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Fundamental of Computer

1. What is Computer?

Ans: - Computer is an advanced/ modern electronic device, which takes raw data as input then processes these data as per given instruction then gives output (result) is called Computer.

Or

It is also a problem-solving machine, which can process both numerical and non-numerical information. It is a totally user dependent device. It has no its own brain, so it cannot think its own.

In one word, any electronic machine that can perform 'IPO' cycle is known as Computer.

2. What is data?

Ans :- Data is the collection of raw materials .

3. What is input device?

Ans :- Those device which are used to input the data into computer is called input device . For example:-keyboard, Mouse, Joystick …………….etc .

(

4. What is a output device?

Ans :- Those device which are used to show the data is called output device .

For example: - Monitor, Printer, Speaker…………………etc.

5. What is C.P.U.(Central Processing Unit) ?

Ans :- C.P.U. is the main part of Computer it is process the data. C.P.U. is the heart of Computer.

IPO Cycle:

Input Process Output

(Raw data) [C.P.U.] (Result)

[Input Device] [Output Device]

Full form of Computer.

C Commonly

O Operating

M Machine

P Primary

U Used for

T Technology

E Education

R Research

History of Computer

The history of Computer can track back to the Abacus (2000BC.) used by merchants and developed by Chinese. The Abacus was mechanical device that is used to add, subtract, multiply and divide numbers.

This machine could add, subtract numbers was developed by Blaise Pascal in 1640. It was called calculating machine. Another machine Multiplying and dividing numbers was developed by Leibniz’s in 1671. His invention is called calculator. In 1804 Joseph Jacquard, a French weaver, devised a loom that was used to punched card to direct the weaving pattern. This was the first device to used instruction on cards to “program” the operation of a machine.

A few years later (1837), Charles Babbage, who is referred to as the “father of computers”, devised a machine which is analytical engine. Lady Ada Lovelace(the first program lady) developed Binary number system and also a program, which was stored in punched card and fed into analytical engine. In 1940’s Johan Von Neumann suggested that “the data can be manipulated, and instruction could be stored internally” and “Binary number system could be used in building computers”. This revolutionized the design of equipment, since the binary numbering system represented by two digits (0 and 1) and electronic components are typically in one of the two conditions (on and off ). However, at this time computers were still huge devices used only for scientific purpose.

History of Computer In Nepal

The first Computer, IBM 1401, was introduced in Nepal in 1972 by HMG Nepal for the population census of 1972 and paid Rs one lakh, Twenty five thousand per month as rent, It took 1 year 7 months and 15 days for the processing of 1 crore, 12 lakh and 50 thousand population later government purchased a separate organization called Electronic Data processing center (EDPC) in 1975, which after six years converted to National Computer Center (NCC). In 1982, ICL 2950110, a better fourth generation computer was imported with the aid of UNDP and UNFPA to tabulate the population census of 1982, which took only 1 year and 3 months and had 64 terminals. In 1980, onwards many private computer companies were established who either started importing computer from foreign countries or assembling computer in the country only. Microcomputer like Vector, Apple, Sires, etc. was introduced in Nepal in 1983.

Characteristics of a Computer

1. Speed:-In short time computer can perform complex calculations at high speed.

2. Storage:-The storage characteristic of a computer has made it distinct from a calculator. A large amount of data can be stored in computer's memory.

3. Automatic:-Computer can perform any operations automatically, when we give any instruction to the computer.

4. Accuracy:-The result given by the computer will be extremely accurate. If mistake occurs in any calculation, i.e. due to the wrong instruction given by user.

5. Versatility:-The computer is a versatile device. The operations performed by computer are very flexible. It executes different types of applications of different area such as education, medicine, astrology, geography, business &information Technology.

Types of Computer

On the basis of work

There are 3 types of computer.

1. Analog Computer:-

The computer which can process analog quantities is called an analog computer." They are designed to accept physical forces such as temperature, pressure and record them as reading along a continuous scale. Example of analog devices:

Thermometer- This is used to measure the temperature of the body

Speedometer- This is used in Vehicle to measure their speed.

2. Digital Computer:-

The computer which accepts discrete data (discontinuous data) is known as digital computer. Digital computer counts digits that represent numbers o &1 letters. They are the most widely used type of computer. It is used to preparation of document, paper, design, film, accounting, etc.

Example of digital computer: IBM PC, IBM Compatibles

3. Hybrid Computer:-

The data processing device, which uses both analog and digital data, is known as hybrid computer. Hybrid computer can perform the tasks of both analog and digital computers. They can transfer data from analog to digital and vice-versa.

On the basis of size

There are 4 types of computer.

a). Super Computer:-Super Computers are the fastest, largest, powerful and expensive Computers. Super Computers have very high speed.

b). Mainframe Computer:-Mainframe Computers were developed by International Business Machine (IBM) in 1951. It were contains 4-8 tape unit, 4-6 HDD, Card Reader, Multi-user System (Many People can share CPU of computer) Multitasking system (The CPU of the computer is capable of doing many jobs at a time) and big computers.

c). Mini Computer:- Mini versions of mainframe computer have multi-user system, Multitasking system but less capacity as compared to mainframe computer.

d). Micro Computer:-These type of computers are small general-purpose computers based on microprocessor chips and single user system.

On the basis of Brand

a).IBM Computer (PC-personal computer) :-The personal computer is manufactured by IBM company are known as IBM PC. IBM was established in USA in 1942 and in 1945, IBM Company started manufacturing of computers. The mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers manufactured by IBM Company are called IBM computers.

b).IBM Compatible:-

Those computers having the same functional characteristic of IBM computers are called IBM compatibles. IBM compatibles are not the original computers but their basic architecture is similar to IBM. All software, which runs in IBM computer, can equally run in IBM compatible computer. Parts of the IBM compatible are easy, so it get market easily.

Example of IBM Compatible computers:

Compaq ALR

NEC AST

c).Apple /Macintosh:-

The apple company has manufacture new brand computer, which is called Apple. The apple company was established in USA in 1970. The computer manufactured by Apple Company having different architecture as compared to IBM computers is called apple computers. The apple computers have their own software. It is used for graphics designing.

Generation of Computer

First generation (1946-1958):-

In this generation vacuum tube is used, watches and wires plugs boards are used to execute programs. Power consumption and heat generation were high. Fault locating was a difficult task, and machinery language is used. The memory devices are mercury delay lines and storage mediums are punched card, paper tapes.

Second generation (1959-1964):-

First generation change into second generation computer. In this generation transistors and diodes are used. They are smaller in size. They are faster. Level of accuracy and reliability is higher power consumption.

Third generation (1965-1970):-

Second generation change into third generation computer. In this generation using integrated circuit (IC) and multiprocessing ability. Operating system and high-level language were developed.

Forth generation (1971-1982):-

Third generation change forth generation computer. In this generation uses microprocessor chips or IC with CLSI (Very Large Scale integration). They were low power and fewer prices.

Fifth generation (1982 onwards):-

Forth generation change into fifth generation computer. In this generation used also microprocessor. Fifth generation computer is super computer based on KIPS (knowledge information processing system) & LIPS (Logical interface per second) super computer is faster computer of world.

Memory

Memory is a temporary electronic circuit where data display temporarily. Memory is also storage device placed of the data or instruction.

There are two types of memory.

A) Primary Memory : It is a temporary memory.

1. ROM (read Only Memory):-This memory is a read only memory. We cannot write anything into this but can read only. There are five types of memory.

Types of ROM:-

a) ROM - Read Only Memory

b) PROM - Programmable Read Only Memory

c) EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

d) EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

e) Flash EEPROM memory

2. RAM (Random Access Memory):-This is Read and Write memory. You can read the contents of the memory as well as write something into this. However, the contents of this memory are active until the power is on. As soon as the power is cut off, all the contents of this memory will erase. That is why it is also called Volatile memory. Whatever program you start, that will be loaded into this type of memory.

a) SRAM (Static)- Signal Stored or change not leaky, fast expansion.

b) DRAM (Dynamic):- Signal stored or change leaky. Drams are slower, cheaper. They have high packing density and consume less power.

B) Secondary Memory : It is a permanent memory.

1. Hard Disk (HDD):- Hard Disk is default disk or fixed disk. These disks can storage the large volume if information. Hard Disk always inside the cashing (CPU box). It is removable disk (Once disk is full of data, then data can be removed).

2. Floppy Disk;-Floppy disks are made of Mylar plastics coated with magnetic oxide. It is a portable device. It can be classified according to storage capacity –

a). 5.25”:- Its capacity is 360 KB.

b). 3.5”:- It capacity is 1.44 MB.

3. CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory):-CD is a non erasable disk used for storing computer data. It can store data up to 850 MB.

Unit of Measurement

4 Bits = 1 Nibble

8 Bits = 1 Byte

1024 Bytes = 1 KB (Kilo Byte)

1024 KB = 1 MB (Mega Byte)

1024 MB = 1 GB (Giga Byte)

1024 GB = 1 TB (Tera Byte

Components of Computer

1. Hardware: - The physical parts of computer are called Hardware.

2. Software: - The non physical part’s of computer is called software.

there are different categories of software .

a) system software: - system software is collection of master program designed to operate the computer system. ex- Windows95, 97, 98.2000, xp, NT etc.

b) Application software:-It is a set of programs do specific job for the user such as Financial accounting, Share Accounting, Typshala etc.

Number System

The organization of computer system depends on Number system. All digital computers store numbers, letters and other characters in coded form. There is various type of number system.

1. Decimal Number System:- The decimal number system, which has 10 (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) digits. It is known as decimal number system.

It base is 10. For example: (68)10, (244)10

2. Binary Number System:- The binary number system, which has 2 digits, is known as binary number system. The digits are 0 and 1.

It base is 2. For example: (100011)2, (1111)2,

3. Octal Number System:-The octal number system, which has 8 digits (0-7)is known as octal number system. It base is 8.For example:

(58)8, (66)8

4. Hexadecimal Number System:-The hexadecimal number system, which has 16 digits (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,a,b,c,d,e,f) is called hexadecimal number system. It base is 16. For example: (2f4)16

How to start the Computer?

First of all,

1. Switch ON the power in CPU.

2. Switch On the Monitor (Screen).

Then, wait for just a minute, after then you will directly enter into the windows Environment (Desktop).

With the help of this Environment, you can perform any types of work related to Computer.

How to Shutdown the Computer?

How to shutdown the Computer (In windows xp/7)?

Before shutdown the Computer, you have to close all opened program. Then,

1. Click on Start button.

2. Click on Turn off Computer/(Shut down).

3. A dialog box will display.

4. Click on Turn off button

Then our Computer will be automatically shutdown.

How to Shutdown the Computer (In windows’ XP)?

Before shutdown the Computer, you have to close all opened program. Then,

1. Click on Start button.

2. Click on Shutdown button.

Then Computer asks you:

What do you want the Computer to do.

• Standby

• Shutdown

• Restart

• Restart in Ms-DOS mode.

3. Click on 2nd option.

Then our Computer will be automatically shutdown.

Windows 98, xp

Widows are an advanced/ modern excellent operating system, developed by Microsoft Corporation, from U.S.A. This operating system controls overall activities of the computer system.

There is nothing special you need to start this system. Just turn ON the computer and Screen and wait for just a minute then you will directly enter into the windows Environment (Desktop) and see the following Dialog Box (Screen).

Icons Desktop

Start

Indicators

Desktop:- The full area of screen is called desktop, which consists some important icons, related to computer.

Icon:- Icon is the graphical presentation of the computer’s items.

Taskbar:-Taskbar is the Grey Horizontal Line located at the bottom of the Desktop with Start Button and Indicators.

My Computer:-My Computer is the main heading (location), where all of the items related to Computer are stored. We can see quickly and easily item inside it. We can also manage the files and folders by using my computer.

My Document:- My Document is a default folder where files and folder are store.

Recycle Bin:- Recycle Bin is a system folder that stores all deleted items. When you delete any items, then it stores in Recycle Bin. But we can restore or permanently delete the deleted items from Recycle Bin. It is like a dustbin.

Basic Mouse Skills

The mouse is a hardware that least you interact with windows' Graphical user interface by letting you performs actions such as pointing, clicking, and dragging. There are tow button in mouse – one is right button and other is left.

Right button: - for special purpose such as – Rename, Delete, copy, Cut, Paste, Properties, Open, Close etc.

Left button:-Single Click –for select program Double click- for Open Program.

Set system's Date and time:

➢ Double click on Date and Time from task bar

➢ A Date and Time dialog box will display.

➢ Set Date and Time by using Clock & Calendar.

➢ Click on apply button.

➢ Click on ok button.

To Change Background of Desktop.

➢ Right click on the mouse button in the

Desktop.

➢ Click on the persnolise.

➢ A properties Dialog box will display.

➢ Select Desktop (Background) button.

➢ Select any wallpaper from list box.

➢ Click on apply button.

Or

➢ Click on browse option.

➢ A browse dialog box will displayed.

➢ Choose the picture drive and select the picture folder.

➢ Click on open button, then picture folder will be open.

➢ Select any picture and click on open button.

➢ Click on apply button.

➢ Click on ok button.

Then our Desktop Background will be changed.

How to change Screen Sever.

➢ Right click on the mouse button in the Desktop.

➢ Click on the persnolise.

➢ A properties Dialog box will displayed.

➢ Select Screen Sever button.

➢ Click on dropdown arrow of Screen Sever and

choose required one.

➢ Click on setting option to set the special effect

to the selected Screen Sever.

➢ Also define waiting time for Screen Sever.

➢ Click on preview button to view its sample.

➢ Click on apply button.

➢ Click on ok button.

To change Desktop Icons.

➢ Right click on the mouse button in the Desktop.

➢ Click on the properties.

➢ A properties Dialog box will display.

➢ Select Desktop (Background) button.

➢ Click on customize Desktop.

➢ A Desktop item will displayed.

➢ Select any one icon, which you want

change.

➢ Click on change icon option.

➢ A change icon list will displayed.

➢ Select any one icon.

➢ Click on ok button.

Then our icon will be changed.

To create a new folder.

➢ Right click on the mouse button, where you want to create folder.

➢ Click on new option from the list.

➢ Click on folder option, then a folder will be creating.

➢ Type folder name and click on outside.

To open folder double click on folder or right click

on folder and click on open button, then our folder will

be open.

To create Shortcut of programs in the Desktop.

➢ Click on the start button.

➢ Click on program.

➢ Choose the program which you want to create shortcut.

➢ Right click on the program.

➢ Click on send to and click on Desktop (create shortcut).

Then our shortcut will be creating in the desktop.

How to copy the file Hard disk to Pendrive

➢ Insert the Pendrive.

➢ Open the My computer and open the Pendrive.

➢ Copy the file, which you want to put the Pendrive.

➢ Go to Pendrive and paste into the Pendrive.

How to copy the file Pendrive to hard disk drive.

➢ Insert the disk.

➢ Open the Pendrive.

➢ Select the file which you want to copy.

➢ Open the hard disk drive, and paste into the hard disk drive.

Ms. Paint Brush

Ms-paint brush is a drawing program developed by Microsoft Corporation. By the help of these tools we can draw a picture, cartoons and also used to create background for the desktop.

Loading Ms-paint brush.

➢ Click on start button.

➢ Click on program.

➢ Click on accessories.

➢ Click on Ms-paint.

Or,

➢ Click on Start.

➢ Click on Run.(Alt+R).

➢ Type mspaint in the box.

➢ Click on Ok button.

Tools of the paint.

|1 |Free-from select |: |To select object with free form. |

|2 |Select |: |To select object with rectangular shape. |

|3 |Eraser/Colour Eraser |: |To eraser any object. |

|4 |Fill with Colour |: |To fill required color inside the boundary and into the line. |

|5 | Peck Colour |: |To choose the pre using color. |

|6 |Magnifier |: |To magnify the object. |

|7 |Pencil |: | To draw any bitmap with freehand. |

|8 |Brush |: |To draw required bitmap with different brush shape. |

|9 |Airbrush |: |To spray required color anywhere inside the creating area. |

|10 | Text |: |To write any required text. |

|11 |Line |: |To draw straight object. |

|12 |Curve |: |To draw curve line. |

|13 |Rectangle |: |To draw rectangular object. |

|14 |Polygon |: |To draw multi- sided object. |

|15 |Ellipse |: | To draw ellipse and oval shaped object. |

|16 |Rounded rectangular |: |To draw rectangular object with rounded corner. |

To Save :

➢ Click on file menu.

➢ Click on Save.

➢ Type your file name.

➢ Click on Save button.

To Copy :

➢ Select the picture.

➢ Click on Home.

➢ Click on Copy.

➢ Click on Paste.

MS-WORD

Ms-word (Microsoft word) is one of the most popular word processing software, developed by Microsoft Corporation.

Ms-word is popularly used in writing documents, letters, thesis, reports etc.

Microsoft word file extension is *.doc

Loading Ms-Word.

➢ Click on start button.

➢ Click on program.

➢ Click on ms-word.

Or

➢ Click on start button.

➢ Click on Run button.

➢ Type Winword and press ENTER Key.

➢ Then ms-word will be open.

Office Button

New(ctrl+ N):- It is used to create a new bland document.

Step:

➢ Go to Office button./(File menu).

➢ Click on New.

➢ Click on blank document.

➢ Click on Ok.

Open: (Ctrl+O):- with the help of this option we can open the existing file.

Step:

➢ Go to Office button./(File menu).

➢ Click on Open

➢ Choose file from the dialog box.

➢ Click on Open.

Save: (Ctrl+S):-It saves the active file with its current file name, location, and file format.

Step:

➢ Go to Office button./(File menu).

➢ Click on Save button.

➢ Open the Save dialog box and give

the required file name.

➢ Click on Save.

Save as (F12):-It is used to save the active file with a different file name and location.

Step:

➢ Go to Office button./(File menu).

➢ Click on Save as

➢ Give file name in name box.

➢ Click on Save.

Print Preview: - It is used to display the (one or more page) how it looks before printing.

Print: (ctrl+ P):-It is used to prints the active file or selected items.

➢ Click on Office button./(File menu).

➢ Click on Print.

➢ A dialog box will display.

➢ Set the no. of copy.

➢ Click on Ok.

Close:-It is used to close the active file.

➢ Click on Office button./(File menu).

➢ Click on close.

Exit:- It is used to closes the application.

➢ Click on Office button./(File menu).

➢ Click on Exit Word.

Home Menu

Clipboard Option:

Cut (Ctrl + X):- It is used to cut up the selected text and places it on the Clipboard.

Copy (Ctrl+C):- This command is used to copy the selected text and place it on Clipboard.

Paste (Ctrl+V):- This command is used to paste contents of the clipboard at the insertion point, any replaces any selection.

Paste Special:-This command is used to pastes links or embeds the clipboard contents in the current file in the format you specify.

Font Option:

Font:- This command is used to change the Font (font, font style, font size), Font color, superscript,subscript, highlight color etc.

Step:

➢ Clock on Home menu.

➢ Clock on font command.

➢ Choose font, size ,color etc.

Shortcut Key for Font style

Bold – Press (Ctrl+B)

Italic – Press (Ctrl+I)

Underline – Press (Ctrl+U)

Double Underline – (Ctrl+Shift+D)

Shortcut Key for Font Size

Increase Font size – Press Ctrl+]

Decrease Font size – Press Ctrl+[

Shortcut Key for text Alignment

Right – Press Ctrl+R

Left – press Ctrl+L

Center – Press Ctrl+E

Justify – Press Ctrl+J

Shortcut Key for Superscript/Subscript

Superscript – Select text and Press Ctrl+Shift+=

Subscript – Select text and press Ctrl+=

Paragraph Option : This command is used to change paragraph, indents and text alignment, line spacing and other paragraph formats in the selected paragraph.

➢ Click on Home menu.

➢ Click on Paragraph.

➢ Set paragraph alignment, Bullets and numbering ,etc.

Style Option : It is used to change the writing style as narmal, strong, heading etc.

➢ Click on Home menu.

➢ Choose any one style.

Editing Option :

Find (ctrl+F):- This command is used to find the specified text or character within a document.

Step:

➢ Go to Home Menu.

➢ Click on Find Command.

➢ A dialog box will display.

[pic]

➢ Specify the text.

➢ Click on the find next button from dialog box.

Replace (ctrl+H):-This command is used to replace the specified text or character found by finding operation.

Step:

➢ Go to Home menu.

➢ Click on replace button.

➢ A replace dialog box will be opened.

[pic]

➢ Specify text or character in find what box.

➢ Specify text or character, which you want to replace. In replace with box.

➢ Click on replace button from the dialog box.

(you can replace all by clicking "Replace all" button).

Select All (Ctrl+A):- This command is used to select the whole document or objects.

➢ Go to Home menu.

➢ Click on Select button.

➢ Click on Select All.

➢ Drag the mouse for select.

Go To (Ctrl+G):-This command is used to

jump to the particular page.

Insert Menu

Pages Options:- This command is used to insert page break,

blank page and cover page.

Steps:

➢ Click on Insert Menu.

➢ Click on cover page, blank page, page break.

Table Option : This option is used to create table in your document.

Insert Table : This command is used to insert a required table in your document.

Steps:

➢ Click on Inset Menu.

➢ Click on table command.

➢ Click on insert table.

➢ A dialog box will display.

➢ Set the no. of column and row.

➢ Click on Ok.

Draw Table:- This command is used to insets a table where you drag in the document.

Step:

➢ Click on Insert Menu.

➢ Click on Table Option.

➢ Click on draw table command.

➢ Drag in the document to draw table

Quick Table: This option is used to change the format of any table and modify your table.

Step:

➢ Click on Insert Menu.

➢ Click on Table Option.

➢ Click on quick table.

➢ Select any one format.

Illustrations Option:

Picture : This option is used to insert picture from file or computer.

Steps:

➢ Click on Insert Menu.

➢ Click on Picture.

➢ Select any one picture from file.

➢ Click on insert button.

Clip Art: This option is used to insert clip arts photo in your insertion point.

Steps:

➢ Click on Insert Menu.

➢ Click on clip arts.

➢ Select your picture categories.

➢ Select picture and insert into your page.

Shapes : This option is used to insert auto shape in your page.

Steps:

➢ Click on Insert Menu.

➢ Click on shapes.

➢ Select any one shape.

➢ Drag on the page.

Smart Art : This option is used to insert Smart art chart in your document.

Steps:

➢ Click on Insert Menu.

➢ Click on smart art.

➢ Select any one diagram.

➢ Click on ok.

Chart : This option is used to insert different types of

chart in your document.

Steps :

➢ Click on Insert Menu.

➢ Click on chart.

➢ Select any one chart.

➢ Click on ok.

➢ Fill you data for your chart.

Links Option :

Hyperlink : This command is used to create links between one file to another file.

Step:

➢ Select the text.

➢ Click on Insert Menu.

➢ Click on Hyperlink command.

➢ Insert dialog box will display.

➢ Select file which you want to link file.

➢ Clock on ok button.

Book Mark : This option is used to record text for insert your required page.

Steps:

➢ Click on insert menu.

➢ Click on book mark.

➢ A dialog box will display.

➢ Type your required text.

➢ Click on Ok.

Header & Footer : This option is used to insert header and footer or page number in your page.

Header & Footer

Steps:

➢ Click on insert menu.

➢ Click on header for top of the page, footer for bottom of page and page number.

Page Numbers:- This command is used to inserts page numbers and control the Format, position and value.

Step:

➢ Click on Insert menu.

➢ Click on Page Number command.

➢ A dialog box will display in the screen.

[pic]

➢ Define position and alignment from the dialog box.

➢ Click on Format Button and select Number Format

➢ Click on OK and OK button.

Text Option:

Text Box:- This command is used to draw a text box where you click or draw in the active window.

Step:

➢ Click on Insert Menu.

➢ Click on Text Box command.

➢ Define area by dragging the cursor.

➢ Type text in text Box area.

➢ Click on out of the Text box area.

Word Art

➢ Click on Insert menu.

➢ Click on Word Art.

➢ Select style and click ok button.

➢ Type your text and click on ok button.

Drop Cap:- This command is used to dropped

the selected character of paragraph.

Step:

➢ Select a character of the paragraph.

➢ Click on Insert Menu.

➢ Click on Drop Cap command.

➢ Drop cap dialog box will display.

➢ Select the position from dialog box.

➢ Click on ok button.

Date and Time:- This command is used to insert date and time in document.

Step:

➢ Set cursor position.

➢ Click on Insert menu.

➢ Click on date and time.

➢ A date and time dialog box will display.

[pic]

➢ Select any date or time.

➢ Click on OK button.

Object:- this command is used to inserts an object such as Bitmap Image, media clip, Microsoft word picture etc. at the insertion point.

Step:

➢ Click on Insert Menu.

➢ Click on object command.

➢ A object dialog box will display.

➢ Select any one object.

➢ Click on ok button.

Symbols :

Equation : This command is used to insert equation for the mathematics sign.

Steps:

➢ Click on insert menu.

➢ Click on equation.

➢ Select sign as you like.

➢ Al last, click out side.

Symbol:- this command is used to insert different sign (symbol) in your document.

Step:

➢ Place the current cursor position.

➢ Click on Insert menu.

➢ Click on Symbol.

➢ A Symbol dialog box will display.

[pic]

➢ Select any symbol

➢ Click on insert button.

➢ Click on close button.

Page Layout Menu

Thems Option : This option is used to change the paper thems, color, effect etc.

Steps:

➢ Click on Page layout menu.

➢ Select thems, color and effect.

Page Setup Option:

Margins : This option is used to set the margin of the page.

Steps:

➢ Click on Page layout menu.

➢ Click on margin.

➢ Click on custom margin.

➢ Set the margins, paper size and page layout.

➢ At last, click on ok.

Orientation : It is used to change paper orientation.

Steps:

➢ Click on Page layout menu.

➢ Click on orientation.

➢ Select portrail or landscape.

Size : It is used to change the paper size.

Steps:

➢ Click on Page layout menu.

➢ Click on size option.

➢ Choose any one size.

Columns:- This command is used to changes the number of column in a document.

Step:

➢ Click on Page layout Menu.

➢ Click on column command.

➢ Column dialog box will display.

[pic]

➢ Define number of column: presets, width and spacing.

➢ Click on ok button.

Page Background :

Watermark : This option is used to set the watermark in your document.

Steps:

➢ Click on Page layout menu.

➢ Click on custom watermark.

➢ A dialog box will display.

➢ Select picture or text.

➢ Select any one picture.

➢ Click on ok.

Page color : This command is used to set the page color in your document.

Steps:

➢ Click on Page layout menu.

➢ Click on page color, effect etc.

➢ Click on Ok.

Page Borders: This command is used to insert border and shading to selected text, paragraph, pages and pictures.

➢ Step: Select the object.

➢ Click on Page Layout Menu.

➢ Click on border and Shading command.

➢ Border and Shading dialog box will display.

➢ Set the paragraph border, page border and shading from the dialog box.

➢ Click on ok button.

Paragraph Option : This option is used to set the paragraph indent and spacing.

Steps:

➢ Click on Page layout menu.

➢ Set the paragraph indent and space.

Arrange Option : This option is used to arrange the object in current document.

Reference Menu:

Table of Content : This command is used to insert the contents of table in page.

Steps:

➢ Click on Reference menu.

➢ Click on table of contents.

Footnote: It is used to insert footnote in the bottom of page.

Steps:

➢ Click on Reference menu.

➢ Click on footnote button.

➢ Type your footnot.

Mailings Menu

Start Mail Merge: This command is used to merge one than more documents one is main document and other is sub documents.

Step:

➢ Click on Mailing menu.

➢ Go to Step by step mail merge.

➢ Click on Mail Merge wizard.

➢ Mail merge list will display.

➢ Click on Next step1.

➢ Click on Next step2.

➢ Click on Type a new list.

➢ Click on create button.

➢ New Address List will display.

➢ Fill in the one than address of your friends.

➢ Click on close button.[pic]

➢ Save Address list will display.

➢ Give the require file name.

➢ Click on save button.

➢ Click on ok button.

➢ Click on Next step3.

➢ Click on insert merge fields.

➢ Insert Merge Field dialog box will display.

➢ Select the field and click on Insert button.

➢ Click on close button and arrange the field of address.

➢ Click on Next step4.

➢ Click on Next step5.

➢ Click on Print button to the print document or click on Edit individual letters to preview document in individual.

Review Menu :

Spelling and Grammar:- This command is used to check the active document for possible spelling, grammar and writing style error and displays suggestions for correcting them.

Step:

➢ Click on Review Menu.

➢ Click on Spelling and Grammar command.

➢ Spelling and Grammar dialog box will display.

[pic]

➢ Spelling and grammatical mistakes and its suggestion will display at the dialog box.

➢ Click on ignore or change from the dialog box.

Word Count:- This command is used to count a number of pages, words, characters, paragraphs and line in the active document.

Step:

➢ Click on Review Menu.

➢ Clock on Word Count Command.

➢ Click on ok button.

Protect Document:- this command is used to protect and unprotect the active document, with the help of password.

Step:

➢ Click on Review Menu.

➢ Click on protect command.

➢ Enter password in the dialog box.

➢ Click on ok button.

➢ Confirm dialog box will display.

➢ Enter the reenter password.

➢ Click on ok button.

Unprotect Document

➢ Click on Review Menu.

➢ Click on Unprotect Document command.

➢ Enter password in Unprotect Document dialog box.

➢ Click on ok button.

View Menu :

Print Layout:- This command is used to display document in actual size, graphics object and actual document, which will print.

Step:

➢ Click on view menu.

➢ Click on Print Layout.

Full Screen:-This option is used to display document in full screen.

Step:

➢ Click on view menu.

➢ Click on full screen (now document will display in full screen)

➢ If you want to close full screen then click on close button.

Ruler:- This option is used to show or hide ruler.

Step:

➢ Click on view menu.

➢ Click in ruler.

Zoom:- This option is used to display document in different size (in percentage)

Step:

➢ Click on view menu.

➢ Click on zoom button.

➢ Select any zoom size.

➢ Click on ok button.

[pic]

Macro:-This command is used to records a new macro or stops recording after you start recording a macro.

Step:

➢ Click on View menu.

➢ Go to Macro and click on record new macro.

➢ Record macro dialog box will display.

[pic]

➢ Click on Keyboard button.

➢ Customize Keyboard dialog box will display.

➢ Press new shortcut key in shortcut key box, just like (Ctrl+1)

➢ Click on Assign button.

➢ Click on close button.

➢ Type any sentence, word to record.

➢ Click on stop recording.

To Run Macro.

➢ Press define shortcut key (Ctrl+1) or click on View menu.

➢ Click on macro.

➢ Macro dialog box will display.

➢ Select the macro from dialog box.

➢ Click on run button.

Some shortcut keys used in ms-word.

|Alt+F4 |: |To close application |

|Ctrl+N |: |New |

|Ctrl+O |: |Open |

|Ctrl+P |: |Print |

|Ctrl+S |: |Save |

|F12 |: |Save As |

|Ctrl+C |: |Copy |

|Ctrl+X |: |Cut |

|Ctrl+V |: |Paste |

|Ctrl+A |: |Select All |

|Ctrl+F |: |Find |

|Ctrl+G |: |Go to |

|Ctrl+Z |: |Undo |

|Ctrl+Y |: |Redo |

|Ctrl+H |: |Replace |

|Ctrl+Shift+A |: |All caps |

|Ctrl+B |: |Bold |

|Ctrl+I |: |Italic |

|Ctrl+U |: |Underline |

|Ctrl+Shift+D |: |Double underline |

|Ctrl+Educaion |: |Center alignment |

|Shift+F3 |: |Change Case |

|Ctrl+Shift+W |: |Word only underline |

|Ctrl+Shift+F |: |Font |

|Ctrl+Shift+P |: |Font Size |

|Ctrl+shift+> |: |Font Increase |

|Ctrl+Shift+< |: |Font Decrease |

|Ctrl+J |: |Justify |

|Ctrl+L |: |Left Alignment |

|Ctrl+R |: |Right alignment |

|Ctrl+1 |: |Single Line Spacing |

|Ctrl+2 |: |Double line Spacing |

|Ctrl+5 |: |1.5 line Spacing |

|Ctrl+= |: |Subscript |

|Ctrl+Shift+= |: |Superscript |

|Ctrl+Shift+Q |: |Symbol font |

|Alt+F8 |: |Macro |

|Win+D |: |All minimize |

|Alt+Tab |: |maximize |

excel

MICROSOFT EXCEL IS AN ADVANCED ELECTRONIC BASED SPREADSHEET PACKAGE DEVELOPED BY MICROSOFT CORPORATION OF AMERICA. IT IS A MOST POWERFUL TOOL TO DEVELOP A TABULAR FORMAT'S DATA WHERE YOU CAN EVEN MAKE COMPLICATED CALCULATION. IN THIS SOFTWARE, YOU CAN'T DEVELOP ANY COMPREHENSIVE DOCUMENT BUT NUMERICAL DATA AS WELL AS CHART, DIAGRAM, ORGANIZATION CHART ETC. ITS FILE FORMAT IS *.XLS.

Spreadsheet : The sheet which accept auto calculation, mathematical function, and logical function is known as Spreadsheet.

Excel has all those features and option that can be done on spreadsheet that's why it is called as Spreadsheet Package.

Technically, Excel's files are called by Workbook as in Ms-word it's file called as Document. Workbook means a collection of different worksheet. A single workbook can have up to 255 worksheets.

A worksheet is really a large table having 16384 columns and 1048576 rows. Worksheet is also known as Sheet a large number of pages.

To Start Ms-Excel

1. Click on Start button.

2. Choose Program.

3. Click on Microsoft Excel 2007/10.

Or,

1. Click on Start button.

2. Click on Run, then run dialog box will appear.

3. Type Excel at the Run box.

4. Click on Ok.

Then you will direct enter into the Ms-Excel Program and see the following dialog box.

[pic]

Cursor cell movement:

|( Or, Tab Key |To move one cell right. |

|( Or, Shift + Tab key |To move one cell left. |

|( Or, Enter key |To move one cell down. |

|( Or, Shift + Enter key |To move one cell up. |

|Page Down |To move one page (Screen) down. |

|Page Up |To move one page (Screen) up |

|Alt + Page Down |To move one page (Screen) right. |

|Alt + Page Up |To move one page (Screen) left. |

|Ctrl + Page Down |To move one worksheet right. |

|Ctrl + Page Up |To move one worksheet left. |

|Ctrl + End |Last active cell. |

|Ctrl + Home |First Active cell. |

|Ctrl + ( |Last row of the worksheet. |

|Ctrl + ( |First row of the worksheet. |

|Ctrl + ( |Last column of the worksheet. |

|Ctrl + ( |First column of the worksheet. |

Formula:

Formula is the sequential structure of the functions and/or operators, which are used to perform any types of calculation. There are various functions and operators are used to make an appropriate structure of the formula.

Formula is a in-built-function of Ms-Excel which is used to calculate mathematical problems and logical operations. Each and every formula has its own sequence and order, which has to be followed. For eg. SUM is a function used to add a range of cells.

Operators:

Operators are the single or group of arithmetic or logical indicators (signs). Operators are the elements of the formula, used to specify a required operation. There are basically two types of Operators.

Operator tells the Excel what to do. It makes the formula meaningful.

60÷6=10

Here, 60 and 6 is Operand ÷ and = is operator and 10 is Result

1. Numerical (Arithmetic) Operator, and

2. Logical Operator

Numerical Operators:

These operators are used to perform some arithmetic operation like: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, Percentage, and Exponential etc.

Some Numeric Operators:

1. + (Plus) = For Addition

2. – (Minus) = For Subtraction.

3. * (Asterisk or Star mark) = For Multiplication

4. / (Slash) = For Division

5. % (Percentage) = To calculate percentage.

6. ^ (Exponent) = To calculate square, cube, 4th times …..of any value.

Logical Operators:

These operators are for Decision-Making. Various Logics are used while solving any problems. These operators compare more than two conditions and give one logical value True or False.

Some Logical Operators:

1. = (Is equal to)

2. > (Greater than)

3. >= (Greater than and equal to)

4. < (Less than)

5. ................
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