
8. 6” trash pump
9. Hose trailer with 800’ of 6’ discharge hose
10. 3” trash pump with 200’ of discharge hose
11. Portable Generator/Welder
12. Lighting
5. On-call Pre-treatment Inspector II.
If it is deemed necessary to collect samples of the discharged sewage, then the wastewater treatment plant superintendent will contact the on-call pretreatment inspector II. The inspector II response vehicle is equipped with containment buoys and sample collection kits. The inspector II will also utilize a laptop computer that contains the City’s sewer system maps.
6. Outside Environmental Contractors.
Local Environmental Contractor has supplied the City of Kokomo with 24 hour Emergency Response numbers along with an equipment list.
4.5.12 Control of Floatable Materials in CSOs
The City’s street sweeping activity described below has been the principle activity to control floatable materials at CSO Outfalls. As part of the long term control planning process, the Utility will explore additional activity and technologies to determine if additional control is needed.
4.5.13 Street Sweeping
The City of Kokomo owns and operates four street sweepers. The City is responsible for maintenance of approximately 200 miles of streets. These sweepers are routinely operated year-round. Since the street sweepers carry water to perform the cleaning task, the sweepers cannot operate during sub zero weather and are shut down during this time. The street sweepers work from south to north in the City, cleaning all streets as they work north. When they have completed cleaning all streets, they begin the cycle again. It is estimated that the four sweepers can clean approximately 3 to 4 miles of streets per working day. To complete the entire City approximately 2 to 3 weeks is required. Street sweeping are deposited in a holding pit on the wastewater treatment plant property and ultimately hauled to landfill for disposal. If the Street Department is aware of unusual conditions that would cause a particular street or area to have excessive debris on the streets, one or more sweeper is assigned to clean that area more often. An example of this focused street cleaning would be an area where home construction is occurring. In this case, truck traffic may leave construction debris on the roadway thus causing the sweeping to be focused in that area. Focused sweeping will also occur when street surfaces are be removed by grinding in preparation for resurfacing. During the fall leaf pickup, the street sweepers are focused to follow the leaf collection crews to provide a final cleanup of streets and gutters.
4.5.14 End of Pipe Floatable Controls
End of pipe floatable controls will be incorporated into the addendum to the LTCP.
4.5.15 CSO Impact Characterization
The Utility contracted Strand Associates to conduct the Stream Reach Characterization and Evaluation (SRCE). The purpose of the SRCE was to ascertain the impacts of CSOs. The SRCER was submitted to IDEM by March 1, 2002, per requirements in the City’s NPDES Permit. A brief summary of the findings was incorporated into a previous section of this document. In 2008, the City of Kokomo began Biological / Chemical sampling of the East Fork of the Little Wildcat Creek, Kokomo Creek and the Wildcat Creek.
4.5.16 Pollution Prevention Programs To Reduce Contaminants in CSOs
As part of the improved pretreatment program, the Utility has encouraged commercial establishments with grease traps or grease interceptors to implement routine cleaning and maintenance. This effort has reduced the amount of grease blockages in the collection system and prevented pollution from being discharged from a CSO because of a grease blockage.
4.5.17 Public Education Programs
The Howard County Recycling District (HCRD) currently promotes several public education programs that contribute to the pollution prevention control for CSOs. Anti littering is included in the presentations both to adult groups and to school groups. The HCRD also promotes production substitution and proper use of products such as fertilizers, pesticides and fertilizers through their yard waste minimization and home composting programs as well as their rain barrel workshops. The City will continue to support these programs but will not try to duplicate the efforts of the HCRD. The Mayor of Kokomo serves on the Executive Board of the Recycling District and will continue to support efforts that not only benefit solid waste management but also contribute to the success of the CSO program. In addition, the Utility, as part of the long term control planning process will develop brochures and informational handouts to educate the public about CSOs and their management.
4.5.18 Solid Waste Collection and Recycling
The Street Department collects trash and garbage from all residences within the City on a weekly basis. In addition, City crews collect large items, brush, grass and leaves from all residences within the City. Trash receptacles are maintained in business areas and all City parks.
4.5.19 Illegal Dumping
The HCRD instituted an Illegal Dumping Ordinance where properties outside City limits where an illegal dump has been found, the site will be investigated and if a person or persons are caught dumping materials in a non certified landfill can be fined and such costs shall not exceed the sum of $2,500 per violation and shall also be entitled to seek injunctive or other similar relief through the Howard Circuit or Superior Courts to obtain orders requiring persons violating to clean up a dumping area and prohibiting further or future dumping. (BCC Ord. 1993-24, passed 6-28-93)
4.5.20 Household Hazardous Waste Collection
The HCRD instituted a Household Hazardous Waste Collection program in 1994, which operated on a monthly basis in the spring and summer months with halting the collections in the fall and winter. In 2007 the HCRD opened a full time collection point for all residents of the City of Kokomo and Howard County to dispose of their HHW on a regular basis. Residents are allowed to bring their materials Monday through Friday 8 AM to 4 PM or by appointments in evenings or weekends. With the household hazardous waste collection, the HCRD also offers collections for used motor oil, antifreeze, used tires, electronics, mercury containing items, sharps and lancets, cleaners, and batteries, Since the inception of the full time facility over 1.4 million pounds of materials have been collected. The City will continue to support these efforts but will not duplicate the activities of the HCRD.
4.5.21 Public Notification
Posting Signs at Potentially Affected Areas
The City Traffic Department installed signs at all CSO Outfall locations. The signs read:
NOTICE: This is a combined sewer overflow outfall. This water can become polluted during or after rain events or snowmelt. In the case of discharges from this outfall during dry weather or for more detailed information please call [local sewer authority and phone number]. CSO outfall [#].
The signs were installed by March 1, 2001.
Appendix 2 shows an example of press release for public notification request:
Appendix 2
Press Announcement – For Immediate Release
Contact: City of Kokomo Wastewater Treatment Plant (765) 457-5509
Combined Sewer Overflow Notification List
The Indiana Department of Environmental Management requires CSO communities, like the City of Kokomo, to notify the public when a CSO discharge is imminent or has occurred.
Combined sewer systems are wastewater collection systems designed to carry both sanitary wastewater and stormwater in one pipe to a wastewater treatment plant. In the City of Kokomo, a CSO discharge may occur when there is 0.5 inches or more precipitation in a 24 hour period. A CSO event may result in the discharge of untreated stormwater and sanitary wastewater directly into Wildcat Creek, Kokomo Creek, and/or the East Fork Wildcat Creek. To avoid getting possible health problems, it is important that the public avoid contact with these affected waters for a 24 hour period following any CSO discharge.
If a CSO discharge has occurred, the City of Kokomo will notify interested individuals and organizations via email, telephone or the US mail. If you live adjacent to or downstream of a CSO outfall and would like to be notified in the coming year about CSO discharges please forward your name, address, telephone number and email address to the Kokomo Sanitation Utility at the address below.
CSO Public Notification List
City of Kokomo Wastewater Treatment Department
1501 W. Markland Ave.
Kokomo, IN 46901
Chris Cooper, Superintendent
4.5.22 Public Participation Meetings
The City held informational meetings for the public during the development of the long-term control plan. Media coverage of the informational meetings allowed the news media to inform a wider audience of the potential problems related to CSO discharges and the plans to reduce or eliminate the occurrences of CSO discharges.
4.6.0 Monitoring To Characterize CSO Impacts
Pursuant to the requirements of the City’s NPDES permit, the City of Kokomo completed an in-stream sampling program during wet and dry weather. A sample of the sampling protocol prepared for this effort is included in Appendix 3.
The wet weather sampling was scheduled to occur between spring, summer and early fall (May through October) when the Little Wildcat Creek would be at its lowest flow and when the area was most likely used for recreation.
Dry weather stream sampling was performed in the same manner as the wet weather stream sampling from the same stream sites with a minimum 72-hour period without rain or snow melt.
Stream sampling sites were tested weekly for E-Coli regardless of weather conditions. The same procedures were used to collect the weekly samples as the wet weather samples.
Guidance issued by IDEM, defines sensitive areas, as water impacted by CSO discharges that must be given the highest priority for CSO discharge elimination, relocation or control. Examples of such areas include:
• Habitat for threatened or endangered species.
• Primary contact recreational areas such as swimming and water skiing areas.
• Drinking water source waters.
• Streams those are safe and accessible near residential areas, schools, or parks.
• Outstanding state resource waters or outstanding national resource waters.
No threatened or endangered species were identified in the Little Wildcat Creek during the biological study.
4.7.0 Stream Reach Characterization and Evaluation
The Stream Reach Characterization and Evaluation Report (SRCER) demonstrated the characteristics of CSO impacts and the efficacy of the CSO controls implemented under the CSO Operational Plan. It also established baseline data necessary to evaluate and select appropriate long-term CSO controls. The sampling protocol is described in Appendix 3.
The following observations can be made on the water quality and CSO sampling results:
1. During both wet and dry weather, the E-Coli levels in the Little Wildcat Creek are above the water quality criteria. However, it does not appear that the Kokomo wastewater system is responsible for the high levels of bacteria. Upstream levels are above the water quality criteria before they enter to the defined stream reach during wet and dry weather.
2. Other typical CSO pollutants of concerns (cBOD, TSS, nutrients, metals, dissolved oxygen) in the Little Wildcat Creek are not affected by discharges from the CSO 035 (was eliminated in 2008).
3. With the exception of bacteria levels, the Little Wildcat Creek meets the water quality standards during wet and dry weather.
4. Water quality bacteria Exceedences still persist in the Little Wildcat Creek even after CSO 035 was eliminated due to poor upstream water quality.
Appendix 3
CSO Discharge & Pollutant Loading Study
Sampling Protocol
City Drinking Water
• 1X/month
• Tap in building
Rodger’s Home & Jennifer/Shelly’s
• Run water for 10 minutes before sampling
• Cu+ - GRAB
• CN- - GRAB
Domestic Sewage
• 2X/month
• 2 Sites (General Area)
Terrace Meadows and Indian Heights
• No flow measurement needed
• Cu+ - Time-composite
• CN- - GRAB
WWTP Recycle Streams and Influent
• 2X/month
• 3 Sites (General Area)
Belt Press Sump
Cu -Time-composite/composite of grab samples
Tertiary Filter Backwash Tank
Cu -Time-composite/composite of grab samples
Supernatant from Aerated Sludge Tank
Cu+ - GRAB
CN- - GRAB
Non-point Source Discharge
• 1X/month
• 3 Sites (General Area)
Kokomo Lumber Company
Downtown Kokomo
Continental Steel
• One hour after rainfall begins
• No flow measurement necessary
• Cu+ - GRAB
• CN- - GRAB
CSO Sampling
• 4 Events
Event: A rainfall intense enough to overflow the combined sewer system at the sample location occurring after a minimum 72-hour period of no precipitation or snowmelt.
• 6 Locations
CSOs # 1, #6, #14, #27, #31, and #45A.
• 2 Composite Samples
• Use automatic samplers
Need 24, one-liter bottles
Program to fill 1 bottle every 5 minutes for the first hour of flow.
Note: The first 12 bottles equal sample 1.
Program to fill 1 bottle every 10 minutes for the next 2 hours.
Note: This second set of 12 bottles equals sample 2.
River Sampling – Wet Weather
• 4 Events
• 6 Locations (General)
US 31 Bridge
Defenbaugh Street Bridge
Carter Street
McCann Street
County Road 300 West
CSO #27
• First 2 Sampling Events:
1 sample should be taken within 1 hour after the CSO’s begin to overflow and then
at hour # 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24.
Ex. CSO overflow at 8 AM
Sample at:
• 9 AM Within 1 hour
• 10 AM Hour #2
• 12 PM Hour #4
• 04 PM Hour #8
• 12 AM Hour #16
• 08 AM Hour #24
River Sampling – Dry Weather
• 2 Events (Spring and Fall)
Dry Weather Event: Weather conditions with a minimum 72-hour dry period preceding sampling.
• 6 Locations (Same as wet weather)
Additional Sampling
• 1X/week
• 6 Locations (the six chosen river locations)
• Regardless of weather
• Sampling procedure is the same as the wet weather river sampling
• Only E. coli is analyzed
Additional monitoring is described in the CSO LTCP and will be completed to determine the efficacy of the implemented program.
4.8.0 Post Construction Monitoring
Ten long-term in-stream biological monitoring stations as indicated in Table 5, are intended to be established to mirror those utilized in development of Kokomo's SRCER. Five stations will be monitored on Wildcat Creek. Three stations will be monitored on Kokomo Creek, and two stations will be monitored on the East Fork of Wildcat Creek as shown on Table 5.
Table 5
In-Stream Monitoring Stations
|Stream |Station Identifier |000 M Coordinates |100 Coordinates |
|Wildcat |W-1 |16T 0575152 |16T 0575252 |
| | |4481777 |4481778 |
| |W-2 |16T 0572849 |16T 0572937 |
| | |4481834 |4481847 |
| |W-3 |16T 0572096 |16T 0572136 |
| | |4480769 |4480872 |
| |W-3a |16T 0572040 |16T 0572082 |
| | |4480513 |4480601 |
| |W-4 |16T 0570606 |16T 0570708 |
| | |4481039 |4481001 |
|Kokomo |K-1 |16T 0575063 |16T 0575123 |
| | |4478336 |4478251 |
| |K-2 |16T 0572896 |16T 0572987 |
| | |4479591 |4479550 |
| |K-2a |16T 0572821 |16T 0572803 |
| | |4479859 |4479765 |
|East Fork |EFW-1 |16T 0572867 |16T 0572918 |
| | |4476193 |4476193 |
| |EFW-2 |16T 0574824 |16T 0574855 |
| | |4474440 |4474347 |
Physical habitat assessments and biological monitoring took place at each station once every five-years. As the CSO LTCP and MS4 program is implemented, an improvement in water quality will be documented. Improvement in water quality will be measured as the degree of
embeddedness in the sediment decreases with a concomitant shift from tolerant biological· species to the intolerant species.
4.8.1 Physical Habitat Assessment (HA)
The HA will utilize the protocols identified in USEPA methods for habitat and physiochemical parameters (USEPA/841-B-99-002, July 1999) as may be modified to meet IDEM requirements.
The assessment will consist of a complete physical characterization at each of the identified stations including descriptions of surrounding land uses, local watershed. erosion, identification of nonpoint sources of pollution, stream width, stream depth, high water mark, velocity, presence of dams, channels, substrates, sediment odors, oil deposits and canopy cover. The HA will include certain measurements of water quality such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, and specific conductance. The HA will document the primary (substrate, embeddedness, and flow/velocity), the secondary (channel alteration, scouring, deposition, and pool/riffle to run/bend ratios), and the tertiary (bank stability, bank vegetation, and streamside cover) criteria as more fully described in the USEPA protocol document.
4.8.2 Chemical Sampling
Based upon the findings of the SRCER, no chemical sampling is required because the only pollutant of concern was bacteria. However, the Sanitation Utility intends to conduct quarterly chemical sampling at the 10 in-stream sites for: Total Suspended Solids, Copper, alkalinity, hardness, pH and oxidation reduction potential.
4.8.3 Bacteria Sampling
Water column samples will be collected at each in-stream site biweekly (once every two-weeks) for the duration of the NPDES Permit. Because bacteria were identified in Kokomo's SRCER as the only pollutant of concern, each sample will be analyzed only for E. coli. Within the CSS, an elevated dry weather E. coli count (compared to background concentrations) is suggestive of dry weather CSOs, which will be immediately investigated by Kokomo Sanitation Utility staff.
4.8.4 Biological Community Sampling
Biological community sampling (macro-invertebrates and fishes) will be performed at each of the identified stations at the same time that the HA is performed. Biological sampling will be accomplished in accordance with the "Rapid Bio-assessment· Protocols (RBP) for Use in Wade-able Streams and Rivers, Second Edition," published by USEPA and modified as necessary to meet IDEM requirements. Macro-invertebrate collections will consist of five replicated D-frame sweeps using the traveling-kick method for 1.0 meter in riffle and run areas.
Sample processing in the field will consist of sieving and rinsing samples in a sieve bucket (500 micron mesh), followed by field preservation and laboratory picking, sorting and identification.
Following sample sorting and subsampling, all selected organisms will be identified to the lowest practical identification level (LPIL). Sample analysis will consist of overall biodiversity measures and taxa richness along with the contribution of major taxa constituting the majority of individuals. Fish community structure will also be sampled utilizing the rapid bio-assessment multi-habitat electro-fishing approach (Barbour et al., 1999). Sampling will occur for approximately one hour over each 100-meter section. A minimum of two riffle areas will be sampled for all segments containing riffles. Fish will be separated in the field by species and counted. The number of each species will be recorded and the presence of disease or external abnormalities will be noted. Total length will be measured for larger predatory fish species. Following identification and measurement, fish will be immediately released.
In May 2011, the City of Kokomo submitted to IDEM a modification to the requirements of the LTCP as indicated in the “Implementation Schedule” of State Judicial Agreement regarding the bi-weekly in stream bacteria sampling. The City had been collecting data since 2008 and believed that sufficient data had been collected to indicate baseline conditions of the in-stream water quality. IDEM granted the City the flexibility to change the monitoring frequency as needed to be cost effective and provide useful data.
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These samples must be taken on the same days. Should pick days when WWTP is decanting supernatant or supernatant is being generated. Need to choose two days out of the month. May be best to sample early in the month. Make schedule so lab and pretreatment sampling coincide.
These samples must be taken during the same events
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