Anatomy Mid-Term Exam Study Guide



Anatomy Mid-Term Exam Study Guide

Intro to Anatomy

1. Know levels of structural organization of the body (cells(tissues(organ(organ system(organism)

2. Know the organ systems, their organs, and functions. (pp. 4-7)

Ex. Endocrine system: Pancreas, thyroid gland, pituitary gland. Secretes hormones to regulate body

3. Define Homeostasis. Understand positive and negative feedback, identify examples of each. Know what happens when homeostatic imbalance occurs.(pp.9-11)

4. Anatomical position, Directional terms, body landmarks, body planes. (pp. 11-15)

Directional terms (table 1.1, p. 12): proximal/distal, anterior/posterior, etc.

Body landmarks(fig. 1.5, p. 14): buccal=cheek, femoral = thigh, etc.

Body planes: (fig. 1.6, p.15): Transverse, frontal(coronal), sagittal

5. Name/locate major body cavities, body regions/quadrants & their organs (p. 16-17)

Ex. Dorsal/ventral body cavities, or 9 regions (R.hypochondriac, epigastric, etc), or 4 quadrants used by medical staff (R/L upper Quadrants, R/L Lower Quadrants)

Cells

6. Know the cell organelles & their functions.(pp.57-64)

Ex. Mitochondria =”powerhouse of the cell”, produces energy/ATP

*Plasma Membrane-phospholipids, cholesterols. Characteristics of each(hydrophobic/philic, etc)

DNA/RNA/mRNA/tRNA….function of each

7. Steps of Mitosis (“PMAT”=Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)

8. Cell membrane transport. (p. 66-70)

Endo/Exocytosis, diffusion, osmosis, active/passive transport.

Tissues

8. Where would you find: simple squamous epithelium, stratified squamous epithelium.(p.80)

9. Bone, nervous & muscle tissues (p.83-86)

Bone is also called Osseous tissue. Function & types of cells of Nervous tissue.

Different muscle types (smooth, cardiac, skeletal), Where each is found, characteristics of each(striated, volunt/involuntary, spindle-shaped, intercalated discs, etc)

Connective tissue: function of tendons & ligaments (which connects muscle-bone or bone-bone)

Bones/Skeletal system

10. 4 functions of bone (p. 117)

11. Classification of bones: long, short, flat, or irregular. Identify an ex. Of each.

12. Structure of long bones: where/what is red marrow, yellow marrow, articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate, etc. (p.118)

13. Microscopic Anatomy of bone: *Need ONLY Know: Osteoblast vs. Osteoclast (p.121-122)

14. Stages of bone fracture repair (p. 124)

15. Parts of Axial skeleton, parts of appendicular skeleton.

16. name and Identify bones of skull: Label diagram of skull.

17. Vertebral column: p. 131..Cervical vertebrae(axis/atlas), # of each cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrae. typical characteristics of vertebral bone; body, spinous process, vertebral foramen.

18. Bones/structure of shoulder & pelvic girdle. (P.138-139/p.141-143)

19. Male vs. Female pelvic differences. (p143)

20. Identify/name bones of appendicular skeleton; *NO skeletal diagram to label, but identify by description…Ex. “shoulder blade” = scapula, sternum=breastbone, fibula = most lateral(outermost) bone of lower leg.

Joints/Movements

21. Know different types of joints and examples.(p.151) Ex. Gliding=carpals, hinge=elbow

22. Know All body movements (p. 177-178). Ex. Inversion/Eversion, flexion/extension, etc.

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