Biology Mid-Year Preparation



Biology Final Preparation

1. Shelly and Jason are siblings, but Shelly looks like their father while Jason looks like their mother. Which of the following statements best explains the difference in Shelly’s and Jason’s features?

|  |A. |Shelly inherited a greater number of chromosomes from|

| | |their father than Jason did. |

|  |B. |Shelly inherited a smaller number of X chromosomes |

| | |from their mother than Jason did. |

|  |C. |Shelly and Jason had different mutations occur in the|

| | |46 chromosomes they inherited from their mother and |

| | |father. |

|  |D. |Shelly and Jason inherited different combinations of |

| | |23 chromosomes from their mother and 23 chromosomes |

| | |from their father. |

2. In a mouse population inhabiting a

grassland area, a mutation occurs that

results in a new coat color allele.

Which of the following factors has the

greatest effect on whether the new coat

color will become more common in the

mouse population?

|  |A. |whether abundant food is available |

| | |in the grassland |

|  |B. |whether the new coat color allele is |

| | |dominant or recessive |

|  |C. |whether the rate of reproduction |

| | |in the mouse population |

| | |is stable |

|  |D. |whether the new coat color allele |

| | |increases the survival of mice in |

| | |their environment |

3. Hawaiian happy face spiders from the island of Maui can have different markings, as shown below. A single gene determines the markings on the spiders.

[pic]

A plain spider is crossed with a patterned spider. The patterned spider is homozygous. The pattern allele is dominant to the plain allele.

What percentage of the offspring from this cross are expected to be patterned instead of plain?

|  |A. |0% |

|  |B. |25% |

|  |C. |50% |

|  |D. |100% |

 

4. A partial Punnett square is shown below.

|AA |AA |

|Aa |Aa |

Which of the following statements describes the parental genotypes that would result in this Punnett square?

|  |A. |Both parents are heterozygous. |

|  |B. |Both parents are homozygous dominant. |

|  |C. |One parent is homozygous recessive and the other |

| | |parent is heterozygous. |

|  |D. |One parent is homozygous dominant and the other |

| | |parent is heterozygous. |

5. During DNA replication, the wrong nucleotide was inserted in the DNA sequence. Which of the following terms describes this situation?

|  |A. |mutation |

|  |B. |regeneration |

|  |C. |transcription |

|  |D. |translation |

   

6. According to Mendel’s law of segregation, which of the following statements describes what happens to the alleles of a gene pair?

|  |A. |The alleles are moved to different chromosomes. |

|  |B. |The alleles are mutated in the process of mitosis. |

|  |C. |The alleles are separated during fertilization. |

|  |D. |The alleles are separated during gamete formation. |

 

7. Which of the following features of DNA is most important in determining the phenotype of an organism?

|  |A. |the direction of the helical twist |

|  |B. |the number of deoxyribose sugars |

|  |C. |the sequence of nitrogenous bases |

|  |D. |the strength of the hydrogen bonds |

 

8. A portion of one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence shown below.

ACCTGAAGG

Assuming there are no mutations in this portion of the DNA, what is the corresponding sequence on the complementary DNA strand?

|  |A. |ACCTGAAGG |

|  |B. |GTTCAGGAA |

|  |C. |TGGACTTCC |

|  |D. |UGGACUUCC |

   

9. Fireflies produce light inside their bodies. The enzyme luciferase is involved in the reaction that produces the light. Scientists have isolated the luciferase gene.

A scientist inserts the luciferase gene into the DNA of cells from another organism. If these cells produce light, the scientist knows that which of the following occurred?

|  |A. |The luciferase gene mutated inside the cells. |

|  |B. |The luciferase gene was transcribed and translated. |

|  |C. |The luciferase gene destroyed the original genes of |

| | |the cells. |

|  |D. |The luciferase gene moved from the nucleus to the |

| | |endoplasmic reticulum. |

 

10. Leaves from two white clover plants, each with a different pattern, are shown below.

[pic]

The leaf patterns are genetically determined by alleles of a single gene. Plant 1 is homozygous for the chevron allele. Plant 2 is homozygous for the oval allele. The chevron and oval alleles are codominant.

If plant 1 and plant 2 are crossed, the codominance of the alleles will most likely result in which of the following leaf patterns on the offspring plants?

| |A. |[pic] |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

|  | | |

|  |B. |[pic] |

|  |C. |[pic] |

|  |D. |[pic] |

   

11. People who are tune deaf are unable to follow a rhythm. Scientists have evidence that tune deafness can be genetic. The pedigree below traces the inheritance of tune deafness in a family. Individuals in the pedigree are numbered.

[pic]

Scientists have analyzed the inheritance patterns for tune deafness and have concluded that tune deafness is caused by an autosomal dominant allele, T.

a. Provide evidence from the pedigree that conclusively shows that the tune deafness allele is autosomal dominant, not autosomal recessive. Explain your reasoning.

b. Identify the genotypes of individuals 5 and 6, and then draw the Punnett square for the cross of these two individuals.

c. Compare the expected percentage of each phenotype of the offspring from the cross in part (b) with the actual percentage of each phenotype observed in the children of individuals 5 and 6. 

Essay

12. In a certain variety of chicken, some

offspring have a feather pattern that is

black-and-white checkered. Chickens

with this checkered feather pattern result

from the cross of a black chicken with a

white chicken. Which of the following types

of inheritance is most likely responsible for

the checkered feather pattern?

|A. |codominant |

|B. |dominant |

|C. |polygenic |

|D. |sex-linked |

13. Individuals with one form of lactose

intolerance do not produce the enzyme

lactase because the gene coding for

the production of lactase is shut off in

their cells. This means that which of the

following processes does not occur for

the gene?

|A. |hydrogenation |

|B. |mutation |

|C. |replication |

|D. |transcription |

 

14. Which of the following could be the

genotypes of the parent sheep?

  In sheep, the allele for white wool (W) is

dominant, and the allele for black wool

(w) is recessive. A farmer has mated

two Suffolk sheep for a few years. These

matings have resulted in six offspring,

four with white wool and two with black

wool. One parent has white wool and the

other has black wool.

|  |A. |WW and Ww |

|  |B. |WW and ww |

|  |C. |Ww and Ww |

|  |D. |Ww and ww |

15. Which of the following statements best

describes a DNA molecule?

|  |A. |It is a double helix. |

|  |B. |It contains the sugar ribose. |

|  |C. |It is composed of amino acids. |

|  |D. |It contains the nitrogenous base uracil. |

16. The diagram below shows the final steps of a biochemical pathway used by the bacterium Serratia marcescens to produce a red pigment molecule. Letters X, Y, and Z represent intermediate molecules produced in the pathway. Four enzymes are also involved in the pathway, as shown.

[pic]

A mutant strain of S. marcescens produces molecules X and Y but does not produce the red pigment molecule or molecule Z. Based on this result, it can be concluded that there must be a mutation in the gene coding for which enzyme?

|  |A. |enzyme 1 |

|  |B. |enzyme 2 |

|  |C. |enzyme 3 |

| |D. |enzyme 4 |

   

17. In fruit flies, a single gene controls wing

phenotype. The diagram below shows

the phenotypes for long wings and

vestigial wings in fruit flies.

[pic]

Two fruit flies that have long wings are

crossed. Of the 95 offspring produced,

73 have long wings. The other 22 have

vestigial wings. Which of the following conclusions

about the inheritance of long wings and

vestigial wings is best supported by

the results of this experiment?

|A. |The alleles for long wings and |

| |vestigial wings are sex-linked. |

|B. |The alleles for long wings and |

| |vestigial wings are codominant. |

|C. |The allele for long wings is dominant |

| |and the allele for vestigial wings |

| |is recessive. |

|D. |The allele for long wings is recessive |

| |and the allele for vestigial wings |

| |is dominant. |

|18.|Corn snakes show variety in their skin color pattern. While the complete genetics of corn snake color are complex, the most |

| |common colors on normal corn snakes—red and black— are each coded by one gene. |

| |For the red gene, the allele for the presence of red pigment (R) is dominant and the allele for the absence of red pigment |

| |(r) is recessive. Likewise, for the black gene, the allele for the presence of black pigment (B) is dominant and the allele |

| |for the absence of black pigment (b) is recessive. |

a. Draw the Punnett square for the cross of a snake that is homozygous dominant for the red color with a snake that is heterozygous for the red color. What percentage of the offspring is expected to have red pigment in their skin?

b. Draw the Punnett square for the cross of two snakes that are heterozygous for the black color. What percentage of the offspring are expected to have black pigment in their skin?

c. The parent snakes in part (b) that are heterozygous for black color are both homozygous recessive for the red gene. Each parent has genotype rr for the red gene. Based on this information, what percentage of their offspring are expected to lack both the red and black pigments in their skin? Explain your reasoning.

 

Essay

  22. The diagrams below show a marine food web and an incomplete terrestrial food web.

[pic]

The organism in the terrestrial food web that corresponds to the krill in the marine food web is labeled X. Which of the following organisms is most likely organism X?

|  |A. |[pic] |

|  |B. |[pic] |

|  |C. |[pic] |

|  |D. |[pic] |

19. The diagram below represents part of a

process that occurs in cells.

[pic]

Which process is represented?

|  |A. |meiosis |

|  |B. |osmosis |

|  |C. |replication |

|  |D. |translation |

 

20. In pea plants, the genes for seed

color and seed shape are on different

chromosomes. Which of the following

explains why the genes for these traits

are not inherited together?

|  |A. |natural selection |

|  |B. |artificial selection |

|  |C. |the law of segregation |

|  |D. |the law of independent assortment |

 

21. Which of the following best

describes the result of a mutation

in an organism's DNA?

|  |A. |The mutation may produce |

| | |a zygote. |

|  |B. |The mutation may cause |

| | |phenotypic change. |

|  |C. |The mutation causes damage |

| | |when it occurs. |

|  |D. |The mutation creates entirely |

| | |new organisms. |

23. The pedigree below shows the occurrence of Becker muscular dystrophy in a family. Becker muscular dystrophy causes muscle weakness.

[pic]

Based on this pedigree, it is most reasonable to conclude that Becker muscular dystrophy is which of the following?

|  |A. |a polygenic trait |

|  |B. |a codominant trait |

|  |C. |a sex-linked recessive trait |

|  |D. |an autosomal dominant trait |

 

24. The mold Aspergillus flavus grows on

grain. A. flavus produces a toxin that

binds to DNA in the bodies of animals

that eat the grain.

|  |A. |transport glucose across |

| | |the cell membrane into |

| | |the cytoplasm |

|  |B. |produce ATP using energy |

| | |released from glucose and |

| | |other nutrients |

|  | |transfer proteins from |

| | |the endoplasmic reticulum to |

| |C. |Golgi complexes |

|  |D. |send protein-building instructions |

| | |from the nucleus to the cytoplasm |

| | |and ribosomes |

25. Human blood types are genetically

determined. The table below shows

the symbols used to represent two of

the alleles for blood types and gives a

description of each allele.

[pic]

In homozygous individuals, two IA

alleles result in blood type A and

two IB alleles result in blood type B.

The IA and IB alleles are codominant,

resulting in blood type AB in individuals

heterozygous for the two alleles.

A male and a female both have blood

type AB. If they have a child, what is

the probability that the child will also

have blood type AB?

A. ¼

B. ½

C. ¾

D. 1/1

 

26. In 1950, Erwin Chargaff and colleagues examined the chemical composition of DNA and demonstrated that the amount of adenine always equals that of thymine, and the amount of guanine always equals that of cytosine. This observation became known as Chargaff's rule.

|a. |Based on current knowledge of the structure of DNA, explain the basis of Chargaff's rule. |

|b. |The diagram below represents a single-stranded segment of DNA. In your Student Answer Booklet, write the complementary DNA |

| |strand that would form from this strand during replication. Use the letters A, C, G, and T to designate the bases: A = |

| |adenine; C = cytosine; G = guanine; T = thymine. |

[pic]

|c. |Why is Chargaff's rule so important to DNA's ability to replicate itself accurately? |

 

Essay

27. In phenylketonuria (PKU), an enzyme

that converts one amino acid into another

does not work properly. Which of the

following is the most likely cause of

this genetic condition?

|  |A. |an error in the transcription of the |

| | |gene for the enzyme |

|  |B. |a mutation in the DNA sequence |

| | |that codes for the enzyme |

|  |C. |an excess of the amino acids |

| | |necessary to produce the enzyme |

|  |D. |a structural variation in the amino |

| | |acid modified by the enzyme |

 

28. The diagram below shows the positions

of the genes for flower color and stem

length in a pea plant. The chromosomes

represented below will replicate before

meiosis.

[pic]

For these two genes, what is the maximum

number of different allele combinations

that can be formed normally in gametes

produced from this cell?

|  |A. |2 |

|  |B. |4 |

|  |C. |6 |

|  |D. |8 |

29. Which of the following terms applies to

traits, such as human eye color, that are

controlled by more than one gene?

|  |A. |codominant |

|  |B. |polygenic |

|  |C. |recessive |

|  |D. |sex-linked |

 

30. In pigeons, the allele B produces ash-

red feathers. The allele b produces blue

feathers. The B allele is dominant to the

b allele.

A pigeon with genotype Bb is crossed

with a pigeon with genotype bb. What

percent of the offspring are expected to

have ash-red feathers?

|  |A. |0% |

|  |B. |25% |

|  |C. |50% |

|  |D. |100% |

 

31. The diagram below shows a strand of DNA matched to a strand of messenger RNA.

[pic]

What process does this diagram represent?

|  |A. |mutation |

|  |B. |respiration |

|  |C. |transcription |

|  |D. |translation |

 

32. The diagram below represents a cell. The letters in the diagram represent alleles for two different genetic traits.

[pic]

According to Mendel’s law of independent assortment, which of the following shows all of the allele combinations expected in gametes produced by this cell?

|  |A. |[pic] |

|  |B. |[pic] |

|  |C. |[pic] |

|  |D. |[pic] |

 

33. Why is the particular sequence of bases in a segment of DNA important to cells?

|  |A. |Some base sequences code for protein production. |

|  |B. |Some base sequences cause the release of lipids from the nucleus. |

|  |C. |Some base sequences contain the order of sugars in polysaccharides. |

|  |D. |Some base sequences produce electrical signals sent to the cytoplasm. |

 

34. Within an individual mouse, four different mutations occurred in different genes, located on separate chromosomes and in different cells, as shown in the table below.

|Cell Type |Chromosome |Trait |Normal |Mutated |

| | | |Phenotype |Phenotype |

|skin |chromosome 4 |fur color |black fur |white fur |

|gamete |chromosome 3 |eye color |brown eyes |blue eyes |

|muscle |chromosome 2 |fur thickness |thick fur |thin fur |

|nerve |chromosome 1 |tail length |long tail |short tail |

Which of these mutations could be passed on to the mouse's offspring?

|  |A. |white fur |

|  |B. |blue eyes |

|  |C. |thin fur |

|  |D. |short tail |

 35. In watermelons, solid dark green color (G) is dominant to stripes (g). A student crosses two watermelon plants that are heterozygous for melon color (Gg).

a. In your Student Answer Booklet, make a Punnett square to show this cross. What are the expected percentages of phenotypes of the offspring?

b. The student’s cross produces one hundred watermelon plants. Of those 100 plants, 78 plants produce solid dark green watermelons, and 22 produce striped watermelons. Explain these results based on the Punnett square and predictions you made in part (a).

Essay

36. A rare genetic condition causes dwarfism and immunodeficiencies. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition?

|  |A. |a parasitic infection |

|  |B. |a mutation in DNA |

|  |C. |a bacterial disease |

|  |D. |an excess of ATP |

 

37. Which of the following genetic conditions results from a problem with segregation?

|  |A. |Trisomy 16: a condition caused when a zygote receives|

| | |three copies of chromosome 16 |

|  |B. |Huntington’s disease: a condition caused when a |

| | |zygote receives a mutated dominant allele |

|  |C. |Hemophilia: a condition caused when a zygote receives|

| | |an X chromosome with a particular recessive allele |

|  |D. |Sickle cell anemia: a condition caused when a zygote |

| | |receives a recessive allele for hemoglobin from each |

| | |parent |

 

38. Two spotted leopards produce a litter of four cubs. Three of the cubs are spotted and one is solid black. The black coat is probably what type of trait?

|  |A. |dominant |

|  |B. |recessive |

|  |C. |polygenic |

|  |D. |sex-linked |

 

39. DNA and RNA are similar because they both contain

|  |A. |deoxyribose. |

|  |B. |nucleotides. |

|  |C. |thymine. |

|  |D. |double helices. |

40. Genetic information for a breed of chicken is shown below.

| |[pic] |

| | |

|Frizzle Fowl | |

|Types of Chickens with Different Feathers |

|Genotype |Phenotype |

|FF |Normal (Normal feathers) |

|Ff |Frizzle fowl (Curly feathers) |

|ff |Feather shedder (Loses feathers easily) |

Which of the following crosses of chickens will produce only Frizzle fowl offspring?

|  |A. |Normal × Frizzle fowl |

|  |B. |Frizzle fowl × Frizzle fowl |

|  |C. |Normal × Feather shedder |

|  |D. |Feather shedder × Feather shedder |

 

41. Which of the following lists identifies organisms that are producers in food webs?

|  |A. |algae, ferns, sunflowers |

|  |B. |mushrooms, bacteria, earthworms |

|  |C. |termites, red foxes, shrews |

|  |D. |woodpeckers, cardinals, grasshoppers |

42. Leaves fall from deciduous trees in autumn. The carbon in these leaves is returned to the atmosphere through which of the following processes?

|  |A. |condensation |

|  |B. |decomposition |

|  |C. |photosynthesis |

|  |D. |transpiration |

43. The picture below shows two dogs and their puppies.

[pic]

The parent dogs are each heterozygous for two traits: fur color and white spotting. Both parent dogs are solid black. Their puppies, however, have four different phenotypes as listed below.

• solid black

• black with white spots

• solid red

• red with white spots

Which of the following explains how these parent dogs can produce puppies with these four phenotypes?

|  |A. |The genes for these traits are sex-linked. |

|  |B. |The genes for these traits mutate frequently. |

|  |C. |The genes for these traits assort independently. |

|  |D. |The genes for these traits are on the same |

| | |chromosome. |

 

44. A builder is proposing a new housing development in an area of western Massachusetts. Construction of the housing development will destroy the wetland habitat in the area.

Which of the following would be the most likely consequence of the wetland’s destruction?

|  |A. |The wetland plant species would disperse to adjacent |

| | |meadow habitats. |

|  |B. |The populations of wetland animals would be unable to|

| | |survive in that area. |

|  |C. |The wetland animal species would survive by |

| | |interbreeding with non-wetland species. |

|  |D. |The populations of wetland plants would evolve to |

| | |disperse seeds by wind rather than water. |

45. Which of the following relationships is an example of mutualism?

|  |A. |A lion eats a gazelle. |

|  |B. |A virus uses both a bird and a horse as hosts. |

|  |C. |A bacterium breaks down dead plant materials. |

|  |D. |A bird eats food particles from a crocodile’s teeth. |

 

46. Which of the following human activities reduces biodiversity?

|  |A. |prohibiting hunting in wildlife preserves |

|  |B. |taking tissue samples from members of endangered |

| | |species |

|  |C. |planting only native grass species to prevent erosion|

| | |beside highways |

|  |D. |planting only red pine trees to replace native |

| | |hardwood forests cut for lumber |

 

47. The graph below shows changes in the birthrate and death rate for a large population of deer over a 20-year study period.

[pic]

a. Describe and explain two factors that can affect the birthrate in the deer population.

b. Describe and explain two factors that can affect the death rate in the deer population.

c. Identify one time period on the graph during which the deer population was increasing. Explain your answer

Essay

48. The graph below shows the levels of acidity that different kinds of freshwater fish can tolerate. Low pH values mean the water is more acidic.

[pic]

Based on the data, which of the following fish would most likely experience the largest population declines due to acid rain pollution?

|  |A. |brown trout |

|  |B. |smallmouth bass |

|  |C. |fathead minnow |

|  |D. |yellow perch |

 

49. In July, a student tested the soil in two plots and calculated the concentration of nitrogen compounds present in each plot. The student then planted 20 seedlings in the first plot and allowed them to grow. Nothing was planted in the second plot. The student tested the soil in both plots again after one month. The concentration of nitrogen compounds had decreased in the first plot but had remained the same in the second plot.

Which of the following best explains the decrease in nitrogen compounds in the first plot?

|  |A. |The nitrogen compounds had broken down into elements.|

|  |B. |The nitrogen compounds were absorbed by the seedlings|

| | |for their growth. |

|  |C. |The nitrogen compounds escaped through air pockets |

| | |created by the seedlings’ roots. |

|  |D. |The nitrogen compounds had evaporated because of the |

| | |warm summer temperatures. |

50. A marine food web is shown below.

[pic]

Which of the following diagrams correctly represents an energy pyramid from this web?

|A. |[pic] |

|B. |[pic] |

|C. |[pic] |

|D. |[pic] |

51. Which of the following processes

releases primarily oxygen into the

atmosphere?

|  |A. |combustion |

|  |B. |osmosis |

|  |C. |photosynthesis |

|  |D. |respiration |

 

52. Populations of Caribbean coral have

decreased significantly over the past

30 years due to disease. Which of the

following is most likely a major factor

leading to the increased amount of

disease in the coral?

|  |A. |Symbiotic algae are living |

| | |in the coral cells. |

|  |B. |Several different species |

| | |of fish live on the coral reefs. |

|  |C. |Levels of spawning have |

| | |decreased and lowered |

| | |reproductive rates. |

|  |D. |Water temperatures have increased |

| | |and favored the growth of |

| | |microorganisms. |

53. Which of the following environmental

conditions makes water less available to

plants for growth?

|  |A. |Soil in the area is organically |

| | |rich. |

|  |B. |Ground cover is effective at |

| | |slowing erosion. |

|  |C. |High humidity lowers the rates |

| | |of transpiration. |

|  |D. |Cold temperatures freeze the water |

| | |in and on the ground. |

55. There is a limit to how large any given

population can grow. Which of the

following statements best explains why a

population must eventually stop growing?

|  |A. |A low female-to-male ratio develops |

| | |in the population as it grows. |

|  |B. |Old individuals outnumber juveniles |

| | |in the population as it grows. |

|  |C. |The resources available are fully |

| | |used by the population as it grows. |

|  |D. |Natural selection changes the gene |

| | |pool of the population as it grows. |

55. The diagram below shows part of the

carbon cycle.

[pic]

If many trees are removed from a forest by

logging, what is the most immediate effect

on the carbon cycle in that forest?

|  |A. |increased rates of decomposition |

|  |B. |decreased use of atmospheric CO2 |

|  |C. |decreased combustion of fossil |

| | |fuels |

|  |D. |increased production of organic |

| | |compounds |

 

56. The diagram below shows a food web for an ecosystem.

[pic]

a.  Identify the producers and the consumers in this food web.

b.  In this ecosystem, is more energy available to the field mouse population from eating spiders or

     from eating oats? Explain your answer.

 

Essay

57. A partial food web for a coastal

ecosystem is shown below.

[pic]

Which of the following organisms in

this food web obtains energy from both

producers and consumers?

|A. |anchovy |

|B. |mysid shrimp |

|C. |weakfish |

|D. |sand shrimp |

58. On remote islands, immigration and

emigration usually do not have a large

effect on population sizes. A bird

population on a remote island remains at

a relatively constant size year after year.

Which of the following most likely

describes the birthrate and the death

rate for this population?

|  |A. |Birthrate and death rate are |

| | |both zero. |

|  |B. |Birthrate and death rate are |

| | |close to equal. |

|  |C. |Birthrate is significantly less than |

| | |death rate. |

|  |D. |Birthrate is significantly greater than |

| | |death rate. |

59. A hurricane sweeps across a small

Caribbean island, killing 50 percent

of the herbivore species on the island.

Which of the following is the most

immediate result?

|  |A. |a reduction in biodiversity |

|  |B. |an acceleration of the carbon cycle |

|  |C. |an increase in predator populations |

|  |D. |a decline in decomposer populations |

60. A graph of atmospheric carbon dioxide

concentration over time is shown below.

[pic]

Scientists are investigating the cause of

the large increase in atmospheric carbon

dioxide concentration since about 1800.

Which of the following provides the

best explanation for the increase?

|  |A. |eruptions of large volcanoes |

|  |B. |use of fossil fuels by humans |

|  |C. |natural fluctuations of climate |

|  |D. |photosynthesis by phytoplankton |

 

61. The water cycle would not occur if

which of the following were missing?

|  |A. |animals |

|  |B. |bacteria |

|  |C. |ice caps |

|  |D. |solar energy |

 

62. Part of a tundra food web is shown below.

[pic]

Which of the following describes the

relationship between the sedge and the

arctic hare?

|  |A. |competition |

|  |B. |host-parasite |

|  |C. |mutualism |

|  |D. |producer-consumer |

 

63. Which of the following explains why

legume plants are less likely than

other terrestrial plants to experience

nitrogen limitation?

|  |A. |Legume plants need less nitrogen |

| | |than other plants do. |

|  |B. |Legume plants have nitrogen-fixing |

| | |bacteria on their roots. |

|  |C. |Legume plants catch insects to |

| | |supply themselves with nitrogen. |

|  |D. |Legume plants can absorb nitrogen |

| | |directly from the atmosphere. |

 

64. A caterpillar eats an oak leaf. Which of the following best describes the energy transfer in this situation?

|  |A. |Both the caterpillar and the leaf gain energy. |

|  |B. |Energy is transferred from the leaf to the |

| | |caterpillar. |

|  |C. |Decomposers in the leaf obtain energy from the |

| | |caterpillar. |

|  |D. |The oak tree gains energy when the caterpillar eats |

| | |the leaf. |

 

65. Which of the following explains why elements, such as carbon and oxygen, that are used in organic molecules are not permanently removed from the environment?

|  |A. |They are replenished by sunlight. |

|  |B. |They are cycled through ecosystems. |

|  |C. |They are replaced by volcanic eruptions. |

|  |D. |They are produced constantly from nutrients. |

   

66. Which of the following would most likely happen if grasses and shrubs were removed from a rural Massachusetts ecosystem?

|  |A. |There would be an increase in consumers in the |

| | |ecosystem. |

|  |B. |There would be an increase of photosynthesis in the |

| | |ecosystem. |

|  |C. |There would be a decrease in food energy produced by |

| | |the ecosystem. |

|  |D. |There would be a decrease of carbon dioxide available|

| | |to the ecosystem. |

 

67. In one of the steps of the carbon cycle, a person exhales a molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. Which of the following is most likely to happen next to the atom of carbon in this molecule?

|  |A. |It may be used as part of a sugar in a plant. |

|  |B. |It may become part of a protein in an animal. |

|  |C. |It may be consumed as a fossil fuel is burned. |

|  |D. |It may be decomposed into carbon and oxygen by a |

| | |bacterium. |

 

68. Which of the following correctly explains how atmospheric nitrogen is converted to nitrogen compounds used by living organisms?

|  |A. |Sunlight converts atmospheric nitrogen to a form |

| | |usable by protists. |

|  |B. |Plant leaves convert atmospheric nitrogen to a form |

| | |usable by animals. |

|  |C. |Bacteria in soil convert atmospheric nitrogen to a |

| | |form usable by plants. |

|  |D. |Invertebrate animals in soil convert atmospheric |

| | |nitrogen to a form usable by fungi. |

69. Fertilizers can enable farmers to grow the same crop in a field for several years in a row. Farmers who use less fertilizer often rotate their crops by planting the crop one year and legumes, such as beans and clover, the following year.

Fertilizer use and crop rotation with legumes both increase the availability of which of the following nutrients in soil?

|  |A. |calcium |

|  |B. |nitrogen |

|  |C. |oxygen |

|  |D. |protein |

70. A biology student doing research collects the following information about feeding relationships in an Antarctic ecosystem.

[pic]

a. Use these notes to construct a food web of this ecosystem in your Student Answer Booklet.

b. In your food web, identify one organism at each of the following trophic levels: producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and higher-order consumer.

 Essay  

71. A food web is shown below.

[pic]

In this food web, the trophic level with the least energy includes which of the following organisms?

|  |A. |grasses |

|  |B. |mice |

|  |C. |snakes |

|  |D. |hawks |

72. A food web in a rain forest is shown below.

[pic]

Which of the following most likely occupies the location marked X in this food web?

|  |A. |decomposers |

|  |B. |primary consumers |

|  |C. |producers |

|  |D. |secondary consumers |

 

73. A freshwater food web is shown below.

[pic]

The X in this food web most likely represents which of the following?

|  |A. |dragonfly larvae |

|  |B. |Elodea plants |

|  |C. |frog eggs |

|  |D. |Paramecium species |

 

74. A partial food web for a marsh ecosystem is shown below.

[pic]

The removal of which of the following organisms would most reduce the transfer of energy from aquatic organisms to terrestrial organisms?

|  |A. |herring gulls |

|  |B. |sandpipers |

|  |C. |rats |

|  |D. |ghost crabs |

75. Plants use many gallons of water every day. Almost all of the water used by plants is absorbed through the roots. Water leaves plants by which process?

|  |A. |infiltration |

|  |B. |precipitation |

|  |C. |runoff |

|  |D. |transpiration |

76. The diagram below shows a food web.

[pic]

Which population would probably increase if the tadpole population decreased?

|  |A. |herons |

|  |B. |alligators |

|  |C. |fish |

|  |D. |algae |

77. A food web is shown below.

[pic]

Which organism in this food web is a decomposer?

|  |A. |American plum |

|  |B. |golden mycena |

|  |C. |metallic wood borer |

|  |D. |white-tailed deer |

78. The natural cycling of oxygen between organisms and their environment is most directly accomplished through which of the following pairs of processes?

|  |A. |fermentation and oxidation |

|  |B. |transpiration and evaporation |

|  |C. |precipitation and condensation |

|  |D. |photosynthesis and respiration |

79. The figure below represents the flow of food energy through a system.

[pic]

In an experiment, chickens were fed grain that contained a chemical marker in its proteins. The presence of the marker can be detected in organisms.

Which of the following is the most reasonable prediction from this experiment?

|  |A. |The marker will only be found in the grain. |

|  |B. |Both chickens and wolves will have the marker. |

|  |C. |Wolves will have the marker, but chickens will not. |

|  |D. |The marker will only be found in the animals' wastes.|

80. This is a food web for Yellow Stone Park

[pic]

Which of the following organisms is a

secondary consumer in this food web?

|  |A. |yellow-bellied marmot |

|  |B. |strawberry plant |

|  |C. |least chipmunk |

|  |D. |king bolete |

 

81. Which of the following releases oxygen

into this food web ecosystem?

|  |A. |elk respiration |

|  |B. |Idaho fescue photosynthesis |

|  |C. |sweet cicely root decomposition |

|  |D. |migratory grasshopper reproduction |

 

82. Assume the elk population in Yellowstone National Park increases. Discuss how this increase in elk will most likely affect each of the following populations:

• Idaho fescue

• migratory grasshopper

• grizzly bear

Be sure to include specific reasons to support each of your responses.

All organisms have ways to produce ATP. Which of the following statements describes why ATP is a critical compound for all cells?

|  |A. |It causes mitosis to begin. |

|  |B. |It is an energy-transfer molecule. |

|  |C. |It is a major component of cell membranes. |

|  |D. |It carries information from DNA to the ribosomes. |

83. The cell shown in the illustration has recently completed the synthesis phase (S phase) of the cell cycle and is in prophase of mitosis.

[pic]

a. What happened in this cell during the S phase in preparation for division? Describe the evidence that supports your answer.

b. In your Student Answer Booklet, draw the end products that will be formed when this cell completes mitosis.

Essay

84. When gametes are produced from a

parent cell during normal meiosis, which

of the following describes the number of

chromosomes in each resulting cell?

|  |A. |Each resulting cell has the same |

| | |number of chromosomes as the |

| | |parent cell. |

|  |B. |Each resulting cell has twice the |

| | |number of chromosomes as the |

| | |parent cell. |

|  |C. |Each resulting cell has one-half |

| | |the number of chromosomes as the |

| | |parent cell. |

|  |D. |Each resulting cell has one-fourth |

| | |the number of chromosomes as the |

| | |parent cell. |

85. Which of the following most likely

happens in the cells of a person

running in the Boston Marathon?

|  |A. |The respiration rate increases to |

| | |produce more ATP. |

|  |B. |The replication rate increases to |

| | |produce more DNA. |

|  |C. |The photosynthesis rate increases |

| | |to produce more sugars. |

|  |D. |The cell division rate increases to |

| | |produce more muscle fibers. |

86. Which of the following best describes the

formation of a zygote?

|  |A. |A sperm cell nucleus and an egg cell |

| | |nucleus fuse. |

|  |B. |A cell's DNA replication and mitosis |

| | |are accelerated. |

|  |C. |A succession of cell divisions produces |

| | |a solid mass of cells. |

|  |D. |A cell with 46 chromosomes divides to |

| | |form cells with 23 chromosomes each. |

87. Similar structures are present in the

embryos of fish, chickens, and rabbits.

In fish, these structures develop into gills,

but in chickens and rabbits, they either

disappear or develop into other body parts

later in embryonic development.

Which of the statements below best

explains the presence of these structures

in the embryos of all three species?

|  |A. |The embryos of the three species |

| | |are similar in size. |

|  |B. |Breathing structures are similar |

| | |among the young of the three species. |

|  |C. |The three species have a common |

| | |ancestor with these embryonic |

| | |structures. |

|  |D. |The reproductive mechanisms are |

| | |similar among the adults of the |

| | |three species. |

88. Which process do the animals in the

food web use to convert energy from

food into ATP?

|  |A. |cellular respiration |

|  |B. |osmosis |

|  |C. |photosynthesis |

|  |D. |transcription |

89. The diagram below provides information

about a carrot cell.

[pic]

A carrot cell contains 18 chromosomes.

Which of the following diagrams

illustrates the correct number of

chromosomes in new cells produced

by mitosis?

|A. |[pic] |

|B. |[pic] |

|C. |[pic] |

|D. |[pic] |

90. The graph below shows the amount of ATP produced in a cell during a period of time.

[pic]

According to the graph, which of the following processes must have increased between points A and B?

|  |A. |cellular respiration |

|  |B. |cytokinesis |

|  |C. |DNA replication |

|  |D. |meiosis |

91. The diagrams below illustrate two different types of cell division.

|Process A |[|Process B |

|[pic]      |p|[pic] |

| |i| |

| |c| |

| |]| |

a. Identify which diagram shows the process of mitosis and which diagram shows the process of meiosis.

b. Explain three differences between mitosis and meiosis. Your answer should include differences found in the actual processes and differences found in the cells resulting from each type of division.

Essay

92. A partial diagram of a reproductive process is shown below.

[pic]

Which of the following labels belongs in the oval marked X?

|  |A. |egg |

|  |B. |fetus |

|  |C. |sperm |

|  |D. |zygote |

 

93. The diagram below shows a generalized cycle in sexually reproducing animals.

[pic]What is Process A in this cycle?

|  |A. |fertilization |

|  |B. |mitosis |

|  |C. |osmosis |

|  |D. |replication |

94. Which of the following best explains why enzymes are necessary for many cellular reactions?

|  |A. |Enzymes supply the oxygen necessary for the |

| | |reactions. |

|  |B. |Enzymes change reactants from solid to liquid during |

| | |the reactions. |

|  |C. |The reactions take up too much space in the cell if |

| | |enzymes are missing. |

|  |D. |The reactions are too slow to meet the needs of the |

| | |cell if enzymes are missing. |

  95. Which of the following types of molecules are primarily used for long-term energy storage in the lemur?

|  |A. |lipids |

|  |B. |monosaccharides |

|  |C. |nucleic acids |

|  |D. |proteins |

 

96. In the human body, fibrinogen is necessary for sealing cuts and stopping the loss of blood. Since fibrinogen is made of chains of amino acids, it is an example of which type of organic molecule?

|  |A. |carbohydrate |

|  |B. |protein |

|  |C. |fatty acid |

|  |D. |nucleic acid |

 

 97. A scientist is analyzing a sample of tissue from a plant. Which of the following elements will be most abundant in the sample?

|  |A. |zinc and copper |

|  |B. |sodium and chlorine |

|  |C. |carbon and hydrogen |

|  |D. |magnesium and calcium |

 

 98. Baby food manufacturers sometimes use proteases in their products. Proteases catalyze the breakdown of the proteins in these foods, making digestion easier for infants. Proteases are which of the following types of molecules?

|  |A. |enzymes |

|  |B. |fatty acids |

|  |C. |hormones |

|  |D. |monosaccharides |

 

99. Ovalbumin is a protein found in eggs.

Which of the following best describes

the molecular structure of ovalbumin?

|  |A. |a group of six carbon atoms joined |

| | |in a ring |

|  |B. |a chain of amino acids folded |

| | |and twisted into a molecule |

|  |C. |a set of three fatty acids attached |

| | |to a molecule of glycerol |

|  |D. |a sequence of nitrogenous bases |

| | |attached to a sugar-phosphate |

| | |backbone |

 

100. A diagram of an organic molecule

is below.

[pic]

Which element is found at the positions marked by the dots (•) in the molecule?

|  |A. |carbon |

|  |B. |nitrogen |

|  |C. |phosphorus |

|  |D. |sulfur |

   

101. Some bacteria live in hot springs. Their

cells contain enzymes that function best

at temperatures of 70°C or higher.

At a temperature of 50°C, how will the

enzymes in these bacterial cells most

likely be affected?

|  |A. |The enzymes will be destroyed |

| | |by lysosomes. |

|  |B. |The enzymes will lose their |

| | |bond structure and fall apart. |

|  |C. |The enzymes will require |

| | |less energy to function than |

| | |at 70°C. |

|  |D. |The enzymes will not increase the |

| | |rate of reactions as much as they |

| | |would at 70°C. |

 

104.  If scientists search other planets for

possible life, they are likely to focus on

the presence of molecules containing

which of the following elements?

|  |A. |carbon |

|  |B. |iron |

|  |C. |potassium |

|  |D. |sodium |

   

105. In red blood cells, the compound carbonic anhydrase increases the rate at which carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate ions for transport in the blood. In red blood cells, carbonic anhydrase acts as which of the following?

|  |A. |an enzyme |

|  |B. |a hormone |

|  |C. |a lipid |

|  |D. |a sugar |

 

106. Many plants have waxy coatings on some

surfaces. This coating reduces water loss

because it is not water-permeable. This

waxy coating is which of the following

types of organic molecule?

|  |A. |carbohydrate |

|  |B. |lipid |

|  |C. |nucleic acid |

|  |D. |protein |

 

107. The molecule ATP is composed of elements commonly found in organic molecules. Which of the following is one of these elements?

|  |A. |aluminum |

|  |B. |calcium |

|  |C. |phosphorus |

|  |D. |tin |

108. The illustration below shows a Siamese cat.

[pic]

In Siamese cats, an enzyme determines the color of the fur. On the cooler places of the body, the enzyme causes darker fur. On the warmer parts of the body, the enzyme does not function.Which of the following statements best explains how temperature affects this enzyme?

|  |A. |Cooler temperatures denature the enzyme. |

|  |B. |Cooler temperatures cause more enzyme production. |

|  |C. |The enzyme is active in a specific temperature range.|

|  |D. |Heat allows the enzyme to break down white pigment. |

   

109. The diagram below represents a fat molecule.

[pic]A fat molecule belongs to which category of organic molecules?

|  |A. |proteins |

|  |B. |lipids |

|  |C. |nucleic acids |

|  |D. |carbohydrates |

 

110. In the nucleus of a human cell, RNA polymerase travels along a DNA strand and constructs a new strand of mRNA. The new mRNA strand leaves the nucleus through a pore in the nuclear membrane and enters the cytoplasm. The mRNA associates with a ribosome and a new polypeptide is produced.

Several types of organic molecules are mentioned in the paragraph above.

a. Select two different organic molecules mentioned in the paragraph above and classify each as one of the four major types of organic molecules. You may use a table like the one below in your response.

b. Briefly describe the structure and function of each organic molecule you identified in part (a). You may use a table like the one below in your response.

[pic]

 Essay

111. The table below shows the elemental composition of three different types of organisms.

Elemental Composition of Selected

Organisms (percent by weight)

| | | |E. coli |

|Element |Human |Alfalfa |Bacterium |

|[pic] |

|O |65.0 |77.9 |73.7 |

|C |18.5 |11.3 |12.1 |

|H |9.5 |8.7 |9.9 |

|X |3.3 |0.8 |3.0 |

|P |1.0 |0.7 |0.6 |

|S |0.3 |0.1 |0.3 |

|[pic] |

|Total |97.6% |99.5% |99.6% |

The X in the table represents which of the following elements?

|  |A. |calcium (Ca) |

|  |B. |iron (Fe) |

|  |C. |nitrogen (N) |

|  |D. |sodium (Na) |

 

112. The structure of an organic molecule is represented below.

[pic]

In this organic molecule, which element is identified by each X?

|  |A. |iron |

|  |B. |carbon |

|  |C. |sodium |

|  |D. |phosphorus |

 

113. The reaction catalyzed by the bacterial enzyme β-galactosidase forms a dark-colored end-product when the cells are grown on a particular agar medium. As more product is formed, the cells become darker.

Students performed an experiment to determine the optimum pH for activity of this enzyme. Their results are shown in the illustration of bacterial colonies below.

Bacterial Colony Color as a Function of pH

[pic]

Based on these data, the students should conclude that β-galactosidase functions best at which pH?

|  |A. |5 |

|  |B. |7 |

|  |C. |9 |

|  |D. |11 |

114. On island chains like the one shown

below, animal populations that spread

from the main island to the other islands

can evolve into separate species.

[pic]

Which of the following best explains

what favors speciation in these situations?

|  |A. |Predators on the main island |

| | |can easily migrate to follow the |

| | |populations to the other islands. |

|  |B. |Lack of disease on the other islands|

| | |enables the populations to grow and |

| | |change without limit. |

|  |C. |The physical separation of |

| | |the islands limits gene flow |

| | |and interbreeding between the |

| | |populations. |

|  |D. |The climatic conditions of the |

| | |islands allow the populations to |

| | |breed all year and produce several |

| | |generations. |

115. The illustrations below show a South American finch and some of the species of finches found on the Galápagos Islands. The map shows the relationship of the Galápagos Islands to the west coast of South America.

[pic]

There are 13 species of finches found on the Galápagos Islands. These finches have a wide variety of food sources and beak shapes. There is one genetically similar species of finch found on the South American mainland. This finch eats small seeds.

Use the map and the bird illustrations to identify and explain two ways that these finches provide evidence that supports the theory of evolution.

In which of the following ways are photosynthesis and cellular respiration alike?

|  |A. |Both processes produce glucose. |

|  |B. |Both processes consume carbon dioxide. |

|  |C. |Both processes take place in chloroplasts. |

|  |D. |Both processes involve energy transformations. |

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