NATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS CURRICULUM SUPPORT
NATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS CURRICULUM SUPPORTHistoryAnnotated Bibliography for Germany: Versailles to the Outbreak of World War II[ADVANCED HIGHER]Robin Broadbent???First published 2001Electronic version 2001? Learning and Teaching Scotland 2001This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part for educational purposes by educational establishments in Scotland provided that no profit accrues at any stage.AcknowledgementLearning and Teaching Scotland gratefully acknowledge this contribution to the Higher Still support programme for History. ISBN 1 85955 886 0Learning and Teaching ScotlandGardyne RoadDundee DD5 1NYCONTENTSIntroduction1Section 1:Bibliographies3Section 2:Historiography5Section 3:Primary Sources and Memoirs14Germany 1918–193914The Weimar Republic 1918–193314The Third Reich 1933–193918Section 4:Miscellaneous23Section 5:General Surveys26Germany 1918–193926The Weimar Republic 1918–193332The Third Reich 1933–193934Section 6:The Weimar Republic39The German Revolution 1918–191939Weimar Politics43The Collapse of the Republic50Political Parties54Institutions56The Economy58Society64Culture66Nazism in the Weimar Republic70Foreign Policy 1918–193381The Treaty of Versailles 81Stresemann83Other85Section 7:The Third Reich93Fascism93Government95The Nazi Revolution97Culture97Society99Women104Institutions106Biographies110Hitler110Leading Nazis114Propaganda116The Economy120Persecution and Anti-Semitism122Resistance127Foreign Policy 1933–1939130Section 8:Other Resources139The Internet139CD-ROMs144Videos145Journals and Periodicals153IntroductionThe Advanced Higher History course on Germany between 1918 and 1939 possibly has a greater range of source materials available on it than any of the other Advanced Higher History options. Not a week seems to go by without terrestrial, cable or satellite television showing a programme on German history from the first half of the twentieth century. For this reason and others, most Sixth Year students have some idea of German history from the period contained within the new Advanced Higher from the Treaty of Versailles to the beginning of the Second World War. The availability of materials has the advantage of allowing the teacher of this option to adopt a variety of different teaching styles and strategies. (Even eminent professional historians of the period admit to being more than a little daunted by the intimidating avalanche of articles and books published on the period. See, for example, Ian Kershaw’s opening comments in The Nazi Dictatorship, 3rd Edition, 1993, p.vii.) And yet it has the disadvantage for the teacher of having to select what is and what is not relevant.The same problem confronts the student. When writing essays and the dissertation, they will find it difficult to decide when the reading must stop and the writing begin. In the end it is important for the teacher to point out to students that part of the learning process at this, and indeed at any, level is that no one individual can ever be in complete control of the knowledge and information available to them. Students need to be taught to be selective in their use of historical materials, not least when using this Bibliography.This Advanced Higher Bibliography has been written with the following guidelines in mind:?It is to be used by teachers and students.?It caters for students of differing ability – even at Advanced Higher level. For example, some students will and others will not be comfortable using the articles from the higher education journals listed. ?It contains a wide rather than an exhaustive range of materials. It is a sobering thought that on publication this Bibliography will immediately be out-of-date.?It includes only English language materials. The vast majority of students, and indeed teachers, are unlikely to be able to read German language texts.?It is more than just a paper-based Bibliography. It is important to include materials from the newer methods of storing information. Section 8 on Information Technology is no more than a basic introduction to the topic. It is vitally important for History as a subject to be and to be seen to be up-to-date and to be using the newer electronic methods of storing information. Paradoxically, a subject that investigates the past must be clued in to current and future technological developments to make it appealing and attractive to students.Sections 3–7 contain lists of books and articles on the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich. Hopefully these are self-explanatory. It is assumed that teachers and students will cross-reference the topics. Thus, anyone researching the German economy during the Third Reich (Section 7) should probably also look at the section on ‘The Economy’ in the Weimar Republic (Section 6).Where appropriate the same book has been listed in more than one section.Section 1BibliographiesABC-Clio Information Services (ed.), The Weimar Republic. A Historical Bibliography, Oxford, 1984An ageing volume which provides a detailed listing of books on the Weimar Republic. Balfour, M, Withstanding Hitler, Routledge, 1988This book on the Resistance to the Third Reich contains an exhaustive and wide-ranging bibliography. Bessel, R, Germany after the First World War, Clarendon Press, 1995A detailed study of the impact of the Great War on German society after 1918. The bibliography provides a lengthy list of secondary texts for further reading on domestic German history between 1918 and 1933.Bookbinder, P, The Weimar Republic, Manchester University Press, 1996Bookbinder’s impressive study contains an up-to-date bibliography of books on the Weimar Republic.Farmer, A, Anti-Semitism and the Holocaust, Hodder & Stoughton, 1999A book on anti-Semitism which contains a detailed bibliography on the subject.Fischer, C, The Rise of the Nazis, Manchester University Press, 1995A book which contains a more than useful bibliography. A second edition is due for publication in 2001.Fulbrook, M, (ed.), German History Since 1800, Arnold, 1997Part III of this book looks at German history between 1918 and 1945. The six articles in Part III list up-to-date bibliographies on the economy, culture and society, the rise of the Nazis, the nature of Hitler’s rule, and the Holocaust.Hiden, J, Germany and Europe 1919–1939, 2nd edition, Longman, 1993Hiden’s book contains a detailed bibliographical essay on foreign policy topics relating to Germany between the wars.Hiden, J, Republican and Fascist Germany, Longman, 1996Contains an invaluable and relatively up-to-date bibliography on the period covered by the Advanced Higher course.Hiden, J, and Farquharson, J, Explaining Hitler’s Germany, 2nd edition, Batsford, 1989Contains an extensive bibliography which is relatively up-to-date. The authors assume some prior knowledge on the part of the reader.Hildebrand, K, The Third Reich, Routledge, 1984Includes numerous books on Germany in the 1930s published after 1970.Kehr, H, and Langmaid, J, The Nazi Era 1919–1945, Mansell, 1982An excellent bibliography which provides a detailed and comprehensive guide to the Advanced Higher period. Slightly dated but worthwhile.Kershaw, I, The Nazi Dictatorship, 4th edition, Arnold, 1999Kershaw provides a concise bibliography of books on the Third Reich. Not surprisingly those listed are relatively sophisticated and mainly intended for university students and academics. Kolb, E, The Weimar Republic, Unwin Hyman, 1988Contains English-language as well as German books on Germany between 1918 and 1933 and published after 1970.Lentin, A, Guilt at Versailles, Methuen, 1984A book which contains a detailed bibliography on the Treaty of Versailles and Weimar foreign policy. Stachura, P D, The Weimar Era and Hitler 1918–1933. A Critical Bibliography, 1978, Clio Press, 1978A detailed bibliography which contains many forthright reviews. A wide range of books and articles are reviewed from the English- and German-speaking worlds.Wilt, A, Nazi Germany, Harlan Davidson Inc., 1994A general history which contains a detailed and extensive bibliography.Zeman, Z, Nazi Propaganda, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 1973A book on Nazi propaganda that contains a useful bibliography.Section 2Aschheim, S E, ‘Archetypes and the German-Jewish Dialogue: Reflections Occasioned by the Goldhagen Affair’, German History, 1997, 15 (2), pp 240–50A detailed discussion of the Goldhagen controversy.Baldwin, P, ‘Social Interpretations of Nazism: Renewing a Tradition’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1990, 25 (1), pp 5–37A wide-ranging discussion of the topic.Baranowski, S, ‘East Elbian Landed Elites and Germany’s Turn to Fascism: The Sonderweg Controversy Revisited’, European History Quarterly, 1996, 26 (2), pp 209–40How the conservative Junkers dealt with the age of mass politics in Germany from the late nineteenth century to the advent of Hitler and National Socialism.Bartov, O, ‘“An Idiot’s Tale”: Memories and Historians of the Holocaust’, Journal of Modern History, 1995, 67 (1), pp 55–82A review article on the Holocaust.Berghahn, V, ‘Big Business in the Third Reich’, European Studies Review, 1991, 21 (1), pp 97–108A review article on two detailed studies of the wartime German economy.Berghahn, V, ‘The Unmastered and Unmasterable Past’, Journal of Modern History, 1991, 63 (3), pp 546–54A perspective on the Historikerstreit or ‘historians’ dispute’ which took place in the mid to late 1980s on the place of the Third Reich in German history.Bessel, R, ‘Living with the Nazis: Some Recent Writing on the Social History of the Third Reich’, European History Quarterly, 1984, 14 (2), pp 211–20A useful historiographical essay on German society under the Nazis. Until the 1980s many historians wrote about the Third Reich ‘from the top down’ – focusing on the regime’s leaders and its institutions. Bessel looks at the growing trend in the 1980s to emphasise the history of the period ‘from the bottom up’, in other words how the regime affected the ‘everyday lives’ (Alltagsgeschichte) of the German people.Binion, R, ‘Foam on the Hitler Wave’, Journal of Modern History, 1974, 46 (3), pp 552–8A critical article on recently published Hitler biographies, most notably those by Fest and Maser. Browning, C, The Path to Genocide, Cambridge University Press, 1992In this study of the destruction of Jews, the author provides an explanation of the differing interpretations of how the Final Solution came about. Browning does not attempt to deny the centrality of Hitler’s role, but does argue that the Final Solution was not premeditated.Childers, T, and Caplan, J, (eds), Reevaluating the Third Reich, Holmes & Meier, 1993A collection of eleven academic articles which deal exclusively with aspects of domestic policy in the Third Reich. All of the articles set their topics within their up-to-date historiographical context.Conway, J, ‘“Machtergreifung” or “Due Process of History”: the Historiography of Hitler’s Rise to Power’, Historical Journal, 1965, 8 (3), pp 399–413A review article on published books on the Nazi takeover in the early 1930s. Craig, G (ed.), Economic Interest, Militarism, and Foreign Policy, University of California Press, 1965A fascinating collection of essays written in the 1920s by the German historian Eckart Kehr. The majority of the essays deal with Germany before 1914. The final essay examines the state of ‘Modern German Historiography’ mainly before, but also just after, the Great War. Dorpalen, A, ‘Weimar Republic and Nazi Era in East German Perspective’, Central European History, 1978, 11 (3), pp 211–30A paper which emphasises the ideological basis of East German analysis of the Weimar Republic and the Nazi takeover.Eley, G, From Unification to Nazism, Allen & Unwin, 1986A detailed study which contains some useful historiographical references. A difficult book for AH students. Epstein, K, ‘The Zentrum Party in the Weimar Republic’, Journal of Modern History, 1967, 39 (2), pp 160–3An English-language review of Rudolf Morsey’s German-language book on the Centre Party.Evans, R J, ‘The New Nationalism and the Old History: Perspectives on the Historikerstreit’, Journal of Modern History, 1987, 59 (4), pp 761–97A critical review of what some have viewed as a sterile debate. (The Historikerstreit or ‘historians’ debate’ took place in Germany in the 1980s.)Evans, R J, Rereading German History, Routledge, 1995A demanding and penetrating survey of German history over the last two centuries which re-examines some of the major controversies. Topics covered include authority and revolt as well as social democracy.Evans, R J, Rethinking German History, HarperCollins, 1990A sophisticated book which focuses on various themes in German history in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Beyond most students. The historiographical essay on the ‘Third Reich and Kaiserreich’ is worth reading.Farmer, A, Anti-Semitism and the Holocaust, Hodder & Stoughton, 1999 In this general history of anti-Semitism, the author examines the views of different historians of the Holocaust.Feldman, G D, ‘Economic and Social Problems of the German Demobilisation 1918–19’, Journal of Modern History, 1975, 47 (1), pp 1–47The first half of the paper (pp 1–23) deals with post-war readjustment. The second half (pp 24–47) contains a summary of critical comments made by other historians of Feldman’s paper.Fletcher, R, ‘Recent Developments in West German Historiography: The Bielefeld School and Its Critics’, German Studies Review, 1984, 7 (3), pp 451–80Examines the historiography of German social history from the 1960s onwards. A paper which can be read with profit by teachers.Fulbrook, M (ed.), German History Since 1800, Arnold, 1997Part V contains five chapters on the theme of ‘Continuities and Discontinuities in Modern German History’. One chapter looks specifically at the changing historiography within a German context between 1800 and 1995. A must for all teachers of the Advanced Higher German History option. Gatzke, H W, ‘Gustav Stresemann: a Bibliographical Article’, Journal of Modern History, 1964, 36 (1), pp 1–13A review article on Stresemann as a politician and as a statesman.Gatzke, H W, ‘The Stresemann Papers’, Journal of Modern History, 1954, 26 (1), pp 49–59An article which provides a survey of the literature on Stresemann available in 1954. Geary, D, Hitler and Nazism, Routledge, 1990A Lancaster University pamphlet (only eighty-two pages long) which summarises the results of recent research on the nature of Nazi rule and its impact on German society. Written with the A Level student in mind, it is equally valuable for the Advanced Higher student.Geiss, I, ‘The Weimar Republic between the Second and the Third Reich: Continuity and Discontinuity in the German Question, 1919–33’, in M Laffan (ed.), The Burden of German History 1919–45, Methuen, 1988, pp 56–80Tries to place the Weimar Republic in the wider context of German foreign policy before 1918 and after 1933.Gellately, R, ‘Rethinking the Nazi Terror System: A Historiographical Analysis’, German Studies Review, 1991, 14 (1), pp 23–38A review article by an expert in the field.Geyer, M and Jarausch, K (eds), Special Issue ‘German Histories: Challenges in Theory, Practice, Technique’, Central European History, 1989, 22 (3/4), pp 227–457An academic look at the different ways German history has been interpreted. Herwig, H, ‘Andreas Hillgruber: Historian of “Grossmachtpolitik” 1871–1945’, Central European History, 1982, 15 (2), pp 186–98An academic paper which investigates the writings of an eminent German historian, much of whose work was on the nature and substance of Hitler’s foreign policy. Hiden, J, Republican and Fascist Germany, Longman, 1996A significant book which looks at the 1918 to 1945 period as a whole and does not artificially divide it into the Weimar and Nazi periods. Chapter Three provides an informative explanation of the Weimar political parties. A thematic book in which the main historiographical controversies are charted, as are the achievements of the Weimar Republic. A must for any History Department.Hiden, J and Farquharson, J, Explaining Hitler’s Germany, 2nd edition, Batsford, 1989An historiographical examination of how historians have written about the Third Reich. The authors assume some prior knowledge on the part of the reader.Hildebrand, K, The Third Reich, Routledge, 1984Includes a range of studies on Germany in the 1930s published after 1970.Hofer, W, ‘Fifty Years On: Historians and the Third Reich’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1986, 21 (2), pp 225–51Amongst other topics, this article deplores the lack of historical consensus on the Third Reich. The role of Adolf Hitler is discussed.Jarausch, K, ‘From Second to Third Reich: The Problem of Continuity in German Foreign Policy’, Central European History, 1979, 12 (1), pp 68–82A paper which discusses the pitfalls of trying to see lines of continuity in German foreign policy between 1871 and 1945.Jarausch, K, ‘Illiberalism and Beyond: Germany in Search of a Paradigm’, Journal of Modern History, 1983, 55 (2), pp 268–84Discusses how different historians have interpreted Germany in the twentieth century.Jarausch, K, ‘Removing the Nazi Stain? The Quarrel of the German Historians’, German Studies Review, 1988, 11 (2), pp 285–301A perspective on the Historikerstreit (or ‘historians’ debate’) of the mid to late 1980s which dominated much academic debate inside and outside Germany. Topics covered include the Holocaust, the Hitlerian legacy and West German citizenship. Johnson, D, ‘French Historians and the Holocaust’, History Today, 1996, 46 (10), pp 2–4Deals with the controversy surrounding the varying interpretations of the Holocaust by French historians.Kater, M, ‘Inside Nazis: The Goebbels Diaries, 1924–41’, Canadian Journal of History, 1990, 25 (2), pp 233–43A commentary on the Diaries which reflect the evolution and development of the Nazi Party. Kershaw, I, ‘How Necessary is the “Historicisation” of the Third Reich? A Survey of Some Recent Publications on Nazism’, European History Quarterly, 1989, 19 (3), pp 387–406A review of general and specialist works published in the late 1980s. More significantly Kershaw also examines the plea made by the eminent German historian, Martin Broszat, that we should try to study Nazism as ‘history’. Therefore Kershaw touches on the theme of ‘historicisation’ which affected the German academic profession from the mid to the late 1980s. Kershaw, I, The Nazi Dictatorship, 4th edition, Arnold, 1999An excellent introductory guide to the historiography of the Third Reich. At some length Kershaw examines the debates and controversies of the 1980s including the ‘Goldhagen phenomenon’. He also looks at the changing perspectives on the Third Reich with the changes taking place in central and eastern Europe, including the demise of the German Democratic Republic. Invaluable. Knowlton, J (ed.), Forever in the Shadow of Hitler?, Humanity Books, 1993A worthwhile collection of sources on the Historikerstreit or ‘historians’ dispute’ which erupted in 1986 and involved many of Germany’s leading historians. The ‘dispute’ revolved around the place of the Third Reich in German history. Kocka, J, ‘German History Before Hitler: The Debate about the German Sonderweg’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1988, 23 (1), pp 3–16Outlines the Sonderweg and some of its main critics.Kolb, E, The Weimar Republic, Unwin Hyman, 1988An indispensable book. Kolb looks at a range of studies on Germany in the 1920s, published after 1970.Kollmann, E C, ‘Reinterpreting Modern German History: the Weimar Republic’, Journal of Central European Affairs, 1961–62, 21 (4), pp 434–51On the historiography of the Weimar period since 1945. A valuable historiographical essay on the main books which appeared on the Weimar Republic in the fifteen years after the end of the Second World War. Krieger, L, ‘Nazism: Highway or Byway?’, Central European History, 1978, 11 (1), pp 3–22A wide-ranging discussion of the nature of Nazism. Too difficult for students.Kwiet, K, ‘Problems of Jewish Resistance Historiography’, Yearbook of the Leo Baeck Institute, 1979, 24, pp 37–57Looks at the difficulties involved in the topic.Lambert, P, ‘German Historians and Nazi Ideology. The Parameters of the Volksgemeinschaft and the Problem of Historical Legitimation, 1930–45’, European History Quarterly, 1995, 25 (4), pp 555–82A historiographical paper which examines how leading historians have represented the Third Reich. Of use to the teacher.Large, D (ed.), Contending with Hitler, Cambridge University Press, 1991A collection of articles on the German resistance to Hitler including a historiographical paper on resistance by Hans Mommsen.Leitz, C (ed.), The Third Reich, Blackwell, 1999Eleven articles which cover a wide variety of Nazi domestic and foreign policy topics. The Editor’s Introduction lucidly outlines recent current issues relating to Germany after 1933. All of the articles are prefaced by their historiographical context.Loewenberg, P, ‘The Psychohistorical Perspectives on Modern German History’, Journal of Modern History, 1971, 47 (2), pp 229–79A paper very much of its time which assesses how the behavioural and psychological sciences helped to provide a greater understanding of German history.Lukacs, J, The Hitler of History, Vintage Books, 1997 A stimulating book which lucidly explains how Hitler has been interpreted and analysed since the 1930s. The major biographies are placed in their historical context. Can be profitably read by teachers and students alike. Maier, C, The Unmasterable Past, Harvard University Press, 1988A study of the ‘historians dispute’ controversy or Historikerstreit which engulfed the wider German historical profession in the mid 1980s. At some length Maier clearly explains the controversy about whether the crimes committed by the Nazis were unique or whether they can be compared with other atrocities, most notably those perpetrated by Stalin. Too detailed for Advanced Higher students. Maier, C, ‘The Vulnerabilities of Interwar Germany’, Journal of Modern History, 1984, 56 (1), pp 89–99A historiographical review on the economy and the military.Marchand, S, ‘Nazi Culture: Banality or Barbarism’, Journal of Modern History, 1998, 70 (1), pp 108–18A review article.Marrus, M, ‘Reflections on the Historiography of the Holocaust’, Journal of Modern History, 1994, 66 (1), pp 92–116A recent evaluation and assessment of historical writings on the Holocaust.Martel, G (ed.), The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered. The A J P Taylor Debate after Twenty Five Years, Allen & Unwin, 1986A fresh and timely look at the controversy surrounding the views of Taylor on Hitler as a statesman and as a German nationalist. Definitely worth closer investigation by students. Mason, T, ‘Some Origins of the Second World War’, Past and Present, 1964, 29, pp 67–77A critical review of A J P Taylor’s The Origins of the Second World War.Moeller, R, ‘The Kaiserreich Recast? Continuity and Change in Modern German History’, Journal of Social History, 1983–84, 17 (4), pp 655–83An evaluation of trends in historical writings on Imperial Germany. Useful for background reading.Mueller, K-J, The Army, Politics and Society in Germany 1933–45, Manchester University Press, 1987Three essays which synthesise the latest (1987) research on the German Army and the relationship of the military with the Third Reich.Noakes, J, ‘Government and Politics in Germany: A System in Crisis’, European Studies Review, 1991, 21 (2), pp 261–8A review article which partly focuses on different phases of the Republic’s existence. Rosenfeld, G, ‘The Reception of William L Shirer’s The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich in the United States and West Germany, 1960–62’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1994, 29 (1), pp 95–128A discussion of how the public in Germany and the USA reacted to the publication of Shirer’s popular blockbuster in the early 1960s.Sheehan, J, ‘What is German History? Reflections on the Role of the Nation in German History and Historiography’, Journal of Modern History, 1981, 53 (1), pp 1–23Attempts to explain nationalism in the German context.Stachura, P (ed.), The Nazi Machtergreifung, George Allen & Unwin, 1983The book’s Introduction contains a readable and useful short historiographical survey of the changing interpretations of historians when writing about Germany between 1918 and 1939.Stargardt, N, ‘The Holocaust’ in M Fulbrook (ed.), German History Since 1800, Arnold, 1997, pp 338–60A first class resume of the topic. At some length Stargardt outlines changing historiographical interpretations of the Holocaust. The ‘intentionalist’/‘structuralist’ debate is discussed, as is the argument that the Nazi racial programme was determined by a fragmented and polycratic dictatorship.Stephenson, J, ‘The Rise of the Nazis: Sonderweg or Spanner in the Works?’ in M Fulbrook (ed.), German History Since 1800, Arnold, 1997, pp 298–317Whilst admitting that the Nazis did not ‘suddenly emerge from nowhere’, Stephenson is at pains to deny the possibility of the ‘special path’ or Sonderweg for Germany. She argues that the Weimar Republic could have survived and prospered if responsible decisions had been taken immediately after 1918. Ultimately the fledgling Republic was sabotaged by anti-democratic elements in German society which paved the way for Adolf Hitler.Sydor, C, ‘The Selling of Adolf Hitler. David Irving’s Hitler’s War’, Central European History, 1979, 12 (2), pp 169–99An academic perspective on David Irving’s book.Szejnmann, C-C, ‘The Missing Pieces are “Coming Home”: Nazism in Central Germany’, German History, 1997, 15 (3), pp 395–410With the reunification a reality for almost a decade, this paper attempts to assess and survey the state of academic research in central and eastern Germany in the late 1990s.Waller, B, ‘Bismarck’s Kin or Curse ?’, Modern History Review, 1993, 4 (3), pp 26–7An excellent introduction to the topic. The author looks at continuity and change in the foreign policies of Bismarck and Hitler.Wehler, H-U, ‘The Goldhagen Controversy: Agonising Problems, Scholarly Failure and the Political Dimension’, German History, 1997, 15 (1), pp 80–91A detailed and academic study of the debate.Wilt, A, Nazi Germany, Harlan Davidson Inc., 1994A general history of the Third Reich which contains a detailed and extensive bibliography.Section 3Germany 1918–1939Holt, R and Pickard, A, Democracy, Dictatorship, Destruction: Documents of Modern German History 1918–1945, Longman, 1991Contains an impressive range of primary sources which cover the whole Advanced Higher History course.Meyer, H (ed.), Germany from Empire to Ruin, 1913–1945, Macmillan, 1973A collection of primary and secondary sources on German history. Some of the extracts are quite long. The editor provides a solid commentary. Rohl, J (ed.), From Weimar to Hitler, Longman, 1970A collection of documents which provide a first class study of German history from Bismarck to Hitler. (A good number of the documents have been used in the Paper II documents part of the CSYS Examination in the 1980s and the 1990s.) The theme of continuity in German history underpins the whole volume. The judicious mix of primary sources and historians’ views makes this a fascinating read. Worthwhile using selectively in classroom discussions.The Weimar Republic 1918–1933Allen, W S (ed.), The Infancy of Nazism, New Viewpoints, 1976Allen has translated and edited the memoirs of Dr Albert Krebs, a leading North German National Socialist who joined the Party in 1923 and was expelled in 1932 for criticising Hitler. Krebs is a perceptive observer of the activities of the fledgling Nazi Party and its as yet obscure leaders. His comments on the wider Weimar political scene are instructive. Extracts from the memoirs could be used in classroom discussions. Angress, W and Smith B, ‘Diaries of Heinrich Himmler’s Early Years’, Journal of Modern History, 1959, 31 (3), pp 206–24Discusses Himmler’s hopes and ideas in the Diaries written between 1914 and 1924. Barnes, J and Barnes P, Hitler’s ‘Mein Kampf’ in Britain and America, Cambridge University Press, 1980An in-depth study of why Mein Kampf was not available in the English-speaking world until 1969, although an abridged version appeared in 1933. Of no more than curiosity value for the Advanced Higher student.Bramsted, E, ‘The Position of the Protestant Church in Germany, 1871–1933, Part II. The Church during the Weimar Republic’, Journal of Religious History, 3 (1), pp 61–79An article which reproduces six primary documents on the relationship of the leadership of the Protestant Church with the Weimar Republic.Burdick, C and Lutz, R (eds), The Political Institutions of the German Revolution 1918–1919, Pall Mall Press, 1966The authors have painstakingly collected primary documents on the German Revolution of 1918–1919. These sources are probably of more use to the university student than to the senior school student. Selected documents could be used in the classroom. Calic, E, Unmasked: Two Confidential Interviews with Hitler in 1931, Chatto & Windus, 1971A fascinating record of two meetings Hitler had with the editor of a German newspaper. Hitler is candid and open about his political ambitions and how the Nazi Party would evolve in the 1930s.Heiber, H (ed.), The Early Goebbels Diaries, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1962Written in 1925 and 1926, these Diaries provide a glimpse of the peripheral far right in the mid years of the Weimar Republic. Probably never intended for publication by a young man in his twenties, they are instructive for shedding light on the growing influence exerted on Goebbels by Hitler. They also illustrate the now obscure factionalism within the National Socialist movement between the northern ‘socialists’ led by Gregor and Otto Strasser and the conservative-nationalists in Munich.Hitler, A, Hitler’s Secret Book, Grove Press Inc., 1961Written in the summer of 1928 but never published as a book until it was discovered fifteen years after the end of the war. The book deals almost exclusively with foreign policy. At length it expands on Mein Kampf, written four years earlier in 1924. Useful for providing primary source work on German foreign policy between 1918 and 1939. Hitler, A, Mein Kampf, Hutchinson, 1969Edited and with an Introduction by D C Watt. In the main it is a longwinded and turgid book, although selected extracts could be used in the classroom. Historians are divided as to whether or not it was a blueprint for power. What is certain is that it provides an extreme right-wing perspective on the Great War and the early years of the Weimar Republic. Use with caution.Kaes, A; Jay, M and Dimendberg, E (eds), The Weimar Republic Sourcebook, Vol.3, University of California Press, 1993A collection of texts on Weimar culture. Useful for providing a wider picture of the Republic or for those interested in cultural studies.Kessler, H, The Diaries of a Cosmopolitan: Count Harry Kessler, Wiedenfeld & Nicolson, 1971The Diaries of a friend and biographer of Rathenau. The daily entries provide an instructive and illuminating picture of Germany between the wars. Written from a liberal and democratic viewpoint, many of Kessler’s shrewd assessments have stood the test of time, not least on Adolf Hitler and National Socialism. Definitely worth reading. Get a copy.Ludecke, K, I Knew Hitler, Jarrolds, 1938Kurt Ludecke was an early associate of Hitler’s in Munich in the early 1920s. Ludecke became disillusioned with Hitler and his movement in the early 1930s and fled to the USA. These detailed memoirs give an insight into the workings of Hitler and his movement. Miller Lane, B and Rupp, L (eds), Nazi Ideology before 1933. A Documentation, Manchester University Press, 1978An excellent collection of primary documents on the Nazi Party in the Weimar Republic. The editors provide a first class analytical commentary. Noakes, J and Pridham, G (eds), Nazism 1919–1945: Volume 1, The Rise to Power 1919–1934, 2nd edition, University of Exeter Press, 1998Along with the other three companion documentary readers produced by the University of Exeter Press, this is a ‘must have’ book for every History Department and for every student to use in the Advanced Higher course. The second edition of Volume 1 has been recently updated. It covers Nazism during the Weimar Republic and the Nazi takeover of 1933-1934. The book is divided into five chronological sections. An extensive range of documents are used. Complementary to the primary sources are a number of excellent analytical commentaries. Indispensable.Papen, F von, Memoirs, Andre Deutsch, 1952The autobiographical memoirs of the penultimate Chancellor of the Weimar Republic. (A second set of memoirs was published in 1968.) Significantly they reveal the hostility to the Weimar Republic of a member of the upper classes. (Von Papen was born into a noble Catholic family.) His stated role in the Nazi takeover of January 1933 is unreliable and is to be treated with justifiable caution.Pogge von Strandmann, H (ed.), Walther Rathenau: Diaries 1907–1922, Clarendon Press, 1985Probably intended as an aid in writing his memoirs, these Diaries begin with a visit to Africa in 1907 and end with a discussion with the French Ambassador in Berlin in 1922.Rose, M (ed.), Despatches from the Weimar Republic, Pluto Press, 1999This book contains the edited despatches of the Berlin correspondent of the Daily Herald, Morgan Price Philips, between 1919 and 1924. Philips was a convinced Marxist who had previously reported for the Manchester Guardian in Russia. The author was a shrewd and illuminating observer of the new democratic republic.Strasser, O, Hitler and I, Jonathan Cape, 1940Otto Strasser left the Nazi Party in 1930. These unreliable memoirs are to be treated with caution and cannot be regarded as honest. However, they give some idea of what the author felt about Adolf Hitler. Thyssen, F, I Paid Hitler, Hodder & Stoughton, 1941Thyssen claims in these memoirs that he and his fellow cohorts in big business were largely responsible for financing and bringing Hitler to power. Yet they have been largely dismissed as an unreliable historical source by the historian Henry A Turner.The Third Reich 1933–1939Barnett, V, For the Soul of the People, Oxford University Press, 1992An oral history in which the author interviewed sixty or so members of the Confessing Church in the 1980s. Their sense of helplessness against the brutal dictatorship pervades this book.Bar-On, D, Legacy of Silence, Harvard University Press, 1991A book which is the product of interviews a Jewish historian conducted with a group of randomly selected Germans born between 1925 and 1940. Fascinating not just for what memories are prised from the past, but also for the personal interaction between the author and these children of the Third Reich. Can be used by students as well as teachers. Baynes, N (ed.), The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, 1942The first volume of Baynes’s book is a collection of Hitler’s speeches from April 1922 to August 1939 dealing with domestic policy. They provide a fascinating study of the man, the growth of his movement and the National Socialist Party in power.Baynes, N (ed.), The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, Volume 2, Oxford University Press, 1942The second volume of Baynes’s collection of speeches covers foreign policy in the period from May 1930 to August 1939. Bielenberg, C, The Past is Myself, Corgi Books, 1984A British-born woman’s personal account of life in Germany between 1932 and 1945. This autobiography is noteworthy as it is written from the perspective of someone closely linked to the conservative opposition to the Third Reich.Dietrich, O, The Hitler I Knew, Methuen, 1955The personal memoirs of Hitler’s former press chief. A straightforward and slightly dull account. A chapter on ‘The Leader State’ would be useful for anyone writing a dissertation on the nature of Hitler’s rule.Gay, P, Growing up in Nazi Berlin, Yale University Press, 1999Born in Berlin in 1923 as Peter Frolich, the historian Peter Gay looks back on his time growing up as an adolescent in Berlin in the 1930s. He gives a very personal account of the growing level of anti-Semitism which, culminating with Kristallnacht in 1938, led his family to emigrate to the USA. From the book it is clear the author has come to terms with his past. Goebbels, J, The Goebbels Diaries: 1939–41, Hamish Hamilton, 1982Edited by Fred Taylor and with a useful Introduction provided by John Keegan. These Diaries cover the period from the beginning of 1939 to just after the invasion of the USSR in 1941. Written at the height of the Third Reich’s power, the entries deal with the wide range of activities that demanded Goebbels’ attention. Goebbels, J, The Goebbels Diaries: The Last Days, Pan, 1979Edited by Hugh Trevor-Roper, these surviving Diaries cover the last few weeks of the war. Even at the end the author’s dynamism, fanaticism and radicalism burn fiercely from each and every page. Goebbels remained obsessively and fanatically loyal to Hitler to the very end.Gryn, H and Gryn, N, Chasing Shadows, Viking, 2000The Holocaust memoirs of Rabbi Hugo Gryn perhaps best known for his appearances on Radio 4’s ‘The Moral Maze’. Heartrending. Hahn Beer, E, The Nazi Officer’s Wife, Little Brown, 2000The extraordinary personal story of a Jew, Edith Hahn Beer. Trained as a lawyer, she married a Nazi officer who was aware of her racial background. She survived by ‘inner emigration’ – withdrawing into herself and keeping as low a profile as possible during the Second World War.Haigh, R et al, The Years of Triumph?, Gower, 1986A narrative study of German diplomatic and foreign policy between 1933 and 1941 that contains a number of primary sources.Hitler, A, Hitler’s Table Talk 1941–44, Wiedenfeld & Nicolson, 1953In July 1941 Hitler finally agreed to have his informal table talk recorded for posterity. These conversational pieces, mainly in the form of a monologue, were edited under the control of Martin Bormann. As Hugh Trevor-Roper indicates in the Introduction, Hitler’s coarseness, crudity, dogmatism, hysteria and triviality comes through. Above all these pages contain the ‘kernel of his thinking’.Hitler, A, The Testament of Adolf Hitler, Cassell, 1961Recorded by Martin Bormann early in 1945 with Germany about to lose the war. In part they explain not why Germany lost the war, but why Hitler thought Germany had lost the war. The Testament reflects Hitler’s supreme egotism and his repetitive thoughts on topics such as world Jewry.Hoess, R, Commandant of Auschwitz, Pan, 1974A book littered with euphemisms. While awaiting trial after the war, Hoess wrote these memoirs about how he engaged in ‘the removal of racial-biological bodies’.Irving, D, Adolf Hitler: The Medical Diaries, Sidgwick & Jackson, 1983Irving has edited the diaries of Theo Morell, who was Hitler’s doctor from 1936 until 1945. The Judgement of NurembergA collection of British documents from the ‘Uncovered Editions’ series produced by The Stationery Office. For the first time historic official British papers are reproduced for the general public. Imaginative archive material which can be used with profit by teacher and student.Klemperer, V, I Shall Bear Witness, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998These diaries were first published in Germany in four volumes in 1996. This is an English-language translation, the first of two volumes, which takes us from 1933 to 1941. (The second volume covers the war years.) As a Jew, the author describes the regime’s remorseless and relentless persecution of the Jews. The lengthy extracts, written in sophisticated prose, may well tax even the most able of students. (Klemperer was, after all, a university professor until his dismissal in 1935.) A book which will reward patience and commitment on the part of the reader.Klemperer, V, To the Bitter End, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999The second instalment of Klemperer’s diaries written between 1942 and 1945. His comments and observations on the outside world are fascinatingly interspersed with domestic trivia. The fact that the author’s wife was a gentile ultimately saved him from deportation. Lengyel, O, Five Chimneys, Mayflower, 1972A day-by-day account of how one woman lived to tell the gruesome story of what she saw at Auschwitz.Levi, P, If This Is a Man, Penguin, 1979The thoughtful and instructive testimony of the professional writer Primo Levi. He was an Italian Jew who survived in a concentration camp because he was of use to the Germans as a qualified chemist.Lochner, L (ed.), The Goebbels Diaries, Hamish Hamilton, 1948Contains diary entries from January 1942 to December 1943. They reflect the author’s work ethic and his own self-importance and were probably written with an eye to future publication. Goebbels’ vicious anti-Semitism permeates nearly every page. Mackinnon, M, The Naked Years, Corgi Books, 1989The personal account of a German girl growing up in Germany in the 1930s and 1940s. Students may well be able to identify with this biography which brings the period to life outside the pages of an academic history book.Matheson, P (ed.), The Third Reich and the Christian Churches, T & T Clark Ltd, 1981A collection of sixty-eight primary documents covering the uneasy relationship of the Nazi regime with the various Christian Churches. A valuable reader for any relevant essay or dissertation. For most of the sources Matheson provides a brief explanatory note. Noakes, J (ed.), Nazism 1919–1945: Volume 4, The German Home Front in World War II, University of Exeter Press, 1998Volume 4 deals with wartime Germany. Topics covered include law and terror, women, propaganda and resistance. Noakes, J and Pridham, G (eds), Nazism 1919–1945: Volume 2, State, Economy and Society 1933–1939, University of Exeter Press, 1983Volume 2 cover all domestic aspects of the Third Reich between 1933 and 1939. Topics include aspects of the political system, the economy, propaganda and indoctrination, anti-Semitism and various social groups.Noakes, J and Pridham, G (eds), Nazism 1919–1945: Volume 3, Foreign Policy, War and Racial Extermination, University of Exeter Press, 1988Volume 3 deals with National Socialist racial policies before the war, the ruthless occupation of Poland, the ‘Euthanasia’ Programme and the persecution of the Jews.Reck-Malleczewen, F, Diary of a Man in Despair, Duckworth, 2000Written by a Prussian aristocrat. The author was a fierce and trenchant critic of the regime and was shot at Dachau early in 1945. Definitely worth reading. Accessible to students. Sax, B and Kuntz, D (eds), Inside Hitler’s Germany. A Documentary History of Life in the Third Reich, D C Heath, 1992A valuable collection of sources on political events between 1918 and 1938, racist ideology, and the regime at war. Definitely worth buying, although, on a critical note, there is no Index.Shirer, W, Berlin Diary, Hamish Hamilton, 1941Shirer was an American journalist sending copy back to the United States between 1934 and 1941. Published immediately on his return home, these ‘Diaries’ given an insight into developments in Germany in the 1930s, not least from the perspective of an observer who was clearly hostile to the regime. Shirer, W, This is Berlin, Hutchinson, 1999A written compilation of the radio broadcasts made by Shirer to the United States between 1938 and 1940. Inevitably the shadow of war provides the perspective in this book.Speer, A, Inside the Third Reich, Cardinal, 1975A spellbinding, personal account by one of Hitler’s leading henchmen. Speer’s observations are fascinating, most notably on his relationship with the Führer. However, Gitta Sereny’s recent study of Speer (Albert Speer: His Battle with the Truth, 1996) has taught us to treat this autobiography with caution.Spitzy, R, How We Squandered The Reich, Clocktower, 1997The memoirs of an upper middle class Austrian who became a Nazi in 1931. As a junior diplomat and then as a member of German Intelligence, Spitzy was an involved observer of the major events of the day. His observations on Hitler make riveting reading.Steinhoff, J et al, Voices from the Third Reich, Grafton Books, 1991An oral history project which contains the views of over 150 people who lived through the Third Reich. Very much ‘history from below’, this is a fascinating study of the varying responses of ‘ordinary’ Germans to Hitler’s regime. Easily read by students.Tory, A, Surviving the Holocaust, Pimlico, 1991The diaries of a Jew incarcerated in a Lithuanian ghetto between 1941 and 1944. The chronicle of life in the ghetto is moving. The savagery of the ruling authorities beggars belief.Trevor-Roper, H (ed.), Hitler’s War Directives 1939–1945, Pan, 1976A fascinating study which illuminates the personality of Hitler, the nature of his rule, and his relationship with the German Army in the Second World War.Ullstein, R, The Rise and Fall of the House of Ullstein, Nicolson & Watson, ndA brief history of the Jewish Ullstein media empire. Written by a family member, the story poignantly describes the growing level of exclusion and persecution suffered after 1933. Easy to read, difficult to comprehend.War 1939: Dealing with HitlerA collection of British documents from the ‘Uncovered Editions’ series produced by The Stationery Office. For the first time historic official British papers are reproduced for the general public. Imaginative archive material which can be used with profit by teacher and student.Section 4Buse, D and Doerr, J (eds), Modern Germany, Garland Publishing, 1998An impressive encyclopaedic history. This book contains an excellent collection of essays by leading authorities on the issues, themes and people covering German history between 1918 and 1939.Craig, G, The Germans, Penguin, 1982A stylish and elegant book which contains the distilled wisdom of six decades of writing by an eminent historian about the Germans and their history. Too detailed a study to be of much use to Advanced Higher students. It is a book to be read and enjoyed by the teacher. Dear, I C B and Foot, M R D (eds), The Oxford Companion to the Second World War, Oxford University Press, 1995An impressive reference book which can be used with profit by teacher and student alike even though, chronologically speaking, it is outside the Advanced Higher period.Doblin, A, Berlin Alexanderplatz, Penguin Books, 1985Written in 1929, this fictional novel is set in the Berlin of the 1920s. (As a socialist, Doblin fled Germany in 1933.) The novel revolves around the life of Franz Biberkopf and also portrays life in the ‘decadent capital of the Weimar Republic’.Eksteins, M, Rites of Spring, Black Swan Books, 1988Not a conventional history book, this looks at the first half of the twentieth century with specific reference to Stravinsky’s ‘Rite of Spring’ and the Great War. Eksteins contends that together they have shaped the modern consciousness, just as they did the mind and personality of men like Adolf Hitler.Fest, W, Dictionary of German History, George Prior, 1978A reference dictionary on German history which covers the years from 1806 to 1945. Most of the 700 plus entries are political.Freeman, M, Atlas of Nazi Germany, Croom Helm, 1987An historical atlas which visually represents the political, economic and military history of the Third Reich in a clear and informative manner. The accompanying text is useful and mercifully jargon-free. Specifically designed for sixth-year students among others, the book provides a refreshing and informative change from the written texts.Isherwood, C, Goodbye to Berlin (various editions), 1939A novel based on Isherwood’s time in Berlin between 1930 and 1932. Decadent café life is portrayed against the growing threat of Nazism. The musical/film ‘Cabaret’ was based on the novel. Mr Norris Changes Trains (1935) is also about Isherwood’s time in Germany. Kirk, T, The Longman Companion to Nazi Germany, Longman, 1995A detailed reference book which has five sections. These are on Weimar and the rise of Nazism; the politics and structures of the Third Reich; economic, social and cultural features of the 1918 and 1945 periods; diplomacy and war between 1918 and 1945; and, finally, anti-Semitism. A useful Glossary is included. Definitely worth buying.Levi, P, Moments of Reprieve, Abacus, 1985As an Italian Jew, Levi was sent to Auschwitz in 1943 from where he was liberated two years later. This collection of fictional stories is based on actual events which took place in the concentration camp. Evocative and sobering.Mann, T, Reflections of a Non-Political Man, New York, 1983The 1929 Nobel Prize for Literature winner reflects on the nature of his times in this thought-provoking work.Moore, H, Twentieth-Century German Literature, Heinemann, 1971A general survey of recent German fiction, poetry and drama from the 1900s to the 1960s. The early chapters deal with the Weimar Republic, whilst Chapter 6 (only twenty pages long) describes ‘Literature under the Nazis’.Overy, R, The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Third Reich, Penguin Books, 1996An historical atlas which contains a large number of pictures. Many are in colour and so make the period come to life. (So often black and white pictures are distant and at one remove from the period being dealt with.) The crisp commentary which accompanies the illustrations is an added bonus. Worth buying.Richie, A, Faust’s Metropolis, HarperCollins, 1999An engrossing and lengthy history of Berlin. A comprehensive study. Six of the eighteen chapters deal with German history between 1918 and 1939.Stachura, P D, Political Leaders in Weimar Germany, Simon & Schuster, 1993A reference book which contains detailed biographical entries on 135 individuals.Sturmer, M, The German Century, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000A panoramic view of German history and its impact on the rest of Europe.Taylor, J and Shaw, W (eds), A Dictionary of the Third Reich, Grafton Books, 1987A useful reference book on Germany between 1933 and 1945. It contains a number of entries on the Weimar Republic.Thompson, W; Thompson, S and Thompson, J (eds), Historical Dictionary of Germany, Scarecrow Press, 1994A lengthy reference book which deals with German history over the centuries. There are numerous entries on the period between 1918 and 1939 although a significant part of the book deals with events after 1945. A useful work.Vincent, C Paul (ed.), A Historical Dictionary of Germany’s Weimar Republic, 1918–1933, Greenwood Press, 1997A dictionary of the Weimar Republic. Well researched and impressively detailed, this is an excellent reference text for all students of Germany’s first democracy. First class.Wistrich, R (ed.), Who’s Who in Nazi Germany, Routledge, 1995Nearly 350 individuals are succinctly listed in this book. Not just politicians feature within its pages. A worthwhile reference book for teacher and student alike. It should inspire both to further reading. The book contains a useful Glossary and a concise Bibliography.Section 5Germany 1918–1939Alter, P, Germany. The German Question and Europe, Arnold, 1999A study which focuses on the ‘German problem’ in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.Balfour, M, Germany. The Tides of Power, Routledge, 1992A general study which charts the course of German history from 1871 to 1990. Only two of the seventeen chapters deal with the Advanced Higher course. Useful for setting German history in its wider context before as well as after the two world wars.Berghahn, V, Modern Germany, Cambridge University Press, 1987A detailed general history of Germany in the twentieth century. Although Berghahn focuses on social and political changes, the process of industrialisation underpins the whole book. The Appendix contains over fifty tables of useful statistics. A university textbook. Berghahn, V and Kitchen, M (eds), Germany in the Age of Total War, Croom Helm, 1981Ten essays written in honour of the eminent German born British historian, F L Carsten. A wide range of topics are covered which deal with German history from just before the First World War to just after the end of the Second World War. The majority of the essays deal specifically with foreign policy. Blackbourn, D, ‘The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie: Some Recent Works on German History’, European Studies Review, 1981, 11 (2), pp 243–55An article which reviews a number of recently published books, including Gordon Craig’s book on Germany (see p 27).Bohme, H, An Introduction to the Social and Economic History of Germany, Basil Blackwell, 1978A short history of Germany in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Only two of the ten chapters deal directly with the period of the Advanced Higher course. Useful for background information.Bracher, K D (ed.), Turning Points in Modern Times, Harvard University Press, 1995A collection of essays by a distinguished German historian. They deal with some of the central issues of the twentieth century. There are useful and thought-provoking chapters on the Weimar Republic – its collapse and its place in German history. Brooman, J, Germany 1918–45, Longman, 1996A basic Standard Grade textbook. It contains numerous primary sources.Calleo, D, The German Problem Reconsidered, Cambridge University Press, 1978An analytical study which reassessed the prevailing contemporary views of German history in the late 1970s. The Weimar period is largely passed over while Chapter 5 deals with ‘Hitler and the German Problem’. Calleo contends that historians should adopt a more balanced view of Germany’s position in modern European history. A useful corrective view. Carr, W, A History of Germany 1815–1945, Edward Arnold, 1969A traditional political and diplomatic general history of Germany. Readable.Childs, D, Germany Since 1918, Harper & Row, 1971A clear and readable general history which goes up to the 1960s. Five of the ten chapters deal with the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich. A clear and comfortable read.Craig, G A, Germany 1866–1945, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 1978A detailed one-volume general history. This book is well worth consulting as Craig not only has an in-depth understanding of his subject but also has a genuine understanding of and enthusiasm for German history. More than just a narrow political history, this is a must for any History Department. An erudite and beautifully written book.Eley, G, From Unification to Nazism, Allen & Unwin, 1986A detailed study which looks at Germany between 1871 and 1914. However, it is relevant to the post-1918 period. Eley contends that pre-war Germany was more stable than has been previously supposed by historians. He goes on to argue that the origins of Fascism must be found in the Great War, the German Revolution and in the Weimar Republic. Part Four looks at ‘The Origins of Fascism’. A difficult book beyond the majority of AH students. Evans, D and Jenkins, J, Years of Weimar and the Third Reich, Hodder & Stoughton, 1999Although curiously unbalanced (only four of the sixteen chapters deal with the Weimar Republic), this first class study volume could be used as the set textbook for Advanced Higher students. Indispensable. Can be used by teachers as well as students. It is a long book (460 pages), but it is divided into bite-sized sections. The reference section (with a list of tables, maps, diagrams, illustrations and profiles) is superb.Evans, R J, Rereading German History, Routledge, 1995A demanding and penetrating survey of German history over the last two centuries which re-examines some of the major controversies. Topics covered include authority and revolt as well as social democracy.Feuchtwanger, E, Germany 1916–1941, Sempringham, 1997A book for senior school and junior undergraduates. Its brevity (140 pages) will appeal to many students at the start of the course. The straightforward text is complemented by pictures and diagrams. It contains a concise summary of the Wilhelmine legacy. Fischer, F, From Kaiserreich to Third Reich, Allen & Unwin, 1986Translated and edited and with an introductory essay by Roger Fletcher. A concise summary of Fischer’s work. This short book points out the continuities in German history between 1871 and 1945. The author looks at foreign policy, its connection to domestic policy, and also how traditional power structures continued to shape and influence Germany. Not an easy book for students. Fulbrook, M, A Concise History of Germany, Cambridge University Press, 1990An excellent, up-to-date, one-volume history of Germany over the last one thousand years. One chapter deals with the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich.Fulbrook, M, Germany 1918–90, The Divided Nation, Fontana, 1991This one-volume history of Germany in the twentieth century has the advantage of being written from the perspective of reunification. It provides a useful insight into German history and into the German mind. Can be used with profit by both the teacher and the student.Fulbrook, M (ed.), Germany Since 1800, Arnold, 1997A collection of incisive first class articles which collectively focus on German social, economic, political and cultural history since the French Revolution. (Only six of the twenty-seven chapters deal directly with the Advanced Higher period.) The detailed text is complemented by tables, maps and illustrations. The historiography of the period is dealt with at some length. A more than useful commentary on various historical debates amongst historians on German history is included. A must for any History Department which can be profitably used by students. Gray, R, The German Tradition in Literature 1871–1945, Cambridge University Press, 1967A broad survey of twentieth century German literature set against its political background. The three chapters in Part I deal specifically with the Second Reich, the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich. Part IV is on Thomas Mann. A book designed specifically for university students and academics. Grunberger, R, Germany 1918–1945, Batsford, 1964A short political history of Germany. Concise summaries on ‘The Weimar Republic’ and ‘The Third Reich’ are useful starting points for students new to German history between 1918 and 1939. Hiden, J, Republican and Fascist Germany, Longman, 1996A significant book which looks at the 1918 to 1945 period as a whole and does not artificially divide it into the Weimar and Nazi periods. Chapter Three provides an informative explanation of the Weimar political parties. A thematic book in which the main historiographical controversies are charted, as are the achievements of the Weimar Republic. A must for any History Department. Hite, J and Hinton, C, Weimar and Nazi Germany, John Murray, 2000A solid study of German history from 1918 to 1945 designed to cater for ‘A’-level students. Probably worth having one copy for the History Department.Holborn, H, A History of Modern Germany 1840–1945, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1969Although dated, this is a useful general history. The later chapters deal with the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich.Hughes, M, Nationalism and Society: Germany, 1800–1945, Edward Arnold, 1988A study of German nationalism since the French Revolution. Hughes makes some interesting assertions about nineteenth century nationalism. He contends that there were various types of nationalism in the nineteenth century. Useful as a background text and also for the three chapters devoted to nationalism in the Great War, the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich. A readable and pleasantly jargon-free book. Given its publication in 1988, the later chapters of the book seem curiously dated in the light of reunification.Laffan, M (ed.), The Burden of German History 1919–45, Methuen, 1988Twelve articles written specifically for a conference in Dublin. A variety of topics are covered, ranging from culture and economics and politics, to foreign policy, and resistance to Hitler. The theme of continuity runs through all the articles. All of the papers are readable and mercifully free of technical, historical jargon. Layton, G, From Bismarck to Hitler: Germany 1890–1933, Hodder & Stoughton, 1995Can be used in tandem with Layton’s Germany: The Third Reich 1933–45. A clear narrative and analytical guide not only to the Weimar Republic but also to the Wilhelmine era which preceded it. An invaluable basic text which should prove popular with students. Contains a number of useful primary sources. Chapter 8 discusses the Sonderweg and the theme of continuity in German history.Lee, M, Weimar and Nazi Germany, Heinemann, 1996A Standard Grade book which contains numerous primary sources. Basic.Lee, W R (ed.), The State and Social Change in Germany, 1880–1980, Oxford University Press, 1990A detailed study of an important theme in Weimar social and political history that has tended to be ignored or forgotten at school level. The book deals with the response of the German State to the demands from various interest groups for social welfare legislation. Useful for specific dissertations.Mann, G, The History of Germany since 1789, Pelican Books, 1974Written by the son of the writer Thomas Mann. Of more use to the teacher than to the student. Golo Mann’s study traces the political events of the last two hundred years and puts them in their cultural and intellectual context. Thought-provoking. Martel, G (ed.), Modern Germany Reconsidered 1870–1945, Routledge, 1992A collection of thirteen essays by eminent historians. A scholarly book which is best suited to the university student rather than the school student. There is much overlapping content and analysis in articles dealing with Wilhelmine, Weimar and Nazi Germany. A useful Departmental reference volume which could be used carefully by Advanced Higher students.Matheson, I, People and Power: Germany, 1918–1939, Hodder & Stoughton, 1999A basic book designed specifically for the Standard Grade student. It contains a number of primary sources.McKichan, F, Germany 1815–1939, Oliver & Boyd, 1992This established Higher Grade textbook on Germany is a useful starting point for Advanced Higher students new to German history. Mommsen, W, From Weimar to Auschwitz, Polity Press, 1991Twelve essays which deal with various aspects of German history between 1918 and 1945. They are not an easy read for students and assume a fair amount of prior knowledge. The majority of the essays deal directly with important topics in the Advanced Higher syllabus. Morgan, R (ed.), Germany 1870–1970, BPC Publishing, 1970A pictorial and populist mass market history of Germany from unification to Willy Brandt’s election as Federal Chancellor. Produced to accompany the BBC TV series broadcast in 1970. The photographs and cartoons, along with accompanying commentary, provide a useful history of Germany’s turbulent past. An attractive and useful introduction. Nicholls, A J and Matthias, E (eds), German Democracy and the Triumph of Hitler, George Allen & Unwin, 1971Eleven articles which shed light on various aspects of German history between the two world wars. There is an even emphasis on the Weimar and Nazi periods. Definitely worth reading.Passant, E, A Short History of Germany, Cambridge University Press, 1966A concise, traditional history which traces Germany’s economic and political history from 1815 to 1945. A useful and jargon-free introduction.Pinson, K, Modern Germany, Macmillan, 1954A general history. And yet it contains, for example, separate and specific chapters on the Catholic and Socialist traditions in Germany. A useful if elderly volume.Pleuger, G (ed.), Essays on German History 1862–1939, Sempringham, 1999A short book containing eight essays on German history. The early essays provide a useful contextual background to events after 1918. Among the later essays of particular use are Fischer’s essay on ‘The Rise of Nazism’ and Carr’s on ‘The Determinants of German Foreign Policy’. Pulzer, P, Germany, 1870–1945, Oxford University Press, 1997A concise, political and constitutional history which looks at the attempts of Bismarck and Hitler, as well as Wilhelmine (1890-1918) and Weimar politicians, to construct a viable nation state in Germany. A must for any History Department.Radway, R, Germany 1918–45, Hodder & Stoughton, 1998A basic book which contains a variety of primary sources. A Standard Grade text.Ramm, A, Germany 1789–1967, Methuen, 1967A conventional political history of Germany.Ryder, A, Twentieth Century Germany: From Bismarck to Brandt, Macmillan, 1973A lengthy general history of Germany from the 1890s to the 1950s. A well-written study which is particularly good on the Weimar Republic.Vogt, H, The Burden of Guilt, Oxford University Press, 1965A short history of Germany between 1914 and 1945.The Weimar Republic 1918–1933Bessel, R, Germany after the First World War, Clarendon Press, 1995A detailed study of the impact of the Great War on German society after 1918. The Weimar Republic was faced with a number of handicaps which ultimately proved insurmountable. Unfortunately there is little on the November Revolution. The Bibliography provides a lengthy list of secondary texts for further reading on domestic German history between 1918 and 1933. Bessel, R and Feuchtwanger, E J (eds), Social Change and Political Development in Weimar Germany, Croom Helm, 1981Ten articles which detail social and political life in Weimar Germany. The studies of the German Revolution (1918–1919) and the ‘Battle for the Streets’ of Berlin (1928–1932) between the Nazis and Communists are particularly useful.Bookbinder, P, Weimar Germany, Manchester University Press, 1996An excellent, useful introductory guide for AH students. Slightly different from other such general textbooks as it contains a number of thematic chapters on Bavaria, the police, the legal system, women and the Jews. It includes a concise bibliographical essay. Eyck, E, A History of the Weimar Republic, Vol. I, Harvard University Press, 1962A well written, general history which concentrates on the political and constitutional history of the Weimar Republic. Little in the way of social and economic history is covered. Volume I ends with the election of Hindenburg as President in 1925. Useful but showing its age.Eyck, E, A History of the Weimar Republic, Vol. II, Harvard University Press, 1963The second part of Eyck’s general history of the Weimar Republic goes from 1925 to 1933. Still worth consulting although it is nearly forty years old. Feuchtwanger, E, From Weimar to Hitler, Germany, 1918–33, Macmillan, 1995A valuable English-language study of the Weimar Republic. Feuchtwanger is at pains to emphasise the positive achievements of the Republic before 1933. He avoids the pitfall of seeing the collapse of the regime as inevitable. Feuchtwanger, E, ‘From Weimar to Hitler: The Rise and Fall of the First German Democracy’, New Perspective, 1995, 1 (1), pp 22–26A brief summary of the history of Germany between 1918 and 1933.Heiber, H, The Weimar Republic, Blackwell, 1993A clear, factual and analytical account of the Weimar Republic. Useful as a relatively concise one-volume history of the period. Can be profitably used by teachers and students alike. Henig, R, The Weimar Republic, Routledge, 1998A ‘Lancaster pamphlet’ which provides a concise (87 pages) and up-to-date analysis of the topic. A useful introductory text in which Henig looks at the long and short-term causes of the Republic’s collapse. A book favourably disposed towards Germany’s first attempt at democracy. Herberle, R, From Democracy to Nazism, Howard Fertig, 1970The first part of this book deals with the collapse of the Weimar Republic. The second part deals with how the Nazis successfully secured power in the early 1930s.Hiden, J, The Weimar Republic, 2nd edition, Longman, 1996A worthy textbook on the Weimar Republic. Hiden’s book contains a narrative survey, includes numerous primary sources, and gives a fair idea of the state of scholarship on the period as it currently stands. The Bibliography is worth consulting.Kolb, E, The Weimar Republic, Unwin Hyman, 1988An indispensable study of the Republic. Part One provides a clear historical survey of, in essence, the political history of the Republic. Part Two examines the problems of research for historians, and recent research trends. A must for any History Department which can be profitably consulted by students.McKenzie, J, Weimar Germany 1918–1933, Blandford Press, 1971A straightforward factual account of the Weimar Republic. A basic text.Peukert, D, The Weimar Republic, Allen Lane, 1991The Preface says this is a book which is a ‘blend of the chronological and the thematic’. A demanding book. Peukert looks at the ‘distinctive character’ of the Weimar Republic. He places the period 1918–1933 in the wider context of German and indeed European history and investigates the long-term continuities that reveal themselves during Germany’s first attempt at democracy. There is a strong emphasis on ‘history from below’. The book can be seen as a companion volume to the author’s Inside Nazi Germany.Scheele, G, The Weimar Republic, Faber & Faber, 1946A general history which argues that the fledgling Republic was doomed from the start. (Not a view held by the majority of historians over half a century later.) Not surprising when the Third Reich had collapsed just a year before the book was published. Prominence is given to the reactionary forces on the Right which were hostile to the new Republic. Primarily a social, economic and diplomatic history. The Third Reich 1933–1939Bracher, K D, The German Dictatorship, Penguin University Books, 1995Although more than thirty years old, this book has stood the test of time. An outstanding and comprehensive one-volume study of the rise and fall of National Socialism. Particularly good on the historical background to the rise of Hitler and his movement. Burleigh, M (ed.), Confronting the Nazi Past, Collins & Brown, 1996A collection of detailed articles which look at various aspects of the Third Reich. All the articles contain the fruits of recent research in East European archives after the break-up of the Soviet Empire. Burleigh, M, The Third Reich: A New History, Macmillan, 2000A radical re-examination of the Third Reich. The author views Nazism as a pseudo-religious movement which offered salvation to the German people. Burleigh’s study shows how the populace was captivated by Nazism as a movement which incorporated the politics of faith. Interestingly, unlike many modern historians, Burleigh still sees merit in using the term ‘totalitarian’ to explain Nazism. A brilliant book. A must for any History Department.Childers, T and Caplan, J (eds), Reevaluating the Third Reich, Holmes & Meier, 1993A challenging academic book. Too difficult for students. Valuable because it contains the fruits of recent research by eleven historians – mainly dealing with race, the system of government and the economy. Worth reading is Ian Kershaw’s thorough explanation of the 1980s ‘historicisation’ debate. Colloti, E, Hitler and Nazism, Windrush Press, 2000A solid account of Hitler and his movement.Dulffer, J, Nazi Germany 1933–1945, Arnold, 1996An excellent book on the Third Reich. At some length the author describes how the lives and living conditions of ‘ordinary’ Germans were affected by the regime. Chapter Four provides a clear and uncluttered description of the nature of the Führer State. Dulffer also discusses the after-effects of Nazism on Germany and Europe after 1945. Frei, N, National Socialist Rule in Germany, Blackwell, 1993Frei deals with the general political, social and economic developments of the Third Reich. Parts I and II plausibly argue that until well into the Second World War the regime was popular with the majority of Germans. Interspersed in the narrative are some illuminating and thought-provoking primary sources. A Documents section at the end runs to forty-six pages, although fewer than half of these are devoted to the pre-1939 period. Definitely one for the Departmental Library.Fritzsche, P, Germans into Nazis, Harvard University Press, 1998A readable account which looks at three crucial turning points – 1914, 1918 and 1933 – in German history and uses them to explain why the Nazis were so popular. Yet it is worth remembering that, even at the height of their electoral support, the Nazis never won a democratic mandate from a majority of the German people. Geary, D, Hitler and Nazism, Routledge, 1993A Lancaster University Pamphlet which provides a succinct summary of recent research into the topic. Probably better on events before rather than after 1933. Herberle, R, From Democracy to Nazism, Howard Fertig, 1970An account of how Germany turned from democracy to dictatorship in the early 1930s.Hiden, J and Farquharson, J, Explaining Hitler’s Germany, 2nd edition, Batsford, 1989In the Introduction the authors state the book is to be used on two levels. Firstly, a critical view of the various models of Germany offered since 1933. Secondly, to provide a great deal of empirical information which has accumulated in the last fifty years. The seven chapters deal with some of the main themes of period. Given the historiographical thrust, this book is a must for the classroom teacher and AH students. Hildebrand, K, The Third Reich, Routledge, 1991A scholarly study by an eminent historian. Part One is a factual and analytical account of the regime. Part Two is particularly useful for teachers because it gives a concise and readable survey of research trends on key topics. Can be profitably used by students. Jenkins, J, Hitler and Nazism, Longman, 1998An excellent introduction to the Third Reich which should prove popular with students. It is concise and attractively presented with some telling visual images. Part 1 provides a basic narrative of the period. Part 2 explores a number of the issues crucial for an understanding of the regime. The primary sources included in the book are an excellent starting point for classroom discussions. Invaluable. Kershaw, I, The Nazi Dictatorship, 4th edition, Arnold, 1993The fact that this book is into its fourth edition says much for this authoritative, masterly and scholarly study by an eminent historian. Not an easy read for students. But it repays careful and patient and assiduous study. The main historiographical debates of the 1980s and the 1990s, including the ‘Goldhagen phenomenon’, are explained.Kershaw, I and Lewin, M (eds), Stalinism and Nazism, Cambridge University Press, 1997A comparative study of totalitarianism in the two dictatorships. Written by a team of distinguished historians who provide a summary of recent research and provide new perspectives.Koch, H (ed.), Aspects of the Third Reich, Macmillan Education, 1988Sixteen essays on the Third Reich. The book is divided into five parts. The first four deal with government and politics; foreign policy; the economy, and racial policy; the last deals with the ‘Hitler Image’ and the theme of continuity and the Third Reich. Of more use to teachers than to students. Layton, G, Germany: The Third Reich 1933–45, Hodder & Stoughton, 1992Can be used in conjunction with Layton’s From Bismarck to Hitler: Germany 1890–1933 (see p 30). Contains a number of useful primary sources. The main themes, for example the nature of Hitler’s rule, the social revolution, and foreign policy, are well covered. Of particular use are Chapter 1 and Chapter 8 which put the Third Reich into its wider historical context and touch upon some of the controversies surrounding the period.Leitz, C (ed.), The Third Reich, Blackwell Publishers, 1999Eleven articles on various aspects of the regime. A sign of the times is that each is prefaced by its historiographical context. A useful addition to any Departmental Library.Mau, H and Krausnick, H, German History 1933–45, Oswald Wolf Paperbacks, 1973A short reflective book written by two German historians. A clear and objective study of the Third Reich. Can be read with profit by teachers and students.Mitchell, A (ed.), The Nazi Revolution, D C Heath & Company, 1973First published in 1959, this selection of extracts from secondary texts is particularly interesting because it looks at, amongst other themes, the historical background to National Socialism and the relationship between politics, industry and the army in the Third Reich.Overy, R J, ‘Hitler and the Third Reich’, Modern History Review, 1989, 1 (11), pp 5–9An account of how Hitler came to power; and a brief survey of his economic, political, military and racial policies. A concise introduction for senior students.Peukert, D, Inside Nazi Germany, Wiedenfeld & Nicolson, 1987An outstanding social history of the Third Reich. Students will not find it easy to read, but if they persevere they will find the book rewarding and invaluable. Well researched, it contains a number of illuminating primary sources. The book tries to get behind the propaganda fa?ade of the regime and show how ordinary Germans came to terms with or grumbled about the regime. A book which looks at the ‘everyday history’ of the people.Rees, L, The Nazis. A Warning from History, BBC Books, 1993The companion volume to the BBC TV series first broadcast in 1997. An account of the rise and fall of the Third Reich. Contains a number of stunning photographs. A history told by individuals whose personal stories and anecdotes are gripping and should inspire the reader to find out more about this period in German and European history.Shirer, W, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, Secker & Warburg, 1964More than forty years old, Shirer’s popular, best-selling book contains a great deal of useful information. Although readable, this is a book to be used with caution not least because it contains numerous factual errors. The author’s contention that the Third Reich was the result of certain long-term trends in German history is debatable and is not accepted by the majority of professional historians. Simpson, W, Hitler and Germany, Cambridge University Press, 1991A book which mixes narrative text and analysis with a wide range of primary sources. The main topics are competently covered. This is a book with which students in the Advanced Higher course will feel at ease.Stackelberger, R, Hitler’s Germany, Routledge, 1999A general history which places the Nazi period in its wider nineteenth and twentieth century contexts. The book has a clear structure and is divided into short, readable and concise sections. Definitely worth consulting by teachers and students. Turner, H (ed.), Nazism and the Third Reich, Quadrangle Books, 1972A selection of nine articles by eminent scholars dealing with various aspects of National Socialism. Slightly dated, but can be read with profit by teacher and student.Williamson, D, The Third Reich, Longman, 1982A book which should prove popular with students. Williamson’s short book is conveniently divided into chapters dealing with the main topics of the Third Reich. Contains a selection of primary sources. Wilt, A, Nazi Germany, Harlan Davidson Inc., 1994A general history of the Third Reich. Written by an American specifically for the American student and general reader. The five chapters are conveniently divided into easily digestible sections for teachers and students alike. Worth buying for the detailed and extensive Bibliography alone.Section 6The German Revolution 1918–1919Asprey, R, The German High Command at War, Warner Books, 1991An informative explanation of the role of Germany’s leading generals during the war. The later chapters, dealing with the growing spectre of defeat and the devious manoeuvrings of Ludendorff to absolve the army of blame and to saddle the new democracy with defeat, are particularly illuminating.Bailey, S, ‘The Berlin Strike of January 1918’, Central European History, 1980, 13 (1), pp 158–74Looks at a specific event during the German Revolution. Balfour, M, The Kaiser and his Times, The Crescent Press, 1964An orthodox biography of William II. Two of the final three chapters deal with the events of 1918 and 1919 leading to the collapse of the Second Reich and the creation of the Weimar Republic. The last chapter in part explains why Germany lost the war and analyses the role of the old elites. A useful starting point for German history post-1918. Bassler, G P, ‘The Communist Movement in the German Revolution, 1918–1919: a Problem of Historical Typology?’, Central European History, 1973, 6 (3), pp 233–77An excellent explanation of the role of the KPD in the Revolution. Blackbourn, D, Germany 1780–1918, Fontana, 1997Blackbourn’s detailed general history explains the transformation of Germany in the nineteenth century. Useful as a background study on German society, culture, politics and the economy. A thirty-six page Epilogue looks at the 1918 Revolution and the early years of the Weimar Republic.Buse, D K, ‘Ebert and the German Crisis 1917–1920’, Central European History, 1972, 5 (3), pp 234–55Ebert’s role in the given period is examined.Carsten, F L, Revolution in Central Europe, Wildwood House, 1988First published in 1972, this study deals mainly with the German Revolution of 1918-1919. (Some space is given to events in Austria and Hungary.) Definitely worth consulting as one of the few detailed English-language books on the German Revolution. Carsten argues that the threat of Bolshevism and chaos, and the reassertion of the ‘old order’ ensured the failure of revolution in central Europe. Coper, R, Failure of a Revolution, Cambridge University Press, 1988A disappointing book on the German Revolution of 1918–1919. Franz, G, ‘Munich: Birthplace and Center of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party’, Journal of Modern History, 1957, 29 (4), pp 319–34A description of the revolutionary situation in Bavaria at the end of the Great War. Geary, D, ‘Radicalism and the Worker: Metalworkers and Revolution 1914–23’ in R J Evans (ed.), Society and Politics in Wilhelmine Germany, Croom Helm, 1978, pp 267–86Argues that working class radicalism should be set in a wider chronological context and not just viewed from the confines of the German Revolution of 1918–1919. Haffner, S, Failure of a Revolution, Andre Deutsch, 1973A superficial and straightforward account of the German Revolution of 1918–1919. Haffner attempts to argue that Ebert and the SPD betrayed the Revolution. A brief Index is not complemented by footnotes or a Bibliography.Harman, C, The Lost Revolution, 2nd edition, Bookmarks, 1997Harman, a member of the Socialist Workers Party, looks at Germany between 1918 and 1923. This polemical and one-dimensional work inevitably condemns Ebert for the failure of the 1918 Revolution. Harman is also critical of the German Communist Party which ‘positioned itself on the sidelines of history’ by seeing the Social Democrats as a greater threat than Hitler. Useful for providing an ‘alternative’ perspective to that of established historians.Herwig, J, ‘The First German Congress of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Councils and the Problem of Military Reforms’, Central European History, 1968, 1 (2), pp 150–65Looks at the role of the Councils during the German Revolution. Howard, N P, ‘The Social and Political Consequences of the Allied Food Blockade of Germany, 1918–19’, German History, 1993, 11 (2), pp 161–88A factual explanation of the stated topic.Hunt, R, The Creation of the Weimar Republic, D C Heath, 1969A collection of extracts from books and articles by eminent historians on the origins of the Republic. Included are the writings of Halperin, Rosenberg, Epstein, Mann and Taylor.Kitchen, M, The Silent Dictatorship, Croom Helm, 1976A book which focuses on the military dictatorship of Ludendorff and Hindenburg, established towards the end of the Great War. The last chapter gives a detailed account of how Ludendorff ensured that the new civilian government and not the ‘old order’ was to ‘blame’ for defeat. Thus, the new democratic Republic was held to be responsible for the myth of the ‘stab in the back’.Kocha, J, Facing Total War: German Society 1914–18, Berg, 1984A readable account which looks at the impact on German society of the First World War. It focuses on the problems confronting the establishment of the Weimar Republic in 1918.Kohler, E, ‘Revolutionary Pomerania 1919–1920. A Study in Majority Socialist Agricultural Policy and Civil-Military Relations’, Central European History, 1976, 9 (3), pp 250–93A detailed explanation of events in Eastern Germany in 1919–1920.Mommsen, W J, ‘The German Revolution 1918–20’ in R Bessel and E J Feuchtwanger (eds), Social Change and Political Development in Weimar Germany, London, 1981, pp 21–54An article on immediate post-war events in Germany after the Great War.Mommsen, W J, Imperial Germany 1867–1918, Arnold, 1995Essays on the Second Empire published as a collection for the first time. Together they provide the historical background to the Advanced Higher course. Chapter 13 offers a useful description and analysis of the German Revolution of 1918–1919.Morgan, D, ‘Ernst Daumig and the German Revolution of 1918’, Central European History, 1982, 14 (4), pp 303–31Focuses on the role played by one individual in immediate post-war events. Morgan, P, The Socialist Left and the German Revolution, Cornell University Press, 1975A lengthy study of the Independent Socialist Party between 1917 and 1922. Morgan provides a sound account of the Party’s involvement in post-war German politics. Probably too academic a text for Advanced Higher students.Orlow, D, ‘1918/1919: A German Revolution’, German Studies Review, 1982, 5 (2), pp 187–203On the significance of the Revolution. Argues that new ideas and new forces were at work – with the ‘removal of the Conservative norms and strictures’. A paper which can be read with profit by students.Patrick, J, ‘A Stab in the Back? German Defeat 1918’, Hindsight, 1995, 6 (1), pp 8–11Examines whether Germany was betrayed in 1918.Porter, I and Armour, I, Imperial Germany 1890–1918, Longman, 1991A background study to German history before 1918. Specifically relevant is the chapter on the Great War and the German Revolution. It has a documents section which contains a number of primary extracts.Rosenberg, A, Imperial Germany, Oxford University Press, 1970First published in German in 1928. Written by a Marxist, this book gives a class analysis of Imperial Germany from 1871 to 1918. The final chapter pointedly criticises the Social Democrats for failing to implement a revolution at the end of the Great War. Of very limited value for the student.Rosenfeld, R, ‘Monuments and the Politics of Memory: Commemorating Kurt Eisner and the Bavarian Revolutions of 1918–1919 in Postwar Munich’, Central European History, 1997, 30 (2), pp 221–51A curious paper which explains how the revolutionary past in Bavaria in the period 1918–1919 has been subsequently commemorated in Munich.Rurup, R, ‘Problems of the German Revolution, 1918–1919’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1968, 3 (4), pp 109–35Argues that the Revolution was a lost opportunity.Ryder, A, The German Revolution 1918–1919, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1959A twenty-nine page pamphlet written for the English Historical Association. A more than useful introduction for students to the topic. Showing its age.Staerck, G, ‘Central European Revolutions’, Modern History Review, 1998, 9 (4), p 34A very brief look at post-1918 revolutionary Europe.Tampke, J, The Ruhr and Revolution. The Revolutionary Movement in the Rhenish-Westphalian Region, Croom Helm, 1979A regional study of the German Revolution of 1918–1919 which looks at the industrial heartland of western Germany. Informative.Watt, R, The Kings Depart, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968A readable account of the German Revolution of 1918–1919. Attractively written in an entertaining manner, Watt’s book emphasises the links between the Revolution and the negotiations leading to the signing of the Treaty of Versailles.Woodward, D, ‘The Mutiny at Kiel, November 1918’, History Today, 1968, 18 (12), pp 829–35A basic and straightforward account of the Kiel Mutiny.Woodward, D, ‘The Mutiny at Wilhelmshaven 1918’, History Today, 1968, 18 (11), pp 779–85A basic and straightforward account of the Wilhelmshaven Mutiny.Weimar PoliticsAffleck, G, ‘How Stable was the Weimar Republic by 1929?’, History Review, 1997, 29, pp 26–7A look at Germany on the eve of the Wall Street Crash of October 1929. Readable by students.Albertin, L, ‘German Liberalism and the Foundation of the Weimar Republic: a Missed Opportunity?,’ in A J Nicholls and E Matthias (eds), German Democracy and the Triumph of Hitler, Allen & Unwin, 1971, pp 29–46.Discusses the role of German Liberalism at the end of the Great War.Angress, W, ‘The Political Role of the Peasantry in the Weimar Republic’, Review of Politics, 1959, 21 (3), pp 530–49Disaffected for social and economic reasons, many peasants politically supported the Nazis. Angress, W, ‘Weimar Coalition and Ruhr Insurrections, March–April 1920: A Study of Government Policy’, Journal of Modern History, 1957, 29 (1), pp 1–20.How the SPD leader Severing handled the Insurrection.Bessel, R, ‘Germany from War to Dictatorship’, in M Fulbrook (ed.), German History Since 1800, Arnold, 1997, pp 235–57An acute and observant summary of the history of the Weimar Republic. Bessel concentrates on political developments. An excellent introduction to Germany between 1918 and 1933.Bessel, R, ‘The Potempa Murder’, Central European History, 1977, 10 (3), pp 241–54Focuses on a specific case of political violence involving the Nazis during the Weimar Republic. Bodek, R, ‘Red Song: Social Democratic Music and Radicalism at the end of the Weimar Republic’, Central European History, 1995, 28 (2), pp 209–27On left-wing political activism. Boldt, H, ‘Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution, its Historical and Political Implications’, in A J Nicholls and E Matthias (eds), German Democracy and the Triumph of Hitler, Allen & Unwin, 1971, pp 79–97A focused study of a key part of the 1919 Weimar Constitution.Braatz, W E, ‘Franz von Papen and the Preussenschlag, 20 July 1932: a Move by the “New State” Towards Reichsreform’, European Studies Review, 1973, 3 (2), pp 157–80On changes in the relationship between the national and state governments attempted by von Papen as Chancellor. The projected changes were not introduced largely because of the opposition of the South German states.Bracher, K D, ‘Democracy and the Power Vacuum: The Problem of the Party State during the Disintegration of the Weimar Republic’, in V Berghahn and M Kitchen (eds), Germany in the Age of Total War, Croom Helm, 1981, pp 189–202A study of decision making during the early 1930s.Breitman, R, ‘Negative Integration and Parliamentary Politics: Literature on German Social Democracy, 1890–1933’, Central European History, 1980, 13 (2), pp 175–97An academic study of the topic. Breitman, R, ‘On German Social Democracy and General Schleicher 1932–33’, Central European History, 1976, 9 (4), pp 352–78On the uneasy relationship between the two parties.Carroll, D, ‘The Role of Kurt von Schleicher in the Fall of the Weimar Republic’, International Review of History and Political Science, 1972, 9 (4), pp 35–60Schleicher’s role is critically examined.Carsten, F L, ‘Arthur Rosenberg: Ancient Historian into leading Communist’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1973, 8 (1), pp 63–75A concise resume of his political career in the inter-war years.Cary, N et al, ‘Symposium: Hindenburg and the Weimar Republic’, Central European History, 1990, 23 (2/3), pp 179–241A collection of views on the role and significance of Hindenburg.Chickering, R P, ‘The Reichsbanner and the Weimar Republic’, Journal of Modern History, 1968, 40 (4), pp 524–34On a paramilitary organisation which was formed to defend the Republic and became an SPD formation.Childers, T, ‘The Social Language of Politics in Germany: The Sociology of Political Discourse in the Weimar Republic’, American Historical Review, 1990, 95 (2), pp 331–58Craig, G (ed.), Economic Interest, Militarism, and Foreign Policy, University of California Press, 1965A fascinating collection of essays written in the 1920s by the innovative German historian Eckart Kehr which look at the connections between foreign policy and domestic policy. The majority of the essays deal with Germany before 1914. One later essay prophetically comments on the role of the Reichswehr after 1918. The final essay examines the state of ‘Modern German Historiography’ mainly before but also just after the Great War. Craig, G, From Bismarck to Adenauer, 2nd edition, Harper & Row, 1965A collection of five essays, given originally as lectures. Chapter Three looks at Rathenau, Stresemann and Bruning. Useful.Dahm, K-W, ‘German Protestantism and Politics 1919–39’, Journal of Contemporary History, 3 (1), pp 29–49A paper which argues that Protestantism was hostile to the Weimar Republic in the 1920s and politically miscalculated with the Nazis in power in the 1930s.Deihl, J, Paramilitary Politics in Weimar Germany, Indiana University Press, 1977A detailed academic study of political violence and paramilitary politics in the Weimar Republic. Feldman, G D, ‘Big Business and the Kapp Putsch’, Central European History, 1971, 4 (2), pp 99–130A paper on how big business viewed the right-wing putsch of 1920.Feldman, G D, ‘The Social and Economic Policies of German Big Business, 1918–1929’, American Historical Review, 1969, 75 (1), pp 47–55A chronological and analytical survey of the topic. Felix, D, Walter Rathenau and the Weimar Republic, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1971A detailed study of the politics of reparation in the early years of the Weimar Republic. A book which could be useful for dissertations. Assassinated in 1922, Rathenau was in favour of the policy of fulfilment in relation to the reparation clauses of the Treaty of Versailles.Fischer, C, ‘Turning the Tide? The KPD and Right Radicalism in German Industrial Relations, 1925–8’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1989, 24 (4), pp 575–97Contends that the revolutionary movement in factories was weak.Fritz, S, ‘The Search for Volksgemeinschaft: Gustav Stresemann and the Baden DVP, 1926–30’, German Studies Review, 1984, 7 (2), pp 249–80A paper which argues that Stresemann wanted a range of interests and not just one sectional group to represent the German people in government.Frolich, P, Rosa Luxemburg, Pluto Press and Bookmarks, 1973A biography of the left-wing revolutionary murdered in Berlin in 1919. Originally published in 1939, this biography is of limited use for the Advanced Higher course. A lengthy left-wing study. Frye, B, Liberal Democrats in the Weimar Republic. The History of the German Democratic Party and the German State Party, Southern Illinois University Press, 1985Frye’s study looks at the two middle class liberal parties, the German Democratic Party (DDP) and the German People’s Party (DVP). Glees, A, ‘Albert C Grzesinski and the Politics of Prussia, 1926–30’, English Historical Review, 1974, 89 (4), pp 814–34A sympathetic account of an SPD politician who vigorously defended the Weimar Republic.Goodspeed, D, Ludendorff: Soldier, Dictator, Revolutionary, Rupert Hart-Davis, 1966A basic and undemanding biography of Ludendorff. The last three chapters deal with the post-war period.Gordon, F, ‘Protestantism and Socialism in the Weimar Republic’, German Studies Review, 1988, 11 (3), pp 423–46Gruber, H, ‘Willi Munzenberg’s German Communist Propaganda Empire 1921–1933’, Journal of Modern History, 1966, 38 (3), pp 278–97On the life and career of a leading Communist propagandist.Guttsman, W, The German Social Democratic Party, 1875–1933, Allen & Unwin, 1981A straightforward history of the moderate socialist party. Guttsman concentrates on the party’s leadership rather than on its membership.Harsch, D, ‘Codes of Comradeship: Class, Leadership, and Tradition in Munich Social Democracy’, Central European History, 1998, 31 (4), pp 385–412Examines the Social Democratic Party in transition in the Weimar years.Harsch, D, German Social Democracy and the Rise of Nazism, University of North Carolina Press, 1993An academic study of the varying reactions of the SPD to the NSDAP in the Weimar Republic. Probably too detailed a study for Advanced Higher students.Hopwood, R, ‘Mobilisation of a Nationalist Community, 1919–1923’, German History, 1992, 10 (2), pp 149–76Hunt, J, ‘The Bourgeois Middle in German Politics 1871–1933’, Central European History, 1978, 11 (1), pp 83–106A review article on the topic. Jackel, E, ‘The Predicament of the Weimar Republic’, in M Laffan (ed.), The Burden of German History 1919–45, Methuen, 1988, pp 48–55An essay on politics in the Weimar Republic which is worth reading. Joll, J, ‘Walther Rathenau – Intellectual or Industrialist?’, in V Berghahn and M Kitchen (eds), Germany in the Age of Total War, Croom Helm, 1981, pp 46–62The part played by the Weimar politician is discussed.Jones, L E, ‘Between the Fronts: The German National Union of Commercial Employees from 1928 to 1933’, Journal of Modern History, 1976, 48 (3), pp 462–82An academic study of the relationship between a white collar union and the conservative DNVP.Jones, L E, German Liberalism and the Dissolution of the Weimar Party System, 1918–1933, University of North Carolina Press, 1988Jones has written extensively on the failure of German liberalism in the Weimar Republic. This is a very big book which catalogues the decline of ‘The Dying Middle’ in the 1920s and its collapse because of the Depression and the dynamic onslaught of National Socialism. In a book with almost 500 pages of detailed text the seven-page ‘Final Reflections’ is worth reading.Jones, L E, ‘Gustav Stresemann and the Crisis of German Liberalism’, European Studies Review, 1974, 4 (2), pp 141–63This paper explains the decline of German liberalism in the 1920s despite the efforts of Stresemann.Jones, L E, ‘Hindenburg and the Conservative Dilemma in the 1932 Presidential Election’, German Studies Review, 1997, 20 (2), pp 235–59A paper discussing the 1932 presidential election. Given his past, Hindenburg is paradoxically portrayed as the ‘defender’ of the Republic.Jones, L E, ‘Inflation, Revaluation and the Crisis of Middle-Class Politics: a Study in the Dissolution of the German Party System’, Central European History, 1979, 12 (2), pp 143–68A discussion of politics and economics in the 1920s.Kaufmann, W, Monarchism in the Weimar Republic, Octagon Books, 1972Kaufmann argues that up to 1923 monarchism was at the core of violent right-wing opposition to the Republic. Thereafter, it was moderate and was eventually outflanked by National Socialism. A readable account of a neglected topic.Kent, G, ‘Problems and Pitfalls of a Papen Biography’, Central European History, 1987, 20 (2), pp 191–7On writing a biography of von Papen.Kitchen, M, ‘Paramilitarism and Social Democracy: Theodor Korner and the Schutzbund’, in V Berghahn and M Kitchen (eds), Germany in the Age of Total War, Croom Helm, 1981, pp 170–88On paramilitaries in the Weimar Republic.Knapp, T, ‘The Red and the Black. Catholic Socialists in the Weimar Republic’, Catholic History Review, 1975, 61 (3), pp 386–408A self-explanatory paper.Koch, H, A Constitutional History of Germany, Longman, 1984A book which looks at the constitutional history of Germany in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Two chapters are devoted to the Weimar Republic (one on the upheavals of 1918–1919 and one on the constitutional state) with another on the Führer State. The inevitable emphasis on political and constitutional history in the Advanced Higher course makes this an indispensable book.Kollmann, E C, ‘Walther Rathenau and German Foreign Policy: Thoughts and Actions’, Journal of Modern History, 1952, 14 (2), pp 127–42On how the Great War in particular affected and changed Rathenau’s views on foreign policy.Lang, S, ‘A Success Story: The Weimar Republic’, Hindsight, 1997, 7 (2), pp 10–13A positive view of Germany’s first attempt at democracy.LaPorte, N, ‘Between Stalin and Hitler: Communists in Inter-War Germany’, Modern History Review, 1996, 8 (1), pp 25–7On the wider political loyalties of German Communists to Stalin and the USSR.Leaman, J, ‘Interpreting the Weimar Republic’, Yearbook of the Scottish Association, 1997, 11, pp 33–8A pessimistic view of politics during the Weimar Republic.Lowenthal, R, ‘The “Missing Revolution” in Industrial Societies: Comparative Reflections on a German Problem’, in V Berghahn and M Kitchen (eds), Germany in the Age of Total War, Croom Helm, 1981, pp 240–57Places German political development in a wider context.Luckau, A, ‘Kapp Putsch – Success or Failure?’, Journal of Central European Affairs, 1948, 7 (4), pp 394–405On military involvement in the right-wing Kapp putsch of 1920.Mosse, G L, ‘German Socialists and the Jewish Question in the Weimar Republic’, Yearbook of the Leo Baeck Institute, 1971, 16, pp 123–51How socialists viewed the Jewish ‘problem’ in the 1920s.Nicholls, A J, German Democracy and the Triumph of Hitler, 2nd edition, Macmillan, 1979A readable introduction to the political history of the Weimar Republic. Its chapters on the German Revolution (Chapter 2) and the Weimar Constitution (Chapter 3) are well worth reading as basic explanations of topics which can confuse students at the start of the Advanced Higher History course.Patch, E, Heinrich Bruning and the Dissolution of the Weimar Republic, Cambridge University Press, 1998An in-depth account of Heinrich Bruning as Chancellor. Too sophisticated a study for students. The author is positive about Bruning’s period in office. Post, G, The Civil-Military Fabric of Weimar Foreign Policy, Princeton University Press, 1973An in-depth study of the relationship between the German army and the German Foreign Office between 1924 and 1933. The political role of the army is well catalogued, not least the ways in which it cooperated with the civilian authorities. Probably of little practical use for an Advanced Higher student. Pryce, D, ‘The Reich Government versus Saxony 1923: The Decision to Intervene’, Central European History, 1977, 10 (2), pp 112–47On conflict between the national and regional governments.Scheck, R, ‘German Conservatism and Female Political Activism in the Early Weimar Republic’, German History, 1997, 15 (1), pp 34–55A study of the relationship between the two groups.Simms, B, ‘The Worker Correspondents’ Movement in Wurttemberg during the Weimar Republic: 1928–33’, European Studies Review, 1991, 21 (4), pp 481–514A regional study of the Communist Party at grass roots level.Stachura, P, Political Leaders in Weimar Germany, Simon & Schuster, 1999A scholarly reference book which contains 135 detailed entries.Sturmer, M, ‘Parliamentary Government in Weimar Germany 1924–1928’ in A J Nicholls and E Matthias (eds), German Democracy and the Triumph of Hitler, Allen & Unwin, 1971, pp 59–77A look at the middle years of the Weimar Republic. Tracy, D, ‘Reform in the Early Weimar Republic. The Thuringian Example’, Journal of Modern History, 1972, 44 (2), pp 195–212Argues that reforms were introduced prematurely in conservative Thuringia.Williamson, D, ‘Walther Rathenau: Patron Saint of the German Liberal Establishment’, Yearbook of the Leo Baeck Institute, 1975, 20, pp 207–22A sympathetic study of the Weimar politician.Zeender, J K, ‘The German Catholics and the Presidential Election of 1925’, Journal of Modern History, 1963, 35 (4), pp 366–81Explains why dissident anti-democratic Catholics campaigned to elect Hindenburg. Zorn, W, ‘Student Politics in the Weimar Republic’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1970, 5 (1), pp 128–43Places student politics in the context of the history of the Republic.The Collapse of the Republic Abraham, D, The Collapse of the Weimar Republic, 2nd edition, Princeton University Press, 1986A thorough academic study which explains how and why the Weimar Republic only lasted fifteen years. Can be used with profit by students.Abraham, D et al, ‘The Collapse of the Weimar Republic’, Central European History, 1984, 17 (2/3), pp 159–293Numerous academic historians debate the collapse of the Republic. Abraham, D et al, ‘Constituting Hegemony: The Bourgeois Crisis of Weimar Germany’, Journal of Modern History, 1979, 51 (3), pp 417–50Abraham’s paper blames the Republic’s collapse on the failure of the middle classes to support it.Abraham, D, ‘Conflicts within German Industry on the Collapse of the Weimar Republic’, Past and Present, 1980, 88, pp 88–128Assesses the role of German industry, its leaders and organisations, in bringing about the collapse of the Republic.Bessel, R, ‘Why Did the Weimar Republic Collapse?’ in I Kershaw (ed.), Weimar: Why Did German Democracy Fail?, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1990, pp 120–99A thought-provoking study of the topic.Broszat, M, Hitler and the Collapse of Weimar Germany, Berg, 1987A short and authoritative account of Nazism before 1933. Worth reading for the first class analysis of the years 1930 to 1933 alone. Essential reading.Carroll, D, ‘The Role of Kurt von Schleicher in the Fall of the Weimar Republic’, International Review of History and Political Science, 1972, 9 (4), pp 35–60Schleicher’s role is critically examined.Epstein, K, ‘The End of the German Parties in 1933’, Journal of Central European Affairs, 1963–64, 23 (1), pp 52–76Epstein’s conclusion is that, on the whole, the Weimar political parties were led by mediocrities, and this did much to lead to the collapse of the Republic in 1933.Feuchtwanger, E J, ‘The Fall of Weimar and the Rise of Hitler’, Modern History Review, 1997, 9 (2), pp 16–17A concise summary of the topic.Feuchtwanger, E J, ‘Why did the Weimar Republic Fail?’ Modern History Review, 1997, 9 (1), pp 2–5A concise summary of the topic.Fischer, C, ‘The Rise of Nazism’, New Perspective, 1996, 1 (3), pp 21–5Explains why Germany’s elites tolerated a Nazi takeover to replace the weak Weimar Republic.Gates, R A, ‘German Socialism and the Crisis of 1929–1933’, Central European History Review, 1974, 7 (4), pp 332–59The left-wing reaction to the worsening political crisis.Geary, D, ‘Employers, Workers, and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic’ in I Kershaw (ed.), Weimar: Why Did German Democracy Fail?, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1990, pp 92–119On the economics of the collapse of the Republic.Goodlad, G, ‘The Failure of the Weimar Republic’, Modern History Review, 1999, 11 (1), pp 26–7A factual account of the final years of the Republic. Hayes, P, ‘“A Question Mark with Epaulettes”? Kurt von Schleicher and Weimar Politics’, Journal of Modern History, 1980, 52 (1), pp 35–65Dissects von Schleicher’s motives and actions in the final days of the Weimar Republic. Holtfrerich, C-L, ‘Economic Policy Options and the End of the Weimar Republic’, in I Kershaw (ed.), Weimar: Why Did German Democracy Fail?, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1990, pp 58–91James, H, ‘Economic Reasons for the Collapse of the Weimar Republic’, in I Kershaw (ed.), Weimar: Why Did German Democracy Fail?, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1990, pp 30–57A clear academic exposition of the topic.Jones, L E, ‘“The Dying Middle”: Weimar Germany and the Fragmentation of Bourgeois Politics’, Central European History, 1972, 5 (1), pp 23–54On how the middle-class parties declined dramatically from the mid 1920s onwards.Jones, L E, ‘“The Greatest Stupidity of My Life”: Alfred Hugenberg and the Formation of the Hitler Cabinet, January 1933’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1992, 27 (1), pp 63–87Focuses on probably the greatest political miscalculation of the twentieth century.Kershaw, I (ed.), Weimar: Why Did German Democracy Fail?, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1990A collection of four readable essays on why Germany’s first attempt at democracy failed. Two essays discuss the economic viability of the Republic, whilst the other two look at the political and structural factors involved in the Republic’s collapse. Ian Kershaw provides an excellent and thought-provoking Introduction.Liang, H-H, ‘The Berlin Police and the Weimar Republic’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1969, 4 (4), pp 157–72Looks at the role played by the capital’s police as political street fighting became endemic and played a role in bringing about the collapse of the Republic.Lieberman, B, ‘Turning Against the Weimar Right: Landlords, the Economic Party and the DNVP’, German History, 1997, 15 (1), pp 56–79A study of changing voting patterns on the political right.Mommsen, H, ‘The Failure of the Weimar Republic and the Rise of Hitler’, in M Laffan (ed.), The Burden of German History 1919–45, Methuen, 1988, pp 116–30An analytical study of a self-explanatory topic.Mommsen, H, The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy, University of North Carolina Press, 1996A must for any student or teacher looking at the Weimar Republic.Stachura, P D, ‘Social Welfare and Politics in the Weimar Republic’, Yearbook of the Scottish Association, 1994, 8, pp 12–19Stachura contends that the willingness of successive Weimar governments to erode the welfare system played its part in bringing about the Republic’s collapse.Ward, J, ‘“Smash the Fascists…” German Communists’ Efforts to Counter the Nazis, 1930–31’, Central European History, 1981, 14 (1), pp 30–62On polarised political extremism in the early 1930s. Winkler, H A, ‘Choosing the Lesser Evil: The German Social Democrats and the Fall of the Weimar Republic’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1990, 25 (2–3), pp 205–27Argues that there was no alternative to the policies pursued by the SPD between 1930 and 1933.Political PartiesAngress, W, Stillborn Revolution: the Communist Bid for Power in Germany, 1921–1923, Princeton University Press, 1963A balanced study of the origins of the German Communist Party.Chanady, A, ‘The Disintegration of the German National People’s Party, 1924–1930’, Journal of Modern History, 1967, 39 (1), pp 65–91Explains the causes of the collapse and subsequent fragmentation of the Party.Chanady, A, ‘The Dissolution of the German Democratic Party in 1930’, American Historical Review, 1967, 73 (5), pp 1433–53A straightforward explanation of the topic. Eschenburg, T et al, The Road to Dictatorship: Germany 1918–1933, Oswald Wolff Paperbacks, 1962Ten short essays on political topics which were first broadcast on German radio. The studies on the Centre Party, SPD and KPD are worth reading.Evans, E, The German Centre Party 1870–1933, Illinois University Press, 1981A history of the Centre Party from its origins to its abolition by the Nazis in 1933. A detailed study which is useful for dissertations.Fowkes, B, Communism in Germany under the Weimar Republic, Macmillan, 1984A comprehensive study of the German Communist Party (KPD) from its establishment in January 1933 to its dissolution in July 1933. Worth consulting on how and why a sizeable section of Weimar society was attracted to political extremism on the Left.Hertzman, L, ‘The Founding of the German National People’s Party (DNVP), November 1918–January 1919’, Journal of Modern History, 1958, 30 (1), pp 24–36Argues that the DNVP was more than just the successor of the pre-war Conservative Party.Hunt, R, German Social Democracy, 1918–1933, Quadrangle Paperbacks, 1970A consciously narrow study of the internal workings and organisation of the Party. Hunt criticises the ageing leadership for its timidity and its conservatism.Kohler, E, ‘The Successful German Center-Left: Joseph Hess and the Prussian Center Party, 1908–32’, Central European History, 1990, 23 (4), pp 313–48A brief account of the Party in the stated period.Lapp, B, ‘A “National” Socialism: The Old Socialist Party of Saxony, 1926–32’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1995, 30 (2), pp 291–309Lapp discusses the short-lived existence of a right-wing ‘nationalist’ socialist group.Leopold, J A, ‘The Election of Alfred Hugenberg as Chairman of the German National People’s Party’, Canadian Journal of History, 1972, 7 (2), pp 149–71A straightforward account. Matthias, E, ‘German Social Democracy in the Weimar Republic’, in A J Nicholls and E Matthias (eds), German Democracy and the Triumph of Hitler, Allen & Unwin, 1971, pp 47–57A study of the role of the SPD between 1918 and 1933. Nettl, P, ‘The German Social Democratic Party 1890–1914 as a Political Model’, Past and Present, 1965, 30, pp 65–95Useful background information for understanding the deep divisions which existed on the political left in Germany before the outbreak of war in 1914.Smaldane, W, ‘Rudolf Hilferding and the Theoretical Foundations of German Social Democracy, 1902–33’, Central European History, 1988, 21 (3), pp 267–99A detailed academic paper. Walker, D, ‘The German National People’s Party: The Conservative Dilemma in the Weimar Republic’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1979, 14 (4), pp 627–47An explanation of how the Party was caught between supporting a monarchist restoration and cooperating with the new Republic.Ward, J, ‘Pipe Dreams of Revolutionary Politics? The Group of Social Revolutionary Nationalists in the Weimar Republic’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1980, 15 (3), pp 513–32A paper which looks at a radical fringe group opposed to the Weimar Republic.Watts, D, ‘Electoral Success and Political Failure: the KPD in Mannheim in the Last Years of the Weimar Republic’, European History Quarterly, 1988, 18 (3), pp 439–54A regional study on the problems confronting the Communist Party in the Baden town of Mannheim. The article also looks at the patterns of electoral support in the early 1930s.Weitz, D, ‘“Rosa Luxemburg belongs to us!” German Communism and the Luxemburg Legacy’, Central European History, 1994, 27 (1), pp 27–64On the legacy of Rosa Luxemburg.Wheeler, R, ‘German Women and the Communist International: The Case of the Independent Social Democrats’, Central European History, 1975, 8 (2), pp 113–39InstitutionsAsh, M, ‘Academic Politicians in the History of Science: Experimental Psychology in Germany, 1879–1941’, Central European History, 1980, 13 (3), pp 255–86On the evolution and ultimate misuse of Experimental Psychology in the Third Reich. Bartov, O, ‘The Nation in Arms’, History Review, 1995, 22, pp 25–9A study of the national armies of France and Germany between 1789 and 1939.Bramsted, E, ‘The Position of the Protestant Church in Germany, 1871–1933, Part II. The Church during the Weimar Republic’, Journal of Religious History, 3 (1), pp 61–79An article which reproduces six primary documents on the relationship of the leadership of the Protestant Church with the Weimar Republic.Caplan, J, Government Without Administration. State and Civil Service in Weimar and Nazi Germany, Clarendon Press, 1989An academic book which looks in detail at the changing relationship between the bureaucracy and the government between 1918 and 1945. Not an easy book to read and one unlikely to be of use to Advanced Higher students. Carsten, F L, The Reichswehr and Politics 1918 to 1933, Oxford University Press, 1966A valuable book on the political role of the German army during the Weimar Republic. Its hostility to the Republic is self-evident. Of use for students and teachers.Craig, G, The Politics of the Prussian Army 1640–1945, Oxford University Press, 1955An in-depth study of the army over three centuries. A well written account of an important theme in German history. Can be consulted with profit by students.Feldman, G, Army, Industry and Labour in Germany 1914–1918, Princeton University Press, 1966A more than useful look at the tense pre-Weimar interrelationship between the German army and labour and industry during the Great War.Geary, D, ‘Employers, Workers, and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic’, in I Kershaw (ed.), Weimar: Why Did German Democracy Fail?, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1990, pp 92–119On the economics of the collapse of the Republic.Housden, M, ‘The Subversion of Weimar’, Modern History Review, 1993, 4 (3), pp 20–2The part played by the legal system in subverting the Weimar Republic.Kitchen, M, A Military History of Germany, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1975A straightforward account. Manchester, W, The Arms of Krupp, Bantam Books, 1973A very lengthy history of the Krupp dynasty which provided armaments for Germany for over four centuries. Contains a number of errors.Muncy, L S, ‘The Junkers and the Prussian Administration from 1918 to 1939’, Review of Politics, 1947, 9 (4), pp 482–501An academic paper on the sometimes difficult relationship of the old conservative elite with the despised Weimar Republic and the brutal Third Reich. Overy, R, ‘State and Industry in Germany in the Twentieth Century’, German History, 1994, 12 (2), pp 180–9A look at the linkages between the state and industry.Smith, A L, ‘The German General Staff and Russia 1919–1926’, Soviet Studies, 1956, 8 (2), pp 125–33On the illegal links established by the Reichswehr with Soviet Russia.Turner, H A, ‘Big Business and the Rise of Hitler’, American Historical Review, 1969, 75 (1), pp 56–70Assesses the role played by the former in helping the latter come to power.Wheeler-Bennett, J, The Nemesis of Power, Macmillan, 1980First published in 1953, this is an investigation of ‘The German Army in Politics 1918–1945’. A lengthy study which is wearing well nearly fifty years after publication. In some detail the author explains the army’s involvement/interference in Weimar politics. Its disastrous course after 1933 is lucidly explained.The EconomyArbon, M, ‘Hyperinflation in Germany’, Hindsight, 1992, 3 (1), pp 6–8The Treaty of Versailles is blamed for causing the hyperinflation of 1923.Balderston, T, ‘Gerald D Feldman Analyzes the German Inflation’, Central European History, 1994, 27 (2), pp 205–17On economic events in Germany in the early 1920s.Balderston, T, ‘War Finance and Inflation in Britain and Germany, 1914–1918’, Economic History Review, 1989, 42 (2), pp 222–44A detailed academic paper relevant to an understanding of the German economy at the end of the Great War.Barclay, D, ‘A Prussian Socialism? Wichard von Moellendorff and the Dilemmas of Economic Planning in Germany 1918/19’, Central European History, 1978, 11 (1), pp 50–82On the attempt, which ultimately failed, to introduce economic ‘planning’ in Germany after the Great War. Borchardt, K (ed.), Perspectives on Modern German Economic History and Policy, Cambridge University Press, 1991A collection of economic history essays on the twentieth century. Most notably, the ‘Borchardt controversy’ is discussed in the last essay where the author assesses the viability of the Weimar Republic.Bright Jones, E, ‘The Gendering of the Postwar Agricultural Labour Shortage in Saxony, 1918–1925’, Central European History, 1999, 32 (3), pp 311–29A discussion of continued labour shortages after 1918 which aggravated long-term economic problems in the countryside in Saxony.Eichengreen, B, ‘The Origins and Nature of the Great Slump Revisited’, Economic History Review, 1992, 45 (2), pp 213–39A paper which relates the slump to changes in economic structure brought about by the Great War and developments in the 1920s. An academic paper not for students.Evans, E, ‘The Center Wages Kulturpolitik: Conflict in the Marx-Keudell Cabinet of 1927’, Central European History, 1969, 2 (2), pp 139–58Focuses on a specific cabinet crisis in 1927.Evans, R and Geary, D (eds), The German Unemployed 1918–1936, Croom Helm, 1987A detailed and academic study of the causes, nature and effects of unemployment in Germany in the inter-war years. A thorough account which should be consulted by students.Falkus, M, ‘The German Business Cycle in the 1920s’, Economic History Review, 1975, 28 (3), pp 451–65A paper which largely focuses on the role of credit in the German economy. Feldman, G D, ‘Economic and Social Problems of the German Demobilisation 1918–19’, Journal of Modern History, 1975, 47 (1), pp 1–47The first half of the paper (pp 1–23) deals with post-war readjustment. The second half (pp 24–47) contains a summary of critical comments made by other historians of Feldman’s paper.Feldman, G D, The Great Disorder. Politics, Economics, and Society in the German Inflation, 1914–1924, Oxford University Press, 1993A lengthy (over one thousand pages), in-depth study of the hyperinflation of the early 1920s. Half of the book is devoted to events before 1922 and half to events in 1923. Despite the ‘dry’ nature of the topic, this is a readable book. Feldman, G D, ‘Industrialists, Bankers and the Problem of Unemployment in the Weimar Republic’, Central European History, 1992, 25 (1), pp 76–96A paper which looks at the wider implications of unemployment in the 1920s. Too difficult for students. Ferguson, N, ‘The German Inter-War Economy: Political Choice Versus Economic Determinism’, in M Fulbrook (ed.), German History Since 1800, Arnold, 1997, pp 258–78A stylish and persuasively written account of the German economy between the wars. Ferguson explains how German economic policy was circumscribed by domestic and external factors not only in the Weimar Republic but also in the Third Reich. Useful for teachers and students.Garside, W R, ‘The Great Slump’, Modern History Review, 1994, 6 (1), pp 13–16A look at the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and a brief look at its impact. Suitable for students.Geary, D, ‘Employers, Workers, and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic’ in I Kershaw (ed.), Weimar: Why Did German Democracy Fail?, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1990, pp 92–119On the economics of the collapse of the Republic.Gessner, D, ‘Agrarian Protectionism in the Weimar Republic’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1977, 12 (4), pp 759–78How agriculture sought to protect itself through raising tariffs.Hayes, P, ‘Fritz Roessler and Nazism. The Observations of a German Industrialist 1930–7’, Central European History, 1987, 20 (1), pp 58–79The views of an industrialist on the changing position of Nazism in the 1930s.Henderson, W O, ‘Walter Rathenau: a Pioneer of the Planned Economy’, Economic History Review, 1951, 4 (1), pp 98–108A complimentary paper on Rathenau which argues he was a ground-breaking politician and economist. Holtfrerich, C-L, ‘Economic Policy Options and the End of the Weimar Republic’, in I Kershaw (ed.), Weimar: Why Did German Democracy Fail?, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1990, pp 58–91Hong, Y-S, ‘Gender, Citizenship and the Welfare State: Social Work and the Politics of Femininity in the Weimar Republic’, Central European History, 1997, 30 (1), pp 1–24On the provision of welfare for women and the family and how it came under strain from the late 1920s onwards.Honhart, M, ‘Company Housing as Urban Planning in Germany, 1870–1940’, Central European History, 1990, 23 (1), pp 3–21On the provision of company housing in the stated period.James, H, ‘Economic Reasons for the Collapse of the Weimar Republic’, in I Kershaw (ed.), Weimar: Why Did German Democracy Fail?, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1990, pp 30–57A clear academic exposition of the topic.James, H, The German Slump: Politics and Economics, 1924–36, Oxford University Press, 1986A thorough study of the interaction of politics and the economy in the stated period. Probably too detailed for Advanced Higher students.Jarausch, K, ‘The Crisis of German Professions 1918–33’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1985, 20 (3), pp 379–98How the professional middle classes were attracted to National Socialism.Kater, M, ‘Professionalization and Socialization of Physicians in Wilhelmine and Weimar Germany’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1985, 28 (4), pp 677–99The medical profession in a time of great change between 1871 and 1933.Kater, M, ‘The Work Student: A Socio-Economic Phenomenon of Early Weimar Germany’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1975, 10 (1), pp 71–94On the difficult and precarious existence of the work student after the Great War.Kruedener, J von (ed.), Economic Crisis and Political Collapse: The Weimar Republic 1924–33, Berg, 1988A collection of articles which looks at the interaction of economics and politics in the Weimar Republic.Lang, S, ‘The Wall Street Crash; what went wrong?’, Hindsight, 1998, 9 (1), pp 19–23A basic account of the causes and effects of the Wall Street Crash.Lee, J Joseph, ‘Policy and Performance in the German Economy, 1925–35: a Comment on the Borchardt Thesis’, in M Laffan (ed.), The Burden of German History 1919–45, Methuen, 1988, pp 131–50An assessment of the ‘Borchardt Thesis’ dealing with the German economy in the Weimar years.Lieberman, B, ‘Luxury or Public Investment? Productivity and Planning for Weimar Recovery’, Central European History, 1993, 26 (2), pp 195–213A paper on state direction and involvement in the German economy.Marks, S, ‘The Myths of Reparations’, Central European History, 1978, 11 (3), pp 231–55Examines in some detail the history of reparations during the Weimar Republic. McElligott, A, ‘Crisis in the Cities: The Collapse of Weimar’, History Today, 1993, 43 (5), pp 18–24The urban crisis in early twentieth-century Germany.McTernan, T, ‘Hyperinflation in Germany, 1923’, Hindsight, 1997, 8 (1), pp 9–11On the causes of the 1923 hyperinflation.O’Brien, P, ‘The Economic Effects of the Great War’, History Today, 1994, 44 (12), pp 22–9A simple explanation of the topic.Orde, A, ‘Economic Reconstruction after the First World War’, Modern History Review, 1994, 6 (2), pp 29–31A paper which looks at the reconstruction of Europe as a whole.Patton, C, ‘The Myth of Moderation: German Chemical Employer Responses to Labour Conflict, 1914–24’, European Studies Review, 1994, 24 (1), pp 31–52On how, in a time of turbulence, one particular industry tried to maintain its independence.Peterson, B, ‘The Politics of Working-Class Women in the Weimar Republic’, Central European History, 1977, 10 (2), pp 87–111An academic paper on the topic.Peterson, L, ‘Labour and the End of Weimar: The Case of the KPD in the November 1928 Lockout in the Rhenish-Westphalian Iron and Steel Industry’, Central European History, 1982, 15 (1), pp 57–95Focuses on industrial unrest in the final years of the Republic. Petzina, D, ‘Germany and the Great Depression’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1969, 4 (4), pp 59–74Argues that Germany was more adversely affected by the Depression than any other European country.Saldern von, A, ‘The Old Mittelstand 1890–1939: How “Backward” were the Artisans?’, Central European History, 1992, 25 (1), pp 27–51A paper on the ‘old middle classes’ in the stated period. Shearer, J Ronald, ‘Talking about Efficiency: Politics and the Industrial Rationalisation Movement in the Weimar Republic’, Central European History, 1995, 28 (4), pp 483–506On the politics and economics of rationalisation. Stachura, P D, ‘Social Welfare and Politics in the Weimar Republic’, Yearbook of the Scottish Association, 1994, 8, pp 12–19Stachura contends that the willingness of successive Weimar governments to erode the welfare system played its part in bringing about the Republic’s collapse.Stachura, P D (ed.), Unemployment and the Great Depression in Weimar Germany, Macmillan, 1986Nine essays which collectively emphasise the crucial role of unemployment in bringing about the collapse of the Weimar Republic. Material in these academic studies could be of use to students writing a relevant dissertation. Temin, P, ‘The Beginning of the Depression in Germany’, Economic History Review, 1971, 24 (2), pp 240–8Discusses the origins of the financial crisis of the early 1930s.Turner, H A, German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler, Oxford Paperbacks, 1985An authoritative book written by an expert in the field on the relationship between big business and Hitler. He convincingly explodes the (Marxist) myth that big business gave unconditional support, not least in the form of money, to Hitler and the Nazis. Turner argues that on the whole big business remained ambivalent towards National Socialism. The book has an excellent explanation of big business in the Weimar Republic. Of selective use for students.Turner, H A, ‘The Ruhrlade, Secret Cabinet of Heavy Industry in the Weimar Republic’, Central European History, 1970, 3 (3), pp 195–228On the ineffectual political role of a group of Rhenish industrialists.Voth, H-J, ‘Wages, Investment and the Fate of the Weimar Republic: A Long-term Perspective’, German History, 1993, 11 (3), pp 265–92A specific paper that is too academic for students.Williamson, D, ‘Walther Rathenau. Realist, Pedagogue, Prophet’, European Studies Review, 1976, 6 (1), pp 99–121Discusses immediate (November 1918 to May 1921) post-war industrial relations.Winkler, H A, ‘From Social Protectionism to National Socialism. The German Small Business Movement in Comparative Perspective’, Journal of Modern History, 1976, 48 (1), pp 1–18A brief historical survey of small business from the late nineteenth century to the 1930s. Society Boak, H, ‘Women in Weimar Politics’, European History Quarterly, 1990, 20 (3), pp 369–99Boak explains why women played a limited role in the political life of the Weimar Republic.Bridenthal, R, ‘Beyond Kinder, Kuche, Kirche: Weimar Women at Work’, Central European History, 1973, 6 (2), pp 148–66Argues that women were not emancipated in the workplace in the Weimar Republic. Canning, K, ‘Gender and the Politics of Class Formation: Rethinking German Labour History’, American Historical Review, 1992, 97 (3), pp 736–68A reassessment of German labour history. Cawood, I, ‘A Narrow Path’, Modern History Review, 1997, 9 (1), pp 27–9A comparative study of the impact of the Great War on Russia and Germany.Coyner, S J, ‘Class Consciousness and Consumption: The New Middle Class During the Weimar Republic’, Journal of Social History, 1977, 10 (3), pp 310–31On changing demand in German society.Daniel, U, ‘Women’s Work in Industry and Family: Germany 1914–1918’, in R Wall and J Winters (eds), The Upheaval of War, Cambridge University Press, 1988, pp 267–96On the role of women in the workplace in the First World War.Elliot, C J, ‘The Kriegervereine and the Weimar Republic’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1975, 10 (1), pp 109–29An explanation of the uneasy position adopted by veterans’ groups during the Republic.Evans, R, The Feminist Movement in Germany 1894–1933, Sage, 1976A thorough and detailed academic study. Selectively useful for any student writing a relevant dissertation.Harvey, E, ‘The Failure of Feminism? Young Women and the Bourgeois Feminist Movement in Weimar Germany 1918–1933’, Central European History, 1995, 28 (1), pp 1–28On middle-class feminism in the Weimar Republic.Harvey, E, Youth and the Welfare State in Weimar Germany, Clarendon Press, 1993An interesting and stimulating book. The author looks at how the Republic tried to socialise working-class youth. Hong, Y-S et al, ‘Women and the Welfare State in the Weimar Republic’, Central European History, 1997, 30 (1), pp 1–75On the provision of welfare services for women and the family. Kaelble, H, ‘Social Mobility in Germany, 1900–1960’, Journal of Modern History, 1978, 50 (3), 439–61A discussion on changing mobility patterns in Germany in the given period.Laqueur, W, Young Germany: a History of the German Youth Movement, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1962A short and clear account that begins in the nineteenth century and ends in 1945. A book that can be profitably used by students for dissertations.Seely, C, ‘Russia and Germany: The Aftermath of War’, Modern History Review, 1997, 9 (1), pp 30–3A brief comparative study of how the Great War affected Germany and Russia after 1918.Silverman, D P, ‘A Pledge Unredeemed: the Housing Crisis in Weimar Germany’, Central European History, 1970, 3 (1-2), pp 112–39On the shortage of housing after the Great War. Stachura, P D, The German Youth Movement 1900–1945, Macmillan, 1981A serious scholarly study. A detailed examination of the topic. Not an easy read for students, although it is more than useful for relevant dissertations.Stieg, K D, ‘The 1926 German Law to Protect Youth Against Trash and Dirt: Moral Protectionism in a Democracy’, Central European History, 1973, 23 (1), pp 22–56On morality and censorship in the Weimar Republic.Weindling, P, ‘German-Soviet Medical Research Co-operation and the Institute for Racial Research, 1927–c.1935’, German History, 1992, 10 (2), pp 177–206Discusses a particular aspect of Russo-German cooperation in the 1920s.CultureAngress, W, ‘Pegasus and Insurrection: “Die Linkskurve” and its Heritage’, Central European History, 1968, 1 (1), pp 35–55A paper on the left-wing journal, Die Linkskurve, founded in 1929, which advocated the overthrow of the Republic. Bance, A (ed.), Weimar Germany: Writers and Politics, Scottish Academic Press, 1982Thirteen essays which look at how writers across the political spectrum viewed the new Weimar Republic. An academic book that students could dip into to give them some idea of the Republic’s cultural setting.Bullivant, K (ed.), Culture and Society in the Weimar Republic, Manchester University Press, 1977Eleven intellectual essays on various aspects of Weimar culture. All the articles link the art with the political events of the day. A book to be used by those in higher education and too demanding for Advanced Higher students.Burdick, C et al, Contemporary Germany: Politics and Culture, Westview Press, 1984As the title would suggest a book which concentrates on German culture after 1945. Chapter 10 looks at ‘Literature and the Arts’ between 1871 and 1933, and Chapter 11 looks at ‘Literature and the Arts’ between 1933 and 1945. These chapters are useful for background reading or for someone writing a dissertation dealing with the arts between the wars.Burns, R (ed.), German Cultural Studies. An Introduction, Oxford University Press, 1995Covering the period from 1870 to 1990, two of the seven chapters in this book deal specifically with the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich. Useful for those interested in the social and cultural background of the period.Carsten, F L, ‘“Volk ohne Raum”’: a Note on Hans Grimm’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1967, 2 (2), pp 221–7A historical footnote on a popular Weimar author.Craig, G A, ‘Engagement and Neutrality in Weimar Germany’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1971, 2 (2), pp 49–63On the stance taken by intellectuals in the Weimar Republic. As this paper shows, many writers and artists were disdainful and refused to get involved in politics between 1918 and 1933.Craig, G A, Germany 1866–1945, Oxford University Press, 1978Chapter XIII of Craig’s general book provides an authoritative and concise survey of Weimar culture.Edmonson, N, ‘The Fichte Society: a Chapter in Germany’s Conservative Revolution’, Journal of Modern History, 1966, 38 (2), pp 161–80Explains how this now largely forgotten Society sought a spiritual and national renewal in the inter-war years. Eksteins, M, ‘All Quiet on the Western Front’, History Today, 1995, 45 (11), pp 29–34A look at the impact of the Hollywood film on Germany in the early 1930s. Can be read with profit by students.Eksteins, M, ‘All Quiet on the Western Front and the Fate of a War’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1980, 15 (2), pp 345–66Reflects on the interest in the Great War in the 1920s and the prevailing international climate.Eksteins, M, ‘War, Memory, and Politics: The Fate of the Film All Quiet on the Western Front’, Central European History, 1980, 12 (1), pp 60–82On the wider significance of the Hollywood film.Gay, P, Weimar Culture, Penguin, 1968A seminal work. A brilliant short study of Weimar culture. The author contends that the ‘outsider’ of the Kaiser’s Empire became the ‘insider’ of the Weimar Republic. Even then artists as a group found it difficult to come to terms with and identify with Germany’s new democracy. The book contains a short political history of the Republic that should prove to be popular with students.Gill, A, A Dance Between Flames, Abacus, 1995A journalist’s account of the cultural and political life of Berlin between the two world wars. An enjoyable book to dip into as Gill evocatively portrays the vibrant and dynamic German capital.Gray, R, The German Tradition in Literature 1871–1945, Cambridge University Press, 1967A broad survey of twentieth century German literature set against its political background. The three chapters in Part I deal specifically with the Second Reich, the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich. Part IV is on Thomas Mann. An academic book. Gross, D, ‘Heinrich Mann and the Politics of Reaction’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1973, 8 (1), pp 125–45On the political development of the writer in the 1920s.Guttsman, W L, Workers’ Culture in Weimar Germany, Berg, 1990A detailed study useful for anyone writing a relevant dissertation.Harvey, E, ‘Culture and Society in Weimar Germany: The Impact of Modernism and Mass Culture’, in M Fulbrook (ed.), German History Since 1800, Arnold, 1997, pp 279–97A survey of culture across the social classes and regions in Germany from 1918 to 1933. Can be profitably read by students.Kater, M, ‘The Revenge of the Fathers: The Demise of Modern Music at the End of the Weimar Republic’, German Studies Review, 1992, 15 (2), pp 295–315On musical conformity, dullness and repression under the Nazis.Kolinsky, E and Van der Will, W (eds), The Cambridge Companion to Modern German Culture, Cambridge University Press, 1998The articles contained within this study deal with numerous aspects of German culture in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Of use for the teacher to dip into to have some idea of the wider cultural setting of German events between 1918 and 1939.Laqueur, W Z and Mosse, G L (eds), The Left-Wing Intellectuals Between the Wars, Harper & Row, 1966A useful collection of articles which first appeared in the Journal of Contemporary History.Lenman, R, ‘A Community in Transition: Painters in Munich, 1886–1924’, Central European History, 1982, 15 (1), pp 3–33Looks at the Bavarian painting community in a time of great upheaval. Melching, W, ‘“A New Morality”: Left-Wing Intellectuals on Sexuality in Weimar Germany’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1990, 25 (1), pp 69–85On the new sexual mores expounded by left-wing intellectuals.Moore, H T, Twentieth Century German Literature, Heinemann, 1971The early chapters look at the literature of the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich.Mosse, G L, ‘War and the Appropriation of Nature’ in V Berghahn and M Kitchen (eds), Germany in the Age of Total War, Croom Helm, 1981, pp 102–22On the military ethos as it affected German society early in the twentieth century.Niewyk, D L, ‘The Economic and Cultural Role of the Jews in the Weimar Republic’, Yearbook of the Leo Baeck Institute, 1971, 16, pp 163–73An article which can be read with profit by students.Pachter, H M, ‘The Intellectuals and the State of Weimar’, Social Research, 1972, 39 (2), pp 228–53A brilliant reassessment of the role of intellectuals during the Weimar Republic. Phelan, A (ed.), The Weimar Dilemma, Manchester University Press, 1985A collection of heavy academic articles beyond the Advanced Higher student. The articles deal with the role of the intellectual during the Weimar Republic. These essays make it clear that the isolation of the intellectual from the democratic Republic was something which the regime was never able to overcome.Portner, P, ‘The Writers’ Revolution: Munich 1918–19’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1968, 3 (4), pp 137–51An intellectual discussion of the tension between politics and literature.Pross, H E, ‘On Thomas Mann’s Political Career’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1967, 2 (2), pp 65–80A chronological commentary and analysis of the writer’s ‘political career’ from the 1920s to the 1940s.Ridley, H, ‘The Culture of Weimar: Models of Decline’ in M Laffan (ed.), The Burden of German History 1919–45, Methuen, 1988, pp 11–30On Weimar culture.Ringer, F, The Decline of the German Mandarins: the German Academic Community 1890–1933, Harvard University Press, 1969A thoughtful study that explains why a number of academics and students turned to right-wing politics because of their antagonism towards democracy, urbanisation and modernisation in Germany. Their rejection of the democratic Republic is described in this lengthy book. Roper, K, ‘Looking for the German Revolution in Weimar Films’, Central European History, 1998, 31 (1 & 2), pp 65–90A portrayal of the events of 1918–1919 and in the 1920s.Sagarra, E, ‘Blut und Boden Fiction and the Tradition of Popular Reading Culture in Germany’, in M Laffan (ed.), The Burden of German History 1919–45, Methuen, 1988, pp 31–47A fascinating look at the popular and populist ‘blood and soil’ culture prevalent in Germany between 1919 and 1945. Sontheimer, K, ‘Weimar Culture’, in M Laffan (ed.), The Burden of German History 1919–45, Methuen, 1988, pp 1–10A clear account of the given topic.Steinweis, A, ‘Weimar Culture and the Rise of National Socialism: The Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur’, Central European History, 1991, 24 (4), pp 402–23On the ideological foundations which helped bring about the rise and success of Nazism. Taylor, R, Literature and Society in Germany 1918–1945, The Harvester Press, 1980A thematic study of German literature between 1918 and 1945. The many sources used are in English and reflect, as the author states in his Preface, ‘a period of agitation’ for Germany. Wachsman, N, ‘Marching under the Swastika? Ernst Junger and National Socialism, 1918–33’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1998, 33 (4), pp 573–89Argues that Junger helped, in the early 1920s, to legitimise Hitler and the Nazis.Nazism in the Weimar RepublicAbel, T, Why Hitler Came to Power, Harvard University Press, 1986A straightforward explanation of how the Nazis secured power in the early 1930s.Abraham, D, The Collapse of the Weimar Republic, 2nd edition, Princeton University Press, 1986A thorough academic study which explains how and why the Weimar Republic only lasted fifteen years. Although this is a book mainly for teachers, it can be used in a very selective manner by students.Allen, W S (ed.), The Infancy of Nazism, New Viewpoints, 1976Allen has translated and edited the memoirs of Dr Albert Krebs, a leading North German National Socialist who joined the Party in 1923 and was expelled in 1932 for criticising Hitler. Krebs is a perceptive observer of the activities of the fledgling Nazi Party and its as yet obscure leaders. His comments on the wider Weimar political scene are instructive. Extracts from the memoirs could be used in classroom discussions. Allen, W S, The Nazi Seizure of Power, 2nd edition, Penguin, 1989A first-class description of the rise and fall of Nazism between 1922 and 1945 in a small town. Set in Northeim in Lower Saxony (fictionally represented in the 1st Edition as ‘Thalburg’), Allen’s engrossing study clearly shows up the social tensions and divisions which were exploited by the Nazis.Andrews, H, ‘The Social Composition of the NSDAP: Problems and Possible Solutions’, German Studies Review, 1986, 9 (2), pp 293–318Examines who voted for the Nazis. Can be read with profit by students.Andrews, H, ‘Thirty-four Gold Medallists: Nazi Women Remember the Kampfzeit’, German History, 1993, 11 (3), pp 293–315A number of National Socialist women look back on the pre-1933 era.Angress, W and Smith B, ‘Diaries of Heinrich Himmler’s Early Years’, Journal of Modern History, 1959, 31 (3), pp 206–24Discusses Himmler’s hopes and ideas in the Diaries written between 1914 and 1924. Baldwin, P, ‘Social Interpretations of Nazism: Renewing a Tradition’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1990, 25 (1), pp 5–37A wide-ranging discussion of the topic.Bessel, R, Political Violence and the Rise of Nazism, Yale University Press, 1984A regional study that looks at the SA in eastern Germany between 1925 and 1934. Bessel convincingly argues that the physical violence used before 1933 was ill-suited to the demands of political office once Hitler was in power. Of selective use for students.Boak, H L, ‘“Our Last Hope”; Women’s Votes for Hitler – A Reappraisal’, German Studies Review, 1989, 12 (2), pp 289–310A reassessment of female electoral support for the Nazis. Boak argues that the Party got proportionately more women than men to vote for it after 1928.Braunthal, G, ‘The German Free Trade Unions during the Rise of Nazism’, Journal of Central European Affairs, 1956, 15 (4), pp 339–53An explanation of why the German free trade unions did little to oppose Hitler in the final months of the Weimar Republic.Broszat, M, German National Socialism 1919–1945, Clio Press, 1966The early part of this book examines the nature of Nazism before 1933. An indispensable book written by an authority on National Socialism. Brown, J, ‘The Berlin NSDAP in the Kampfzeit’, German History, 1989, 7 (2), pp 241–7How the political dynamism and leadership of Goebbels, Gauleiter of Berlin, transformed the Nazi Party in Berlin in the years leading up to 1933.Childers, T (ed.), The Formation of the Nazi Constituency, 1919–1933, Croom Helm, 1986Ten articles which try to answer the question of who supported the Nazis before 1933. Collectively they emphasise that it was not only the lower middle classes who were attracted to this revolutionary party on the extreme political right.Childers, T, The Nazi Voter, University of North Carolina Press, 1983An in-depth discussion of the economic and social roots of Nazi support. Can be read with profit by Advanced Higher students.Childers, T, ‘The Social Bases of the National Socialists’ Vote’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1976, 11 (4), pp 17–42Childers emphasises the middle-class nature of the Nazi vote.Childers, T and Weiss, E, ‘Voters and Violence: Political Violence and the Limits of National Socialist Mass Mobilisation’, German Studies Review, 1990, 13 (3), pp 481–98Explains why the Nazi vote peaked late in 1932. Fortuitously for them and their leader, Hitler was appointed Chancellor early in 1933.Douglas, D, ‘The Parent Cell: Some Computer Notes on the Composition of the First Nazi Party Group in Munich, 1919–1921’, Central European History, 1977, 10 (1), pp 55–72A statistical study of the social and occupational background of some early National Socialists.Faris, E, ‘Takeoff Point for the National Socialist Party: The Landtag Election in Baden, 1929’, Central European History, 1975, 8 (2), pp 140–71Dissects a key electoral moment for the Nazis during the Weimar Republic. Farquharson, J, ‘The NSDAP in Hanover and Lower Saxony 1921–26’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1973, 8 (4), pp 103–20Local autonomy is emphasised in this regional study.Feuchtwanger, E J, ‘From Weimar to Hitler’, New Perspective, 1999, 4 (3), pp 25–8A brief summary of how the Nazis took power in 1933.Fischer, C, ‘The Appeal of Fascism’, Yearbook of the Scottish Association, 1995, 9, pp 4–9Fischer argues that the Nazis secured a wide basis of support across German society.Fischer, C, ‘Class Enemies or Class Brothers? Communist-Nazi Relations in Germany 1929–33’, European History Quarterly, 1985, 15 (3), pp 259–79Fischer is of the opinion that many unemployed German workers voted for the Nazis rather than automatically voting for the Communist Party as the only radical alternative in the early 1930s.Fischer, C, The German Communists and the Rise of Nazism, Macmillan, 1991An in-depth study of political extremism in Germany in the inter-war years. In terms of radicalism, political violence and social origins, Fischer sees little difference between the KPD and the NSDAP. Useful for researching and writing a wide variety of dissertations.Fischer, C, ‘The KPD and Nazism: A Reply to Dick Geary’, European Studies Review, 1985, 15 (4), pp 465–71On working-class support for the Nazis.Fischer, C, ‘The Occupational Background of the SA’s Rank and File Membership During the Depression Years, 1929 to mid-1934’, in P D Stachura (ed.), The Shaping of the Nazi State, Methuen, 1978, pp 131–59An essay which argues that, in terms of membership, the SA was socially more diverse than has hitherto been believed. Fischer contends that the Brownshirts attracted a sizeable number of working-class supporters.Fischer, C, The Rise of the Nazis, Manchester University Press, 1995The author sets the Nazi Party in its Weimar setting and then discusses its development. Fischer challenges accepted assumptions about who actually voted for the Nazis. It contains over sixty documents on the topic. A readable book.Fischer, C, ‘The SA of the NSDAP: Social Background and Ideology of the Rank and File in the Early 1930s’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1982, 17 (4), pp 651–70Looks at how many unemployed workers were attracted by the dynamism and the violence of the SA.Fischer, C, Stormtroopers, Allen & Unwin, 1983A social, economic and ideological analysis of Nazi stormtroopers between 1929 and 1935. Fischer argues that the unconventional political activism of the SA appealed to a substantial number of working-class youths.Fischer, C (ed.), The Working Classes and the Rise of National Socialism in Weimar, Macmillan, 1996A development of the theme that the Nazis attracted a sizeable number of working-class votes. Garcia, N, ‘A Beerhall Brawl? The Munich Putsch’, Hindsight, 1998, 8 (2), pp 8–11A clear and factual explanation of the 1923 putsch.Garcia, N, ‘Hitler: From Unknown Corporal to German Führer’, Hindsight, 1998, 8 (3), pp 8–11Lists the social, economic and political factors that brought Hitler to power in 1933.Geary, D, ‘Nazis and Workers’, European Studies Review, 1985, 15 (4), pp 453–64Discusses which workers actually did vote for the Nazis.Geary, D, ‘Who Voted for the Nazis?’, History Today, 1998, 48 (10), pp 8–14A basic summary of the topic. Worth consulting by students.Gordon, H, Hitler and the Beer Hall Putsch, Princeton Paperbacks, 1972A detailed description of the Munich putsch of 1923. Probably too detailed an account for the Advanced Higher course. Worth dipping into for the description of the political scene in Munich in 1923 and what happened after the putsch. The presented primary sources could be discussed in class. Grill, J, ‘The Nazi Party’s Rural Propaganda before 1928’, Central European History, 1982, 15 (2), pp 149–85How the Nazis cultivated the rural vote. Hale, O R, ‘Adolf Hitler: Taxpayer’, American Historical Review, 1955, 60 (4), pp 830–42A paper with curiosity value.Hale, O R, ‘Gottfried Feder calls Hitler to Order: An Unpublished Letter on Nazi Party Affairs’, Journal of Modern History, 1958, 30 (4), pp 358–62In 1923 the founder of the DAP (German Workers Party) criticises the dictatorial practices of the founder of the NSDAP (National Socialist Party). Hamilton, R et al, Symposium ‘Who Voted for Hitler?’, Central European History, 1984, 17 (1), pp 3–85Catalogues a heated debate in the mid-1980s about who actually voted for the Nazis. Harsch, R, German Social Democracy and the Rise of Nazism, University of North Carolina Press, 1993A detailed academic study of how the SPD was largely outmanoeuvred by the NSDAP between 1928 and 1933. Too specific and detailed a work for Sixth Year students. Included political posters could be useful as teaching aids or for discussing the nature of politics and political propaganda.Hatheway, J, ‘The Pre-1920 Origins of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1994, 29 (3), pp 443–62Looks at the wartime and immediate post-war roots of Nazism.Heilbronner, O, ‘The Failure that Succeeded: Nazi Party Activity in a Catholic Region in Germany, 1929–32’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1992, 27 (3), pp 531–49A study of voting patterns in the Black Forest region of south-west Germany.Jackael, E, Hitler in History, University Press of New England, 1969A concise account of how Hitler came to power and sought to implement his aims. Sadly there is no Index. A readable and thought-provoking text.Kater, M, The Nazi Party. A Social Profile of members and leaders 1919–1945, Blackwell, 1983A detailed study of the composition of the Nazi Party. Worth consulting.Koch, H, The Hitler Youth, Origins and Development 1922–45, Macdonald and Jane’s, 1988Written by a former member of the Hitler Youth. Koch’s personal account of his time in the organisation is interesting but much of what he says should be treated with caution. Layton, R V, ‘Kurt Ludecke and I Knew Hitler: an Evaluation’, Central European History, 1979, 12 (4), pp 372–86On the validity of a man who claimed to be an early acquaintance of Hitler’s in Vienna before 1914.Layton, R V, ‘The Volkischer Beobachter, 1920–1933: The Nazi Party Newspaper in the Weimar Era’, Central European History, 1970, 3 (4), pp 353–82A riveting overview of the leading Nazi newspaper in the Weimar Republic, mainly edited by Goebbels. Lemmons, R, Goebbels and ‘Der Angriff’, University Press of Kentucky, 1994A slim study of Goebbels’ early political career concentrating on his periodical, Der Angriff. What comes across is the nature of the man and the (often violent) political activism in Berlin in the final years of the Weimar Republic. Lenman, R, ‘Julius Streicher and the Origins of the NSDAP in Nuremberg’, in A J Nicholls and E Matthias (eds), German Democracy and the Triumph of Hitler, Allen & Unwin, 1971, pp 129–59A paper which focuses on a leading Nazi anti-Semite.Loewenberg, P, ‘The Psychohistorical Origins of the Nazi Youth Cohort’, American Historical Review, 1971, 76 (5), pp 1457–1502An interesting paper which reflects a school of writing popular with a number of historians at the end of the 1960s.Madden, P, ‘Some Social Characteristics of Early Nazi Party Members 1919–23’, Central European History, 1982, 15 (1), pp 34–56On the social background of some leading Nazis. Mason, T, ‘The Legacy of 1918 for National Socialism’, in A J Nicholls and E Matthias (eds), German Democracy and the Triumph of Hitler, Allen & Unwin 1971, pp 215–39A well written paper on the immediate legacy of 1918 for Hitler and Nazism.Merkl, P, Political Violence under the Swastika, Princeton University Press, 1975A weighty tome, over 700 pages long, which provides a fascinating study of 581 early Nazis. Merkl provides an illuminating set of differing motives as to what made these Germans become National Socialists. Worth dipping into to look at some of the selected primary sources.Mommsen, H, ‘The Breakthrough of the National Socialists as a Mass Movement in the Late Weimar Republic’, in M Laffan (ed.), The Burden of German History 1919–45, Methuen, 1988, pp 103–15On events after 1928 which projected the Nazis on to the national political stage.Muhlberger, D, ‘The Sociology of the NSDAP: The Question of Working Class Membership’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1980, 15 (3), pp 493–511Argues that the Nazis had sizeable working-class support.Nicholls, A, ‘Hitler and the Bavarian Background to National Socialism’, in A J Nicholls and E Matthias (eds), German Democracy and the Triumph of Hitler, Allen & Unwin, 1971, pp 99–128A paper that clearly explains why Nazism developed in southern Germany after the Great War.Noakes, J, ‘Conflict and Development in the NSDAP 1924–27’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1969, 1 (4), pp 3–36Concludes that by 1927 Hitler was the undisputed leader of the Party.Noakes, J, The Nazi Party in Lower Saxony 1921–1933, Oxford University Press, 1971A regional study that has stood the test of time. A serious academic book that could be of selective use for a student writing a dissertation. Noakes clearly shows the Nazis obtained much support from the disaffected peasantry and the Mittelstand. Noakes, J, ‘Who Supported Hitler?’, Modern History Review, 1995, 6 (4), pp 28–30An introduction to the topic for students.Nolte, E, ‘Big Business and German Politics: A Comment’, American Historical Review, 1969, 75 (1), pp 71–8Discusses the involvement of big business with German politics.Orlow, D, ‘The Conversion of Myths into Political Power: the Case of the Nazi Party 1925–1926’, American Historical Review, 1967, 72 (3), pp 906–24A study of the evolving Nazi Party just after Hitler’s release from prison.Orlow, D, The History of the Nazi Party: 1919–1933, Volume 1, David & Charles, 1971The first of a two-part history of the Nazi Party which describes its organisational development. Orlow focuses too narrowly on this development without setting it in a wider historical context. Of limited value to the school student.Orlow, D, ‘The Organisation, History and Structure of the NSDAP, 1919–1923’, Journal of Modern History, 1965, 37 (2), pp 208–26Hitler establishes control of and reorganises the NSDAP. Patrick, J, ‘The Rise of Hitler’, Hindsight, 1994, 4 (3), pp 5–7A basic introduction to the topic.Phelps, R H, ‘“Before Hitler Came”: Thule Society and Germanen Orden’, Journal of Modern History, 1963, 35 (3), pp 245–61Focuses on one particular right-wing racist predecessor of National Socialism. Phelps, R H, ‘Hitler and the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei’, American Historical Review, 1963, 68 (4), pp 974–86On the early political activism of Hitler in the German Workers’ Party.Pridham, G, Hitler’s Rise to Power, Hart-Davis, MacGibbon, 1973A regional study of the evolution and growth of the Nazi movement in its Bavarian heartland from the putsch of 1923 to the seizure of power in 1933. Pridham emphasises the role of Hitler, the Nazi Party’s strict discipline, the political breakthrough brought about by the Depression and finally the geopolitical importance of Bavaria. Probably too detailed an account for sixth year students.Reiche, E, The Development of the SA in Nuremberg, 1922–1934, Cambridge University Press, 1986A regional study of the SA. A detailed academic book that would be of selective use for students.Smith, D, ‘Origins of National Socialism’, Modern History Review, 1995, 7 (1), pp 6–8An elementary introduction to the topic.Stachura, P D, ‘“Der Fall Strasser”: Gregor Strasser, Hitler and National Socialism 1930–1932’, in P D Stachura (ed.), The Shaping of the Nazi State, Methuen, 1978, pp 88–130Details how Strasser left the Nazi Party. As much as anything else it is interesting on the nature of political chicanery in the Weimar Republic generally and in the Nazi Party specifically.Stachura, P D, Gregor Strasser and the Rise of Nazism, George Allen & Unwin, 1983A useful article which summarises and assesses the career of the so-called leading Nazi ‘socialist’, Gregor Strasser, who left the Party in December 1932. A specialist book which makes no claim to be a conventional biography. Stachura focuses on the political workings of the Nazi Party and the personal relationships within it. Stachura, P D, ‘The Ideology of the Hitler Youth in the Kampfzeit’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1973, 7 (3), pp 155–67Argues that the Hitler Youth had a distinctive ethos before 1933. Stachura, P D, ‘National Socialism and the German Proletariat, 1925–1935: Old Myths and New Perspectives’, The Historical Journal, 1993, 36 (3), pp 701–18A reassessment of the relationship between National Socialism and the German working classes.Stachura, P D (ed.), The Nazi Machtergreifung, George Allen & Unwin, 1983A book with ten articles that look at the relationship between the Nazis and specific interest groups and institutions between 1918 and 1933. The Editor’s Introduction contains a readable and useful short historiographical survey of the changing interpretations made by historians when writing about Germany between 1918 and 1939.Stachura, P D, Nazi Youth in the Weimar Republic, ABC-Clio-Press, 1975A detailed analysis of the formation and development of the Hitler Youth. Stachura argues that, as part of the so-called ‘Nazi Left’, the Hitler Youth came into conflict with the Party after 1928 because of the latter’s reorientation to the political right.Stachura, P D, ‘The Political Strategy of the Nazi Party, 1919–1933’, German Studies Review, 1980, 3 (2), pp 261–88A clear explanation of the distinct phases of the political strategies adopted by the Nazi Party during the Kampfzeit (‘time of struggle’) during the Weimar Republic.Stachura, P D, ‘Who Were the Nazis? A Socio-Political Analysis of the National Socialist Machtubernahme’, European Studies Review, 1981, 11 (3), pp 293–324Argues that the Protestant lower Mittelstand in northern, central and eastern Germany supported the Nazis. Stachura also believes that there was limited support from the industrial working classes except in the Hitler Youth and the SA. Stoakes, G, ‘The Evolution of Hitler’s Ideas on Foreign Policy, 1919–1925’ in P D Stachura (ed.), The Shaping of the Nazi State, Methuen, 1978, pp 22–47An interesting discussion of the topic.Stoakes, G, Hitler and the Quest for World Domination, Berg, 1986A study of the evolution of Nazi ideology and foreign policy during the Weimar Republic. The input of other leading Nazis in determining Nazi foreign policy is described but does not undermine the crucial role played by Hitler. Of selective use to students, particularly the Conclusion.Tracy, D R, ‘The Development of the National Socialist Party in Thuringia 1924–30’, Central European History, 1975, 8 (1), pp 23–50A regional study of Nazism during the Weimar Republic.Turner, H A, ‘Emil Kirdorf and the Nazi Party’, Central European History, 1968, 1 (4), pp 324–44On big business and Nazism.Turner, H A, ‘Hitler’s Secret Pamphlet for Industrialists, 1927’, Journal of Modern History, 1968, 40 (3), pp 348–74Reproduced, with a brief commentary, are German- and English-language versions of a letter from Hitler seeking to cultivate support from big business.Turner, H A, Hitler’s Thirty Days to Power, Bloomsbury Paperbacks, 1997A detailed analysis of the events in January 1933 which led to Hitler becoming Chancellor. Too detailed a study to be of use to most Advanced Higher students. The political machinations contained within its pages read like a political thriller.Tyrell, A, ‘Gottfried Feder and the NSDAP’ in P D Stachura (ed.), The Shaping of the Nazi State, Methuen, 1978, pp 48–87On aspects of economic National Socialism in the early years of the movement.Weinberg, G L, ‘National Socialist Organisation and Foreign Policy Aims in 1927’, Journal of Modern History, 1964, 36 (4), pp 428–33Reproduces a letter by Hess on foreign policy and the ‘leadership principle’. Welch, D, ‘Hitler: Who Voted for Him?’, History Review, 1995, 22, pp 54–9An article that attributes Nazi electoral success to more than just slick propaganda.Winkler, H A, ‘German Society, Hitler, and the Illusion of Restoration 1930–33’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1976, 11 (4), pp 1–16On the wide-ranging appeal of National Socialism in the early 1930s. Foreign Policy 1918–1933The Treaty of Versailles Bennett, H, ‘Healing a Continent’, Modern History Review, 1994, 6 (2), pp 26–8How Britain was involved in the post-war reconstruction of Europe after 1918.Burn, J, ‘The Versailles Treaties’, Hindsight, 1997, 7 (3), pp 1–5Burn looks at the effects of the Treaty on Germany.Burnett, S, ‘Peacemakers? The Treaty of Versailles’, Hindsight, 1991, 1 (2), pp 1–3A factual account of the events at Versailles.Heater, D, ‘Woodrow Wilson and National Self-Determination’, Modern History Review, 1996, 7 (3), pp 6–8On the principle of national self-determination and Wilsonian idealism.Henig, R, Versailles and After, Methuen, 1984A straightforward narrative account of Versailles and its consequences which goes up to 1933. Henig’s clear study should prove popular with students.Huston, J, ‘The Allied Blockade of Germany 1918–1919’, Journal of Central European Affairs, 1950, 10 (2), pp 145–66A straightforward paper that explains how the Allies, France in particular, used the blockade to put pressure on the Germans to fulfil the peace terms imposed on them.Laffan, M, ‘Weimar and Versailles: German Foreign Policy, 1919–33’, in M Laffan (ed.), The Burden of German History 1919–45, Methuen, 1988, pp 81–102The continuing and significant part played by the Treaty of Versailles in the history of the Weimar Republic.Langer, W, ‘The Well-Spring of our Discontents’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1968, 3 (4), pp 3–17A condemnation of Versailles in which the author sees the Treaty as playing a crucial role in the rise of National Socialism.Lentin, A, ‘The Consequences of the Versailles Settlement’, Modern History Review, 1991, pp 31–3A readable account of the impact of the settlement. Useful for students.Lentin, A, Guilt at Versailles, Methuen, 1984A stylishly written study of the Treaty of Versailles. Lentin concentrates on the struggle between the victorious powers to impose their respective settlements on Germany. The detailed Bibliography provides an excellent starting point for those writing a dissertation on the Treaty or on Weimar foreign policy. Lentin, A, ‘75 Years On: The Versailles Peace Settlement and its Consequences’, History Review, 1994, 19, pp 31–5Lentin argues that the Treaty reflected inter-Allied compromises rather than common ground with Germany.Lentin, A, The Versailles Peace Settlement. Peacemaking with Germany, Historical Association, 1991A Historical Association pamphlet that provides a sound summary of the topic.Lentin, A, ‘Versailles 1919: “A Tragedy of Disappointment”’, Modern History Review, 1991, pp 29–31A basic study of the topic.Luckau, A, ‘Unconditional Acceptance of the Treaty of Versailles by the German Government, June 22–28, 1919’, Journal of Modern History, 1945, 17 (3), pp 215–20On the stunned German reaction to the peace terms.Matthias, E, ‘The Influence of the Versailles Treaty on the Internal Development of the Weimar Republic’, in A J Nicholls and E Matthias (eds), German Democracy and the Triumph of Hitler, Allen & Unwin, 1971, pp 13–28On the relationship between foreign and domestic policy as they relate to the Treaty of Versailles.Mazower, M, ‘Two Cheers for Versailles’, History Today, 1999, 49 (7), pp 8–14A paper which focuses on the achievements of the Treaty of Versailles.McDonough, F, ‘The Paris Peace Settlements of 1919–20’, New Perspective, 1999, 4 (3), pp 21–4Argues that because the ‘German problem’ was unresolved at the end of the war, the attempt to secure peace in Europe in 1919 was bound to fail.McDougall, W et al, ‘Political Economy versus National Sovereignty: French Structures for German Economic Integration after Versailles’, Journal of Modern History, 1979, 51 (1), pp 1–85A reinterpretation of the post-war relationship between the two powers.Schuddekopf, O-E, ‘German Foreign Policy Between Compiegne and Versailles’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1969, 4 (2), pp 181–97A detailed account of the shaping of German foreign policy at a crucial time.Schulz, G, Revolutions and Peace Treaties: 1917–1920, University Paperbacks, 1972An objective and thoughtful study which skilfully explains the convulsions of the given period. Obviously relevant for any student researching or writing about the Versailles Settlement or the German Revolution. Snell, J, ‘Wilson on Germany and the Fourteen Points’, Journal of Modern History, 1954, 26 (4), pp 364–9Reproduces a document which reflect Wilson’s views on the changes made in the German government in October 1918.Trachtenberg, M, ‘Versailles after Sixty Years’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1982, 17 (3), pp 487–506; Holmes, K, ‘The Forsaken Past: Agrarian Conservatism and National Socialism in Germany’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1982, 17 (4), pp 671–88The Treaty is reassessed and set in its historical context.Weinberg, G L, ‘The Defeat of Germany in 1918 and the European Balance of Power’, Central European History, 1969, 2 (3), pp 248–60Weinberg challenges some long-established assumptions and reassesses the significance of Germany’s defeat in 1918.Winter, J, ‘A Taste of Ashes’, History Today, 1998, 48 (11), pp 8–13On the mixed emotions aroused throughout Europe by the signing of the Armistice in 1918.StresemannBretton, H, Stresemann and the Revision of Versailles, Stanford, 1953A detailed look at the man and his diplomacy. The book mainly deals with Stresemann’s attempts to revise the Treaty of Versailles. Favourably disposed towards his subject, the author sees Stresemann as a good German and a good European. Slightly dated but of use to the teacher preparing notes on Weimar foreign policy. Also useful for students writing a dissertation.Cornebise, A, ‘Gustav Stresemann and the Ruhr Occupation: the Making of a Statesman’, European Studies Review, 1972, 2 (1), pp 43–67Cornebise believes the occupation of the Ruhr by the French in 1923 was seminal in the political development of Stresemann. From being a narrow politician he became a national statesman.Feuchtwanger, E J, ‘Hitler, Stresemann and the Discontinuity of German Foreign Policy’, History Review, 1999, 35, pp 14–19An article which points out the discontinuities in German foreign policy after 1918 by contrasting Stresemann’s cautious revisionism with Hitler’s aggressive expansionism.Fink, C, ‘Stresemann’s Minority Policies 1924–1929’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1979, 14 (3), pp 403–22Discusses how Stresemann tried to use German minorities abroad to secure his revisionist aims in relation to the Treaty of Versailles.Gatzke, H, Stresemann and the Rearmament of Germany, Johns Hopkins Press, 1954A short incisive study based on primary sources. Gatzke clearly shows that Stresemann was a German nationalist who knew the Reichswehr was violating the Treaty of Versailles. A valuable insight into Weimar foreign policy and the constraints within which it and Stresemann had to work.Grathwol, R, ‘Gustav Stresemann: Reflections on his Foreign Policy’, Journal of Modern History, 1973, 45 (1), pp 52–70Argues that, as a German nationalist, Stresemann wanted the Treaty of Versailles to be peacefully revised.Grun, G, ‘Locarno, Idea and Reality’, International Affairs, 1955, 21 (4), pp 477–85A look at an important event in European diplomacy in the mid 1920s.Jacobson, J, ‘The Conduct of Locarno Diplomacy’, Review of Politics, 1972, 34 (1), pp 67–81A paper which discusses the individual roles played by Briand, Chamberlain and Stresemann in European diplomacy in the early 1920s, culminating in the Locarno Treaties.Jacobson, J and Walker, B, ‘The Impulse for a Franco-German Entente: The Origins of the Thoiry Conference, 1926’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1975, 10 (1), pp 157–81An episode in Franco-German relations in the mid 1920s.Jones, H, ‘The Locarno Treaties’, Hindsight, 1994, 4 (2), pp 11–13Jones argues that Locarno was an attempt to establish a permanent peace.Jones, L E, ‘Stresemann, the Ruhr Crisis and Rhenish Separatism: A Case Study of Westpolitik’, European Studies Review, 1977, 7 (3), pp 311–40Argues that Stresemann saw the necessity for compromise with France. Lowe, J, ‘The Treaty of Locarno, 1925’, New Perspective, 1997, 3 (2), pp 30–3Argues that the Treaty worked to Germany’s advantage and failed to give France security.Patrick, J, ‘German Foreign Policy 1923–39’, Hindsight, 1995, 5 (2), pp 5–8The contrasting foreign policies of Stresemann and Hitler are explained.Stambrook, F G, ‘“Das Kind” – Lord D’Abernon and the Origins of the Locarno Pact’, Central European History, 1968, 1 (3), pp 233–63The part played by D’Abernon, British ambassador to Berlin, in laying the diplomatic foundations of the Locarno Treaties. OtherAdamthwaite, A, Grandeur and Decline, Edward Arnold, 1995A recent study of French foreign policy dealing with the inter-war years.Adamthwaite, A, The Lost Peace 1918–1939, Edward Arnold, 1980A study of international relations in the inter-war years that can be profitably used by students.Adler, S, ‘The War-Guilt Question and American Disillusionment 1918–1928’, Journal of Modern History, 1951, 23 (1), pp 1–28On American foreign policy in the 1920s. Beck, P, ‘Was the League of Nations Really a Failure?’, Yearbook of the Scottish Association, 1995, 9, pp 32–8An evaluation of the work of the League.Bodek, T, ‘German Political Violence and the Border Plebiscite in Upper Silesia 1919–1921’, Central European History, 1988, 21 (1), pp 56–98A paper that looks at a particular aspect of Polish-German relations. Bravo, G, ‘In the Name of our Mutual Friend. The Keynes-Cuno Affair’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1989, 24 (1), pp 147–68The brief involvement of Keynes in German politics and economics in the early 1920s.Brett, C, ‘Why did the Germans ask for an Armistice in 1918?’, Hindsight, 1999, 10 (1), pp 1–3A basic explanation of the topic.Campbell, F G, ‘The Struggle for Upper Silesia 1919–1922’, Journal of Modern History, 1970, 42 (3), pp 361–85Discusses post-war events in the light of territorial claims by Poland and Germany.Campbell, F G, Confrontation in Central Europe, The University of Chicago Press, 1975A specialised text on the relationship between the Weimar Republic and Czechoslovakia. An interesting comparative study of the two democratic republics which came into being after the First World War. The author looks at the interaction of domestic and foreign policy in both countries. Probably too detailed a study for the Advanced Higher course.Carr, W, German-Soviet Relations Between the Two World Wars, 1919–1939, Oxford University Press, 1978A conventional, diplomatic history of the relationship between the two powers. Although Carr deals mainly with foreign policy, he also spends some time explaining how it influenced and interacted with domestic events in Germany in the 1920s. Carsten, F L, Britain and the Weimar Republic, Batsford, 1984Contains the views of Britons living in Germany in the 1920s. Because these views are from official Foreign Office documents they consist mainly of observations made by soldiers and diplomats. The book provides an interesting and different perspective on the Republic.Cassels, A, ‘Mussolini and German Nationalism 1922–1925’, Journal of Modern History, 1963, 35 (2), pp 137–57.Highlights Bavarian nationalism and negotiations between Mussolini and Stresemann. Crozier, A, ‘The Failed Peace in Europe, 1919–33’, Modern History Review, 1999, 11 (1), pp 22–5.A straightforward, chronological survey of the topic.Daborn, J, ‘The Defeat of Germany, 1918’, Hindsight, 1999, 9 (2), pp 1–4An article that lists and briefly explains the causes of Germany’s defeat at the end of the Great War.Dyck, H, Weimar Germany and Soviet Russia 1926–1933. A Study in Diplomatic Instability, Chatto & Windus, 1966A look at Russo-German relations from the mid-1920s until the advent of Hitler in 1933.Felix, D, ‘Reparations Reconsidered with a Vengeance’, Central European History, 1971, 4 (2), pp 171–9Analyses how reparations plagued Franco-German relations after 1918.Felix, D, ‘Walter Rathenau: The Bad Thinker and His Uses’, European Studies Review, 1975, 5 (1), pp 69–79Discusses Rathenau’s foreign policy thoughts on fulfilment and reparations.Fink, C, ‘Defender of Minorities: Germany in the League of Nations, 1926–1933’, Central European History, 1972, 5 (4), pp 330–57Explains how Germany tried to protect German minorities outside the Fatherland after she joined the League of Nations. Fink, C et al, German Nationalism and the European Response, University of Oklahoma Press, 1985A series of articles about the period between 1890 and 1945. German nationalism is studied at some length in the first three chapters. Later chapters look at Germany’s relations with France in the 1920s and Britain in the 1930s. Readable. Geiss, I, ‘The Weimar Republic between the Second and the Third Reich: Continuity and Discontinuity in the German Question, 1919–33’, in M Laffan (ed.), The Burden of German History 1919–45, Methuen, 1988, pp 56–80Tries to place the Weimar Republic in the wider context of German foreign policy before 1918 and after 1933.Gilbert, M, Britain and Germany Between the Wars, Longman, 1964A straightforward look at Anglo-German relations in the given period. Useful.Gilbert, M, The Roots of Appeasement, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966A self-explanatory title in which Gilbert looks at how appeasement developed before 1933. A readable study that can be profitably used by students.Gould, S W, ‘Austrian Attitudes towards Anschluss, October 1918–September 1919’, Journal of Modern History, 1950, 22 (3), pp 220–31Explains that not all Austrians were keen on union with Germany at the end of the Great War.Grathwol, R, ‘Germany and the Eupen-Malmedy Affair 1924–26: “Here Lies the Spirit of Locarno”’, Central European History, 1975, 8 (3), pp 221–50On a precursor to the Locarno agreement of 1925.Hallgarten, G, ‘General Hans von Seeckt and Russia, 1920–22’, Journal of Modern History, 1949, 21 (1), pp 28–34On the developing and secretive links between the two outcasts of Europe in the early 1920s. Hamilton, E, ‘The League of Nations’, Hindsight, 1994, 4 (2), pp 6–10On the work and the effectiveness of the League of Nations. Useful for students.Hamilton, E, ‘Who Killed the League of Nations?’, Hindsight, 1996, 7 (1), pp 12–15A brief survey of the decline of the League in the 1930s. Useful for students.Hiden, J, ‘The Baltic Germans and German Policy towards Latvia after 1918’, Historical Journal, 1970, 13 (2), pp 295–317A paper that discusses the influence of Germany in Latvia, not least through economic penetration, after 1918.Hiden, J, ‘The “Baltic Problem” in Weimar’s Ostpolitik, 1923–1932’ in V Berghahn and M Kitchen (eds), Germany in the Age of Total War, Croom Helm, 1981, pp 147–69Looks at how Germany tried unwillingly to come to terms with the loss of territory in eastern Europe. Hiden, J, ‘The Weimar Republic and the Problem of the Auslandsdeutsche’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1977, 12 (2), pp 273–89A look at the existence of German minorities throughout Europe in the 1920s. Hildebrand, K, German Foreign Policy from Bismarck to Adenauer, Unwin Hyman, 1989A detailed and academic study of German foreign policy between 1870 and 1970 by an authority in the field. Little mention is made of the Weimar period. Hildebrand inevitably focuses on the Third Reich and contends that Hitler was an extreme German nationalist and a genuine revolutionary. The challenging nature of the book in terms of language and argument makes it more appropriate for the teacher than for the student.Kochan, L, The Struggle for Germany 1914–1945, Edinburgh University Press, 1963An impressive account of the struggle between the western powers and Russia to influence Germany. An acute analysis of the topic in which the author sees the partition of 1945 as the logical culmination of events since the outbreak of the First World War.Kogan, A G, ‘Genesis of the Anschluss Problem: Germany and the Germans of the Habsburg Monarchy in the Autumn of 1918’, Journal of Central European Affairs, 1960, 20 (1), pp 24–50A paper which traces the origins of the Anschluss policy culminating in the union of 1938.Lang, S, ‘The League of Nations’, Hindsight, 1990, 1 (1), pp 4–7Created in a mood of high optimism, the League was moribund by the early 1930s.Laqueur, W, Russia and Germany, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1965A collection of articles first published in journalistic form in 1962. A number deal with topics of the inter-war years, most notably the Rapallo Agreement.Leaman, J, ‘New Perspectives on Soviet-German Relations 1928–1945’, German History, 1996, 14 (3), pp 380–6A reassessment of Russo-German relations in the stated period.Lee, M and Michalka, W (eds), German Foreign Policy 1917–1933 Continuity or Break?, Berg, 1987A slightly turgid study of the topic that looks at breaks and continuities in German diplomatic history from the Kaiser to Hitler. Contains a useful Conclusion.Lentin, A, ‘Trick or Treat: The Anglo-French Alliance, 1919’, History Today, 1992, 42 (12), pp 28–32On the uneasy immediate post-war relationship between France and Britain.Maehl, W H, ‘The German Socialists and the Foreign Policy of the Reich from the London Conference to Rapallo’, Journal of Modern History, 1947, 19 (1), pp 35–54Focuses on the SPD’s foreign policy in 1921–22 and on the issue of fulfilment. Marks, S, ‘Black Watch on the Rhine: A Study in Propaganda, Prejudice and Prurience’, European Studies Review, 1983, 13 (3), pp 297–334On the propaganda role of the use of colonial troops in Europe.Marks, S, The Illusion of Peace, Macmillan, 1982A major study of international relations in Europe between 1918 and 1933. A clear and focused explanation of how the attempts to create a lasting peace ultimately failed because of German revisionism. A must for students looking at and writing about Weimar foreign policy. Marks, S, ‘Reparations Reconsidered: a Rejoinder’, Central European History, 1972, 5 (4), pp 358–61On the significance of reparations.Marks, S, ‘Reparations Reconsidered: a Reminder’, Central European History, 1969, 2 (4), pp 356–65On the significance of reparations.Myers, D P, ‘Berlin versus Vienna: Disagreement about Anschluss in the Winter of 1918–19’, Central European History, 1972, 5 (2), pp 150–75Discusses the possibility of union between the two Germanic powers at the end of the First World War. Nelson, K, ‘“The Black Horror on the Rhine”: Race as a Factor in Post World War I Diplomacy’, Journal of Modern History, 1970, 42 (4), pp 606–27Highlights a specific area of Franco-German hostility.Orde, A, ‘The Origins of the German-Austrian Customs Union Affair of 1931’, Central European History, 1980, 13 (1), pp 34–59On the possible economic union of Germany and Austria in the early 1930s. Parsons, A, ‘Birth, Death and Rebirth: League of Nations to United Nations’, Modern History Review, 1991, 2 (3), pp 2–4A good introduction to the topic for students.Patrick, J, ‘German Rearmament 1919–39’, Hindsight, 1995, 5 (3), pp 5–8A good introduction to the topic for students.Polonsky, A and Riff, A, ‘Poles, Czechoslovaks and the “Jewish Question”, 1914–1921: A Comparative Study’, in V Berghahn and M Kitchen (eds), Germany in the Age of Total War, Croom Helm, 1981, pp 63–101A detailed study of a relatively obscure topic.Ratcliff, W, ‘Julius Curtius, the Minorities Question of 1930–31, and the Primat der Innenpolitik’, German Studies Review, 1989, 12 (2), pp 271–88How, before Hitler, Curtius used German minorities outside Germany to further the interests of the Reich. (Curtius was Foreign Secretary after Stresemann between 1929 and 1931.)Rayner, E, The Great Dictators, Hodder & Stoughton, 1992A documentary explanation of international relations between 1918 and 1939. Prominence is inevitably given to Hitler, Stalin and Mussolini. For each of the fourteen major events covered in this book, the author has provided an analytical commentary, with written primary and visual (these are particularly good) sources, and a number of questions. Can be used with profit in the classroom. Rosenthal, H K, ‘National Self-Determination: The Example of Upper Silesia’, Journal of Contemporary History, 7 (3–4), pp 231–41A survey of relations in an area of mixed nationality on the border between Germany and Poland.Schuker, S, The End of French Predominance in Europe, University of North Carolina Press, 1976A book worth consulting for those investigating Franco-German relations in the 1920s.Schwabe, K, ‘Woodrow Wilson and Germany’s Membership in the League of Nations 1918–19’, Central European History, 1975, 8 (1), pp 3–22Focuses on a particular aspect of international diplomacy at the end of the Great War.Stambrook, F G, ‘The German-Austrian Customs Union Project of 1931: a Study of German Methods and Motives’, Journal of Central European Affairs, 1961, 21 (1), pp 15–44A scholarly paper which revolves around Curtius’s (German Foreign Minister between 1929 and 1931) plan for economic union with Austria which, amongst other things, would promote German interests in the Balkans. Strandmann, H P von, ‘Rapallo – Strategy in Preventive Diplomacy: New Sources and New Interpretations’, in V Berghahn and M Kitchen (eds), Germany in the Age of Total War, Croom Helm, 1981, pp 123–46The author looks at a particular chapter in Russo-German relations in the early 1920s.Suval, S, ‘Overcoming Kleindeutschland: the Politics of Historical Myth-Making in the Weimar Republic’, Central European History, 1969, 2 (4), pp 312–30How a number of historians began to promote the idea of Anschluss or union with Austria. Tooley, T Hunt, ‘German Political Violence and the Border Plebiscite in Upper Silesia 1919–1921’, Central European History, 1988, 21 (1), pp 56–98Deals with conflict on Germany’s border with Poland at the end of the Great War. Trachtenberg, M, Reparations in World Politics, Columbia University Press, 1980A book which discusses the wider impact of reparations on international diplomacy.Williamson, D, ‘Anglo-French Rivalry on Germany’s Eastern Borders, 1920–2’, New Perspective, 1999, 5 (2), pp 6–10An interesting and different perspective on Anglo-French relations after 1918.Williamson, D, The British in Germany 1918–1930, Berg, 1991The forgotten and neglected story of the British occupation of various parts of Germany after the Great War to oversee and guarantee the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Particularly interesting when dealing with the Ruhr Occupation and the Locarno Treaties. This book sheds light on specific aspects of Anglo-German relations.Wichert, S, ‘Turning Points or Continuity? German Foreign Policy Between the Wars’, Yearbook of the Scottish Association, 1999, 13, pp 26–31A useful introduction to the topic.Section 7FascismCarsten, F L, The Rise of Fascism, Methuen, 1967A well established survey of the topic. A clearly written and readable explanation of the development of the principal fascist movements in Europe in the 1920s and 1930s. The chapters on Nazism are first class and suitable for student and teacher.Eatwell, R, ‘How to Define Fascism – Part 1’, History Review, 1996, 25, pp 43–7The first of a two-part basic definition of fascism.Eatwell, R, ‘How to Define Fascism – Part 2’, History Review, 1996, 26, pp 29–33The second of a two-part basic definition of fascism.Eatwell, R, ‘Towards a new model of generic fascism’, Journal of Theoretical Politics, 1992, 4 (2)An article which discusses the nature of fascism and can be read with profit by both teachers and students.Gordon, R, ‘The Nature of Fascism’, Modern History Review, 1998, 9 (3), pp 13–15A good introduction to the topic.Griffin, R (ed.), Fascism, Oxford University Paperbacks, 1995A detailed and comprehensive reader on fascism within and outside Europe in the twentieth century, before, during and after the Second World War. The summaries accompanying the text are first class. Part II of the book is specifically devoted to German fascism. In particular, the anti-democratic and authoritarian writings of right-wing Germans before 1933 make fascinating reading. Of selective use for the teacher. Griffin, R, International Fascism. Theories, Causes and the New Consensus, Arnold, 1998A comprehensive study of twentieth-century fascism. A useful comparative study which places German fascism in a wider context.Griffin, R, ‘Themes: Was Nazism Fascist?’ Modern History Review, 1993, 5 (1), pp 15–17Students will find this article worth reading.Hurst, M, ‘What is Fascism?’, Historical Journal, 1968, 11 (1), pp 165–85A review article that assesses a number of books including Ernst Noltke’s The Three Faces of Fascism. Lang, S, ‘What is Fascism?’, Hindsight, 1995, 5 (3), pp 13–15A basic explanation of fascism. Laqueur, W and Mosse, G (eds), International Fascism, 1920–1945, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966An excellent introductory guide to the topic. The articles were first published in the Journal of Modern History in 1966 (Volume I).Miller Lane, B, ‘Nazi Ideology: Some Unfinished Business’, Central European History, 1974, 7 (1), pp 3–30A paper that argues that the ideological views of some leading Nazis needed to be investigated.Noltke, E, The Three Faces of Fascism, Mentor, 1965A lengthy study of fascism in France, Germany and Italy in the inter-war years. An overly intellectual book which will tax students.Payne, S, Fascism: Comparison and Definition, The University of Wisconsin Press, 1980A magisterial work on the nature of fascism. Probably too difficult for students. Payne, S, A History of Fascism, University College London Press, 1995A history of fascism with a look at neo-fascism.Pearce, R, ‘Fascism’, New Perspective, 1997, 3 (1), pp 27–30On the problems of definition. Worthwhile for students to look at.Reich, W, The Mass Psychology of Fascism, Penguin, 1975Writing as a psychologist in the 1930s, Reich analyses inter-war fascism from a professional perspective. Banned by the Nazis, this penetrating insight into fascism is worth consulting selectively by students.Sauer, W, ‘National Socialism: Totalitarianism or Fascism?’, American Historical Review, 1967, 73 (2), pp 404–24An academic look at the nature of German fascism.Thurlow, R, Fascism, Cambridge University Press, 1999An invaluable book for Advanced Higher students. A well structured book. A detailed Glossary is complemented by a thorough chronological timeline. A useful starting point for students dealing with German fascism.Whiteside, A, ‘The Nature and Origins of National Socialism’, Journal of Central European Affairs, 1957–58, 17 (1), pp 48–73An excellent explanation of the differing interpretations of Nazism. Woolf, S J, Fascism in Europe, Methuen, 1981An excellent introductory guide to the topic. Can be read with profit by ernmentBroszat, M, The Hitler State, Longman, 1981An outstanding interpretive study of the nature of government in Hitler’s regime. It is not an easy read for students, but it is a necessary one for any student studying the Third Reich. A seminal work.Caplan, J, ‘Bureaucracy, Politics and the National Socialist State’, in P D Stachura (ed.), The Shaping of the Nazi State, Methuen, 1978, pp 234–56On the civil service in the Third Reich. A difficult read and therefore not recommended for students.Gallo, M, The Night of the Long Knives, Harper & Row, 1973A fluently written study of the liquidation of the SA leadership in 1934. This evocative and atmospheric book is too detailed a volume to be of much practical use for an Advanced Higher student. Harrison, T, ‘Political Police and Lawyers in Hitler’s Germany’, German History, 1992, 10 (2), pp 226–37A study of law enforcement in a totalitarian state.Jablonsky, D, ‘Rohm and Hitler: The Continuity of Political–Military Discord’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1988, 23 (3), pp 367–86An account of the personal and political relationship between Hitler and Rohm.Kershaw, I, The ‘Hitler Myth’: Image and Reality in the Third Reich, Clarendon Press, 1987An engrossing and scholarly text that could be profitably used in a wide variety of dissertations on the Third Reich. Kershaw is primarily concerned not with Hitler himself but how the German people viewed the Führer. He has no doubts about the fact that Hitler was ‘popular’ until well into the war. A number of primary sources are quoted throughout. Kershaw, I, ‘Hitler and the Nazi Dictatorship’, in M Fulbrook (ed.), German History Since 1800, Arnold, 1997, pp 318–38A discussion of the charismatic nature of Hitler’s leadership as Führer. The irrational nature of the regime is discussed as is, argues the author, its ultimate tendency towards self-destruction.Noakes, J (ed.), Government Party and People in Nazi Germany, University of Exeter Press, ndContains four articles on the Third Reich. All the articles look at the reality behind the totalitarian claims of the regime. Useful for teachers and students writing about the nature of Hitler’s rule and whether or not Hitler’s regime brought about a ‘social revolution’.Nyomarky, J, Charisma and Factionalism in the Nazi Party, University of Minneapolis Press, 1967A book that argues that conflict within the Nazi Party was ultimately doomed to founder because of Hitler’s charismatic leadership.Stern, J, Hitler: The Führer and the People, 2nd edition, Flamingo, 1984An acute analysis of the unique appeal of Adolf Hitler to the German people. Stern looks at the influence of the individual on history and the influence of history on the individual. A book which places a heavy emphasis on the psychological appeal of Hitler. Sixth Year students will find it a challenging and demanding book. However, at the same time they will find it intellectually rewarding.Tobias, F, The Reichstag Fire, Secker & Warburg, 1962A very detailed account of the Reichstag Fire and the subsequent trial of van der Lubbe and his fellow accused. Interesting on how the Nazis used the fire to help establish their dictatorship. Too detailed a study to be of much use to Advanced Higher students.Trevor-Roper, H, The Last Days of Hitler, 6th edition, Papermac, 1987The classic account of the last few days of the Third Reich centred on Hitler’s Bunker in Berlin. A riveting study which says something about the appeal of the man for immediate associates like Goebbels who remained with Hitler to the very end. The personal and political egotism of the Führer is evident, as is the loyalty of many of his followers and the centrality of his role that tells us much about the nature of rule in the Third Reich. The Nazi RevolutionCultureCraig, G A, Germany 1866–1945, Oxford University Press, 1978Chapter XVIII is a brief survey of ‘Cultural Decline and Political Resistance’ in the Third Reich.Eksteins, M, Rites of Spring, Black Swan Books, 1988A different book. Not a conventional history book. A book that looks at the first half of the twentieth century with specific reference to Stravinsky’s ‘Rite of Spring’ and the Great War. Eksteins argues that together they have shaped our modern consciousness just as they did the minds and personalities of men like Adolf Hitler.Elliott, D, ‘The Battle for Art in the 1930s’, History Today, 1995, 45 (11), pp 14–21Explains the propaganda role of art in the 1930s.Glaser, H, The Cultural Roots of National Socialism, Croom Helm, 1978A book that would tax the majority of sixth year students. Glaser believes the roots of Nazism are to be found in the ‘ideological distortions’ and ‘perversion of reality’ (p.13) of the German past. Although most of the texts referred to in the extensive Bibliography are in German, there are enough English-language books to be of use for a dissertation. Gray, R, The German Tradition in Literature 1871-1945, Cambridge University Press, 1967A broad survey of twentieth-century German literature set against its political background. The three chapters in Part I deal specifically with the Second Reich, the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich. Part IV is on Thomas Mann. An academic book. Kater, M, ‘The Reich Vocational Contest and Students of Higher Learning in Nazi Germany’, Central European History, 1974, 7 (3), pp 225–61On a particular aspect of university education after 1933.Labanyi, P, ‘Images of Fascism: Visualisation and Aestheticisation in the Third Reich’, in M Laffan (ed.), The Burden of German History 1919–45, Methuen, 1988, pp 151–77On culture in the workplace.Meyer, M, ‘Musicology in the Third Reich’, European Studies Review, 1978, 8 (3), pp 349–64Meyer sets the regime’s music in its cultural and ideological setting.Moore, H T, Twentieth Century German Literature, Heinemann, 1971Chapter Six (pp 87–106) looks specifically at ‘Literature under the Nazis’. Mosse, G L, Nazi Culture, W H Allen, 1966A wide ranging survey of the arts in Hitler’s Germany. A readable account that contains a number of primary sources.Petropoulos, J, The Faustian Bargain: the Art World in Nazi Germany, Allen Lane, 2000Twenty case studies of how the art world came to terms with Nazism. The author contends that the artists who remained behind in Germany after 1933 were third-rate mediocrities who sordidly compromised themselves.Phillips, M, ‘The German Film Industry and the New Order’, in P D Stachura (ed.), The Shaping of the Nazi State, Methuen, 1978, pp 257–81How the regime manipulated this relatively new art form for its own propagandist purposes.Pois, R, National Socialism and the Religion of Nature, Croom Helm, 1986A study that sees Nazism as a ‘religion of nature’. Pois describes Nazism as a movement which was a mixture of idealism and pragmatism. A demanding book which will be beyond most if not all Advanced Higher students. Rosefield, J, ‘Wagner’s Influence on Hitler – and Hitler’s on Wagner’, History Review, 1998, 32, pp 23–7A prize-winning essay on the topic by an A-level student.Strobl, G, ‘Shakespeare and the Nazis’, History Today, 1997, 47 (5), pp 16–21How the Nazis adapted and manipulated Shakespeare for their own ideological and propaganda ends.Thies, J, ‘Nazi Architecture – a Blueprint for World Domination: the Last Aims of Adolf Hitler’, in D Welch (ed.), Nazi Propaganda: The Power and the Limitations, Croom Helm, 1983, pp 45–64Catalogues the artistic aspirations of Adolf Hitler.Winston, B, ‘Triumph of the Will’, History Today, 1997, 47 (1), pp 24–8On the propaganda value of the film maker Leni Riefenstahl.Wistrich, R, Weekend in Munich, Pavilion, 1995A book which accompanied the 1994 Channel 4 documentary ‘Good Morning, Mr Hitler!’ It contains still photographs shot by amateurs for a festival of German Art in Munich in July 1939. The colour images are evocative. Wistrich provides a useful commentary and analysis. SocietyAllen, W S, The Nazi Seizure of Power, 2nd edition, Penguin, 1989A first-class description of the rise and fall of Nazism between 1922 and 1945 in a small town. Set in Northeim in Lower Saxony (fictionally represented in the First Edition as ‘Thalburg’), Allen’s engrossing study clearly shows up the social tensions and divisions which were exploited by the Nazis. A classic work.Barkai, A, ‘The German Volksgemeinschaft from the Persecution of the Jews to the “Final Solution”’, in M Burleigh (ed.), Confronting the Nazi Past, Collins & Brown, 1996, pp 84–97Discusses the relationship between German society and the persecution of the Jews. Can be profitably consulted by students. Bessel, R, Life in the Third Reich, Oxford University Press, 1987The eight essays in this collection first appeared in the periodical History Today in 1985 and 1986. Written by eminent historians, the chosen topics give a clear and accurate picture of how ‘ordinary’ Germans lived under the regime. A book that all Advanced Higher students will find of use when studying Germany in the 1930s.Bessel, R, ‘Living with the Nazis: Some Recent Writing on the Social History of the Third Reich’, European History Quarterly, 1984, 14 (2), pp 211–20A review article on recent German social history.Bleuel, P, Strength Through Joy, Pan, 1973Written by a journalist rather than a professional historian, this book looks at sex and society in Nazi Germany in the 1930s. Above all Bleuel fervently believes the leading Nazis were hypocritical and tended to say one thing and do another. Caplan, J (ed.), Fascism and the Working Class, Cambridge University Press, 1995The relationship between fascism and the working classes is discussed at length in this collection of articles by the distinguished historian Tim Mason. Four of the articles appear in English for the first time.Conway, J S, ‘The Political Theology of Martin Niemoller’, German Studies Review, 1986, 9 (3), pp 521–46A paper which discusses a famous Christian’s response to Nazism.Crew, D (ed.), Nazism and German Society 1933–1945, Routledge, 1994A challenging collection of articles which question the description of the Third Reich as a totalitarian state and society. The fruits of recent research are included in this volume. Too advanced for the Sixth Year student.Dahrendorf, R, Society and Democracy in Germany, Doubleday, 1967Historians continue to ask themselves whether the Nazis were progressive or regressive. In this study, which has stood the test of time, Dahrendorf argues that the Nazis modernised Germany and ‘broke down’ many old loyalties (for example those which were regional and familial) which had existed before 1933. Of selective use for students.Diehl, J, ‘Victors or Victims? Disabled Veterans in the Third Reich’, Journal of Modern History, 1987, 59 (4), pp 705–36An article that examines the welfare provision the Nazis gave to World War One veterans. It also assesses the propaganda role of the veterans. Erickson, R, ‘The Political Theology of Paul Althaus: Nazi Supporter’, German Studies Review, 1986, 9 (3), pp 547–67A case study of a prominent academic who welcomed Hitler’s appointment as Chancellor as ‘a gift and miracle of God’. The article charts the subject’s disillusionment with National Socialism.Fischer, C (ed.), The Rise of National Socialism and the Working Classes in Weimar Germany, Berghahn Books, 1996A more than useful collection of essays which contains the fruits of recent research. Geary, D, Hitler and Nazism, Routledge, 1990A Lancaster University pamphlet (only eight-two pages long) which summarises the results of recent research into the nature of Nazi rule and its impact on German society. Written with the A Level student in mind, it is equally valuable for the Advanced Higher student.Gellott, L, and Phayer, M, ‘Dissenting Voices: Catholic Women in Opposition to Fascism’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1987, 22 (1), pp 91–114Focuses on Germany and Austria in the 1920s and 1930s. A paper which discusses embryonic feminism in central Europe between the wars.Gillingham, J, ‘The “Deproletarianisation” of German Society: Vocational Training in the Third Reich’, Journal of Social History, 1986, 19 (3), pp 423–32On changes brought about by vocational training.Grunberger, R, A Social History of the Third Reich, Penguin, 1974A groundbreaking study showing its age. The author looks at ‘everyday history’ and how ordinary Germans were affected and imposed upon by Hitler’s regime. The numerous chapters contain a wealth of anecdotal material. This is no bad thing and is a useful starting point for students looking at the social history of the Third Reich. Herzen, R, When Nazi Dreams Come True, Abacus, 1982The author looks at the war-time plans of the leading Nazis for post-war Europe. Of little use for Advanced Higher students.Herbert, U, ‘“The Real Mystery in Germany”: The German Working Class During the Nazi Dictatorship’, in M Burleigh (ed.), Confronting the Nazi Past, Collins & Brown, 1996, pp 23–36A readable explanation of the varying reactions of the working classes to the regime. A competent analysis that can be read with profit by students.Kele, M, Nazis and Workers, The University of North Carolina Press, 1972A study of how the Nazi Party tried to secure electoral support from German workers during the Weimar Republic. Kele gives a good account of the historical background and of events up to the late 1920s. However, he fails to take account of the fact that, after its poor showing in the 1928 Reichstag Elections, the Party moved to the right to attract middle-class support.Kettenacker, L, ‘Hitler’s Impact on the Lower Middle Class’, in D Welch (ed.), Nazi Propaganda: The Power and the Limitations, Croom Helm, 1983, pp 10–28On the appeal of National Socialism to a particular social group.Kinloch, N, ‘Children, Church and Kitchen: Inside the Third Reich’, Hindsight, 6 (2), pp 17–20A description of home life for ordinary Germans in the 1930s. Worth reading by students. Kirk, T, ‘Workers and Nazis in Hitler’s Homeland’, History Today, 1996, 46 (7), pp 36–42How the working classes in Austria were affected by the Third Reich’s policies in the 1930s.Mason, T, ‘Labour in the Third Reich’, Past and Present, 1966, 33, pp 112–41An important paper by an authority on the working classes in the Third Reich. Mason discusses the relationship of the regime with the working classes. A number of themes are examined. Metelmann, H, ‘Life in the Third Reich’, New Perspective, 1997, 2 (3), pp 32–5A member of the Hitler Youth explains what it was like growing up in the Third Reich. Metelmann also gives a personal account of what it was like to serve in the Armed Forces.Noakes, J, ‘Nazism and High Society’, in M Burleigh (ed.), Confronting the Nazi Past, Collins & Brown, 1996, pp 51–65Looks at a neglected topic. The uneasy and sometimes conflicting relationship between the two is briefly charted by Noakes. Towards the end of the war a number of aristocrats were involved in the conservative resistance to the regime.Patrick, J, ‘Hitler Youth’, Hindsight, 1994, 5 (1), pp 9–12A straightforward explanation of how German youth was regimented in the 1930s.Pine, L, Nazi Family Policy, 1933–1945, Berg, 1997An in-depth study of how the Nazis tried to bring about a ‘revolution’ in the home. Useful for a variety of relevant dissertations. Pine, L, ‘Nazis in the Classroom’, History Today, 1997, 47 (3), pp 22–7Explains why education was important to the Third Reich.Salter, S, ‘National Socialism, the Nazi Regime, and German Society’, The Historical Journal, 1992, 35 (2), pp 487–99A review article which focuses on the demand for national renewal espoused by the Nazis.Salter, S, ‘Structures of Consensus and Coercion: Workers’ Morale and the Maintenance of Work Discipline, 1939–1945’, in D Welch (ed.), Nazi Propaganda: The Power and the Limitations, Croom Helm, 1983, pp 88–116An essay which focuses on the sometimes uneasy relationship of the regime with the workers in the 1930s and the 1940s.Schwarz, A, ‘British Visitors to National Socialist Germany: In a Familiar or In a Foreign Country?’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1993, 28 (3), pp 488–509Charts the contemporary British perspective on the Third Reich.Smelser, R, ‘How “Modern” were the Nazis? DAF Social Planning and the Modernization Question’, German Studies Review, 1990, 13 (2), pp 285–302A readable paper that comes to the conclusion that the regime did much, through its mass mobilisation of the populace, to modernise Germany. Unfortunately, it was tragically modern in its brutal and barbaric extermination of European Jewry.Stephenson, J, ‘“Emancipation” and its Problems: War and Society in Wurttemberg, 1939–45’, European History Quarterly, 1987, 17 (3), pp 345–65On the sacrifices endured in south-west Germany during the Second World War.Stephenson, J, ‘Nazism, Modern War and Rural Society in Wurttemberg, 1939–45’, 1997, Journal of Contemporary History, 32 (3), pp 339–56Stephenson discusses how the Second World War impinged on rural society in south west Germany. However, she goes on to argue that how it did so is not easy to assess or evaluate. Stephenson comes to the conclusion that village life in the totalitarian Third Reich was possibly less affected by National Socialism than has previously been thought.Stephenson, J, ‘Triangle: Foreign Workers, German Civilians, and the Nazi Regime’, German Studies Review, 1992, 15 (2), pp 339–59A paper on aspects of the German Home Front during the Second World War.Stephenson, J, ‘War and Society in Wurttemberg, 1939–1945’, German Studies Review, 1985, 8 (1), pp 89–105Stephenson focuses on the disillusionment of small farmers in the war years, the burgeoning black market, and the growing level of repression.Szejnmann, C, Nazism in Central Germany, Berghahn Books, 1999An up-to-date study with a self-explanatory title. A first-class regional study.WomenKoonz, C, Mothers in the Fatherland, Methuen, 1988A study that looks in some detail at the varying responses of women to Hitler’s Germany. Opponents and victims of the regime are not neglected in a lengthy book. Koonz makes extensive use of primary sources. Krockow, C von, Hour of the Women, HarperCollins, 1991The personal account of how an upper-class Baltic German woman ensured the survival of not only herself but also of her immediate family. Written by her brother fifty years later, the chaotic final months of the Second World War and the immediate post-war years are vividly portrayed. A compelling story which brings history to life.Mason, T, ‘Women in Germany 1925–1940: Family, Welfare and Work’, History Workshop Journal, 1976, 1, pp 74–113Looks at the position of women at home and in the workplace.Mason, T, ‘Women in Germany 1925–1940: Family, Welfare and Work’, History Workshop Journal, 1977, 2, pp 5–32Also looks at the position of women at home and in the workplace.McIntyre, J, ‘Women and the Professions in Germany, 1930–1940’, in A J Nicholls and E Matthias (eds), German Democracy and the Triumph of Hitler, Allen & Unwin, 1971, pp 175–213An examination of the changing position of women in the middle-class professions in the 1930s.Owings, A, Frauen, Penguin, 1993An oral history of women in the Third Reich. The American author has personally interviewed a number of women from different classes and backgrounds who vividly remember what it was like to live in the Third Reich. An engrossing and informative study.Pauwels, J, Women, Nazis, and Universities, 1933–1945, Greenwood Publishing, 1984Looks at the relationship between the regime and the changing position of women who aspired to enter higher education. Pine, L, ‘Girls in Uniform’, History Today, 1999, 49 (3), pp 24–9A straightforward account of the role of the League of German Maidens in the 1930s and 1940s.Stephenson, J, ‘Girls’ Higher Education in Germany in the 1930s’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1975, 10 (1), pp 41–69An academic paper that contends that girls continued to be admitted in large numbers into higher education after the Nazis came to power. At the same time, Stephenson argues that girls had to be aware of their responsibilities to enjoy a university education.Stephenson, J, The Nazi Organisation of Women, Croom Helm, 1981An in-depth study of the origins, development and function of women’s groups in the Nazi Party. The popularity of dissertations on ‘Women in the Third Reich’ should make this an indispensable book for some students.Stephenson, J, ‘The Nazi Organisation of Women’, in P D Stachura (ed.), The Shaping of the Nazi State, Methuen, 1978, pp 186–209Despite the attempts of the Nazis to mobilise support for the regime amongst women, the author believes that it failed to do so because women were willing to give passive acquiescence as long as it left them alone.Stephenson, J, ‘Propaganda, Autarky and the German Housewife’, in D Welch (ed.), Nazi Propaganda: The Power and the Limitations, Croom Helm, 1983, pp 117–42On the attempts to ensure that German women patriotically bought only German produce.Stephenson, J, ‘“Reichsbund der Kinderreichen”: the League of Large Families in the Population Policy of North Germany’, European Studies Review, 1979, 9 (3), pp 351–74Stephenson examines the regime’s population policy and believes that, despite the propaganda claims of the authorities, they met with limited success.Stephenson, J, ‘Women’s Labour Service in Nazi Germany’, Central European History, 1982, 15 (3), pp 241–65On the involvement of women in the workplace after 1933. Stephenson, J, ‘Women, Motherhood and the Family in the Third Reich’ in M Burleigh (ed.), Confronting the Nazi Past, Collins & Brown, 1996, pp 167–83Stephenson believes that women were not wholeheartedly integrated into the regime.Stibbe, M, ‘Women and the Nazi State’, History Today, 1993, 43 (11), pp 35–40A general discussion of the topic that could be profitably read by senior students.InstitutionsBaranowski, S, ‘Consent and Dissent: The Confessing Church and Conservative Opposition to National Socialism’, Journal of Modern History, 1987, 59 (1), pp 53–78Explains the nature of opposition and the level at which it worked.Barnett, C (ed.), Hitler’s Generals, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989Twenty detailed essays on Hitler’s generals. The arbitrary nature of the generals selected is acknowledged by the author. The brooding presence of Hitler, the warlord, is evident. The failure of the generals to be aware of their wider social and political responsibilities is at the heart of this fascinating study.Barnett, V, For the Soul of the People, Oxford University Press, 1992An oral history in which the author interviewed sixty or so members of the Confessing Church in the 1980s. Their sense of helplessness against the brutal dictatorship pervades this book.Bartov, O, ‘Soldiers, Nazis and War in the Third Reich’, Journal of Modern History, 1991, 63 (1), pp 44–60Points out the clear and distinctive links the army had with the regime.Bendensky, J, ‘The Expendable Kronjurist: Carl Schmitt and National Socialism, 1933–36’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1979, 14 (2), pp 309–28Looks at a constitutional writer and jurist who was initially favourably disposed towards Nazism. Boehnert, G C, ‘The Third Reich and the Problem of “Social Revolution”: German Officers and the SS’, in V Berghahn and M Kitchen (eds), Germany in the Age of Total War, Croom Helm, 1981, pp 203–17Discusses the relationship between army officers and the SS.Campbell, B, ‘The SA after the Rohm Purge’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1993, 28 (4), pp 659–74Argues that the SA’s activism was given a new lease of life on Kristallnacht in bs, W, ‘Fatal Attraction: Duelling and the SS’, History Today, 1997, 47 (6), pp 11–16Examines the culture of violent competition which was part of the code of honour of the SS. Connelly, J, ‘The Uses of Volksgemeinschaft: Letters to the NSDAP Kreisleitung’, Journal of Modern History, 1996, 68 (4), pp 899–930Social control and order is focused on with reference to the town of Eisenach in Thuringia in eastern Germany.Conway, J S, The Nazi Persecution of the Churches, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968A standard work which looks at the uneasy relationship the Christian Churches had with the Third Reich. Largely hostile to the values of the Weimar Republic, the Churches largely gave a cautious welcome to a political movement that promised to restore ‘traditional values’.Deist, W, The Wehrmacht and German Rearmament, Macmillan, 1981A concise book with short chapters on a variety of themes. It is based on a series of lectures given at Oxford University in 1978. Seven topics are examined, including the hectic nature of rearmament between 1933 and 1939. Unfortunately, the Bibliography contains mainly German-language texts.Eksteins, M, ‘The Frankfurter Zeitung: Mirror of Weimar’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1971, 6 (4), pp 3–28A brief survey of the well known west German liberal-democratic newspaper between the two world wars. Of particular interest is how the newspaper reacted, unfortunately mainly in a complacent manner, to the takeover by Hitler in 1933.Erikson, R P, ‘Theologian in the Third Reich: The Case of Gerhard Kittel’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1977, 12 (3), pp 595–622The personal story of a theologian who was openly attracted to National Socialism. Gellately, R, ‘Denunciations in Twentieth-Century Germany: Aspects of Self-Policing in the Third Reich and the German Democratic Republic’, Journal of Modern History, 1996, 68 (4), pp 931–67An interesting comparative study of the repressive policies of the two regimes.Gellately, R, The Gestapo and German Society, Clarendon Press, 1990A detailed study of how the Gestapo enforced racial policy in Germany between 1933 and 1945. Operating with limited numbers, the Gestapo was, largely through denunciations, able to operate remarkably effectively throughout National Socialist Germany. An important book by an authority on the subject.Gellately, R, ‘The Gestapo and German Society: Political Denunciation in Gestapo Case Files’, Journal of Modern History, 1988, 60, pp 654–94Examines the level of collaboration that took place between ordinary citizens and the police in the Third Reich.Gellately, R, ‘Situating the “SS-State” in a Social-Historical Context: Recent Histories of the SS, the Police, and the Courts in the Third Reich’, Journal of Modern History, 1992, 64 (2), pp 338–65A review article on repression and law and order in the Third Reich.Giles, G, ‘German Students and Higher Education Policy in the Second World War’, Central European History, 1984, 17 (4), pp 330–54A paper which argues that World War II clearly revealed the failure of the higher education policies of the National Socialists. An article which can be read with profit by students.Giles, G, ‘The Rise of the National Socialist Students’ Association and the Failure of Political Education in the Third Reich’, in P D Stachura (ed.), The Shaping of the Nazi State, Methuen, 1978, pp 160–85Contends that the Nazification of the student body did not reach out into the hearts and minds of German youth. Goldin, M, ‘Financing the SS’, History Today, 1998, 48 (6), pp 28–34A state within a state which plundered Jewish assets.Graf, C, ‘The Genesis of the Gestapo’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1987, 22 (3), pp 419–35Looks at the Weimar political police and the nascent Nazi State.Helmreich, E C, ‘The Arrest and Freeing of the Protestant Bishops of Wurttemberg and Bavaria, September–October 1934’, Central European History, 1969, 2 (2), pp 159–69A case study of opposition to the regime.Holmes, K, ‘The Forsaken Past: Agrarian Conservatism and National Socialism in Germany’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1982, 17 (4), pp 671–88On the political opportunism of the Nazis in rural Germany.Horn, D, ‘The National Socialist Schulerbund and the Hitler Youth’, Central European History, 1978, 11 (4), pp 355–75On the sometimes fraught relationship between two Nazi organisations responsible for German youth. The article illustrates the nature of the regime.Housden, M, ‘The SS State’, Modern History Review, 1994, 6 (1), pp 27–30A straightforward account of the topic that can be read by students.King, C, ‘Strategies for Survival: An Examination of the History of Five Christian Sects in Germany, 1933–45’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1979, 14 (2), pp 211–33On the different survival strategies adopted by the various Christian Churches to an increasingly barbaric and ruthless regime.Matheson, P (ed.), The Third Reich and the Christian Churches, T & T Clark, 1981A collection of sixty-eight primary documents covering the uneasy relationship of the Nazi regime with the various Christian Churches. A valuable reader for any relevant essay or dissertation. For most of the sources Matheson provides a brief explanatory note. Mueller, K-J, The Army, Politics and Society in Germany 1933–45, Manchester University Press, 1987Three essays which synthesise the latest (1987) research on the German army and its relationship with the Third Reich. Mueller contends that after 1918 the Reichswehr struggled to maintain its privileged position and its professionalism. The author also looks at the place of General Beck in the resistance to Hitler. A concise and readable volume.Noakes, J, ‘The Oldenburg Crucifix Struggle of November 1936: A Case Study of Opposition in the Third Reich’, in P D Stachura (ed.), The Shaping of the Nazi State, Methuen, 1978, pp 210–33Focuses on opposition to the Nazis from the Roman Catholic Church.Orlow, D, The History of the Nazi Party: 1933–1945, Volume 2, David & Charles, 1973The second volume of Orlow’s history of the Nazi Party covers the years in power of the Third Reich. Of limited value to the school student.Patrick, J, ‘The SA and the SS’, Hindsight, 1996, 6 (2), pp 14–16How the latter came to overshadow the former.Reiche, E G, ‘From “Spontaneous” to Legal Terror: SA Police and the Judiciary in Nurnberg, 1933–34’, European Studies Review, 1979, 9 (2), pp 237–64A regional study of how the Nazis secured control of the police and the legal system on coming to power in January 1933.Sweet, W, ‘The Volksgerichtshof: 1934–45’, Journal of Modern History, 1974, 46 (2), pp 314–29On the notorious supreme court which tried Germans for treasonable offences.Ziegler, H, Nazi Germany’s New Aristocracy, Princeton University Press, 1989A short study that carefully identifies and examines the social background of the SS. The first chapter looks at the development of the SS before 1939. There is a useful Bibliography for further reading on the SS and related topics. BiographiesHitlerBinion, R, ‘Foam on the Hitler Wave’, Journal of Modern History, 1974, 46 (3), pp 522-8A critical commentary on the profusion of ‘Hitler studies’.Breitman, B, ‘Hitler and Genghis Khan’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1990, 25 (2–3), pp 337–51A brief study of comparative barbarism.Bullock, A, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny, 2nd edition, Pelican, 1975First published in the early 1950s, this classic biography is still worth consulting. Inevitably, in the light of subsequent research, much of the book is out-of-date. It could be argued that Bullock’s portrayal of Hitler is too one-dimensional.Bullock, A, Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives, Fontana, 1993A fascinating study of tyranny in the twentieth century. In a sense Bullock ‘updates’ his 1952 biography of Hitler in this comparative study of the two totalitarian dictators. It is slightly unnerving and uncanny that the lives of Hitler and Stalin in many ways followed comparable paths. A lengthy book. Bullock, A, ‘Personality in History: Hitler and Stalin’, Modern History Review, 1993, 5 (2), pp 2–6A useful summary of what is contained in Parallel Lives.Carr, E H, Hitler: A Study in Personality and Politics, Edward Arnold, 1978This is not a conventional biography of Adolf Hitler. It is an attempt to look at how the man interacted with the social forces of his time which ultimately led this lower-middle-class Austrian to assume power in January 1933. A fascinating and readable study which should prove useful for a variety of dissertations. A book still worth reading after twenty years.Fest, J, Hitler, Penguin, 1977An excellent biography that could intimidate students because of its sheer length and bulk. Best used very selectively. It received a mixed reception on publication. Particularly good on the Vienna years and on the period 1918 to 1933. Fest, J, Plotting Hitler’s Death, Wiedenfeld & Nicolson, 1996A book written for the general reader. Fest gives an account of the wide range and breadth of opposition to Hitler and his regime between 1933 and 1945. From army generals to teenage students, the book tells of individual and collective acts of great courage, heroism and bravery. All were motivated by a hatred for Hitler and the despotic Third Reich and a love for Germany.Hayman, R, Hitler + Geli, Bloomsbury Paperbacks, 1997An account, much of it inevitably conjectural, of the relationship between Hitler and his niece Geli Raubal. The man takes centre stage at the expense of the scheming politician and Führer. An interesting read.Heiber, H, Adolf Hitler, Oswald Wolff Paperbacks, 1972A short and readable biography with which students should feel comfortable.Irving, D, Adolf Hitler: The Medical Diaries, Sidgwick & Jackson, 1983Irving has edited the Diaries of Theo Morell who was Hitler’s doctor from 1936 until 1945. Irving, D, Hitler’s War, Hodder & Stoughton, 1977A ‘revisionist’ history to be used with caution. On publication the book caused a storm of controversy not just in academic circles but also with the public at large. Notable for the author’s claim that Hitler was tactically anti-Jewish to gain power rather than, like Julius Streicher, a convinced and fanatical anti-Semite. Irving’s contentious claim that Hitler did not order the extermination of European Jews has been well publicised and is highly questionable.Irving, D, The War Path; Hitler’s Germany, 1933–39, Michael Joseph, 1978The companion volume to the author’s Hitler’s War. Irving’s industry and single-minded search for ‘new’ primary sources is commendable. Hitler does come alive as a human being. However, like its predecessor, it is a book to be used with caution. Irving’s contention that Britain could have acted more rationally in the crisis of 1939–40 is highly questionable.Jackael, E, Hitler’s Weltanschauung, Wesleyan University Press, 1969A concise book which explains the evolution of Hitler’s ‘world view’ or Weltanschauung in the 1920s. The author believes Hitler had a consistent and coherent ideology. This view challenged much accepted writing at the time. On a critical note Jackael could be criticised for describing the ideology in isolation and not in the context of the Third Reich.Jetzinger, F, Hitler’s Youth, Hutchinson, 1958A fascinating and riveting account of Hitler’s early years up to the outbreak of war in 1914. Hitler’s devious manipulation of his past, not least at his trial in 1924, is well presented.Kater, M, ‘Hitler in a Social Context’, Central European History, 1981, 14 (3), pp 243–72An explanation which puts Hitler firmly in his historical context.Kershaw, I, Hitler, Longman, 1991An interpretive ‘biography’ which looks at and explains the unique charismatic nature of Hitler’s rule. The book is not a conventional biographical study of Hitler. Rather it seeks to dissect and explain the nature of the Führer’s power.Kershaw, I, Hitler, 1889–1936, Hubris, Allen Lane, 1998A landmark biography which is testimony to the labours and erudition of one of the leading British historians of the Third Reich. The intimidatory bulk of 600 pages of text and 250 pages of notes should not put off the student of the period. It must be consulted by the teacher and the student. Kershaw is a self-confessed, one-time structuralist historian who places Hitler firmly in the context of his time. This is the first volume part of a two-part biography of the Führer which goes up to 1936. The book is utterly absorbing not least because the readable text is regularly interspersed with illuminating primary sources.Kershaw, I, Hitler, 1936–1945, Nemesis, Allen Lane, 2000The second volume of Kershaw’s elegant and magisterial biography which takes us from the reoccupation of the Rhineland to the collapse of the regime. As with the first part of his biography, this book is, in more ways than one, a weighty tome. As one would expect of Kershaw, he is particularly good in explaining the nature of Hitler’s rule in the late 1930s. There is also a very good explanation of international relations before 1939 and the significant role played by Hitler in bringing about the Second World War. In the final analysis the author’s two books on Hitler are continuing illustrations of the fatal attraction of his subject.Laver, J, Hitler, Hodder & Stoughton, 1995A brief conventional biography of Hitler, only 108 pages long. The final chapter looks at how interpretations of the man and his movement have changed since the 1940s. An introductory book to be used at the start of the Advanced Higher course by students.(Contrast Laver’s views with those expressed by Zitelmann below.) Lukacs, J, The Hitler of History, Vintage Books, 1998A riveting account of Hitler the man and how historians have tried to place him in twentieth-century German and European history. A must for anyone wanting to understand the changing historiography of Adolf Hitler. A stylishly written book that can be profitably read by teachers and students. Maser, W, Hitler, Allen Lane, 1973A book is a curious mixture of ‘Hitler trivia’ and a genuine attempt to write a political biography. Maser has unearthed a mass of primary sources on Hitler and the Third Reich. He does not have a high reputation amongst a number of professional historians. Maser, W, Hitler’s Letters and Notes, Heinemann, 1973A pot pourri of Hitler trivia from 1906 to 1945. It includes postcards, sketches, drawings and letters painstakingly collected by Maser. Of curiosity rather than historical value, this book is worth a browse.Rosenbaum, R, Explaining Hitler, Papermac, 1970A riveting study of how Hitler fascinated and continues to fascinate. Its questioning approach makes it particularly valuable for the history teacher ‘jaded’ teaching the Sixth Year German History course for more years than they care to remember.Schramm, P, Hitler: the Man and the Military Leader, Allen Lane, 1972This book is not a conventional biography. Schramm was a professional historian able to view Hitler at first hand from 1943 to 1945. It contains two essays and two Appendices. In the first essay Schramm describes Hitler as a man and as a ruler in ‘The Anatomy of a Dictator’. In the first Appendix he describes the relationship between Hitler and the General Staff. Steinweis, A, ‘Hitler and Carlyle’s “Historical Greatness’”, History Today, 1995, 45 (6), pp 33–8Examines Hitler’s place in history.Stone, N, Hitler, Hodder & Stoughton, 1980A stylish biography designed for the mass market. Stone is at pains to describe some of Hitler’s positive qualities. A book which puts Hitler very much at the centre of events in Germany and Europe after 1933.Sydor, C, ‘The Selling of Adolf Hitler. David Irving’s Hitler’s War’, Central European History, 1979, 12 (2), pp 169–99An academic perspective on David Irving’s book (see p 111).Toland, J, Adolf Hitler, Doubleday, 1976A very lengthy, popular biography of Hitler. Toland personally interviewed many of Hitler’s immediate entourage. The author’s fascination for his subject is clearly evident. A readable account which should be used with caution by students.Van Creveld, M, ‘War Lord Hitler: Some Points Reconsidered’, European Studies Review, 1974, 4 (1), pp 57–79A paper which argues that many of Hitler’s decisions, even if wrong, were based on reasoning. He was not just a maniac who made decisions irrationally.Zitelmann, R, Hitler. The Policies of Seduction, Allison & Busby, 1999A book which largely examines the appeal of Adolf Hitler to the German people.(Contrast to the views expressed by Kershaw in the first part of his biography of Hitler – see p 112.) Leading NazisBloch, M, Ribbentrop, Bantam Press, 1992A lengthy biography. Essentially a descriptive account of the life of Hitler’s Foreign Minister. Ribbentrop is portrayed as a weak character.Breitman, R, The Architect of Genocide: Himmler and the Final Solution, Bodley Head, 1991A study of the personality and beliefs of Heinrich Himmler. A study which firmly places the man in the context of his time and in the context of the evolution of the SS. The book catalogues how anti-Semitism changed from the ‘ad hoc’ persecutions of the 1930s to the ‘industrialised’ extermination of European Jewry in the 1940s. Breitman argues that Himmler was the instrument of Hitler’s will.Cecil, R, The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology, Batsford, 1972A basic introduction to the man and his ideas. It concentrates on the post-1933 period.Fest, J, The Face of the Third Reich, Penguin, 1979A study of Hitler and his leading henchmen. Fest examines the nature of the Third Reich by focusing on the personalities of the leading Nazis. A fluent and well written book which could be of use to students writing dissertations on the likes of Goering and Himmler.Irving, D, Goebbels: Mastermind of the Third Reich, Focal Point, 1997A lengthy biography that emphasises the uniqueness and closeness of the relationship between Goebbels and Hitler. Irving paints a portrait of a clever and fanatical anti-Semite whose personal dynamism and energy did much to secure power for the Nazis in 1933.Irving, D, Goering: A Biography, Macmillan, 1989As ever Irving makes use of extensive primary sources. Goering’s obvious egotism and self-indulgence come across in this fluently written biography.Kho, R, ‘Hermann Goering: “Iron Man”’, Hindsight, 1993, 4 (1), pp 9–10Kho believes Goering had a divided personality. At times he could be jovial and easygoing and on other occasions he could be dynamic and ruthless.Loewenberg, P, ‘The Unsuccessful Adolescence of Heinrich Himmler’, American Historical Review, 1971, 76 (3), pp 612–41A paper that focuses on the disappointments and frustrations suffered by Himmler during the Great War and in the early years of the Weimar Republic. A fascinating read.Manvell, R and Fraenkel, H, Himmler, New English Library, 1969A popular and populist biography of the head of the SS. A disproportionate part of the book is devoted to events after 1939.Overy, R, Goering: The Iron Man, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984A first-class detailed biography of Goering. The author is at pains to show the complexity of the man and move away from the popular image of the decadent and corrupt wastrel. Of particular use for dissertations not only on a leading Nazi but also on the German economy in the 1930s.Padfield, P, Donitz: The Last Führer, Granada Publishing, 1985An accessible and fully documented life of the Commander-in-Chief of the German navy between 1943 and 1945.Padfield, P, Himmler, Macmillan, 1990With more than 600 pages of text, this is a very long biography of Heinrich Himmler. It could be of selective use to students.Reuth, R G, Goebbels, Constable, 1993A conventional biography. Translated from the German, it uses sources previously held in Russian and East German archives. A narrative account of the subject’s life which sheds light on his relationship with Hitler, the politics of the Weimar Republic and also the nature and role of propaganda in the Third Reich.Schmidt, M, Albert Speer, The End of a Myth, Harrap, 1985Not a conventional biography. Schmidt gets behind what he believes was the carefully cultivated image created by Speer in his memoirs, not least in his best selling autobiography Inside the Third Reich (see p 116). An impressive study of how Speer was able to re-invent himself as, in Schmidt’s words, a ‘reliable informant about the history of the Third Reich’. Sereny, G, Albert Speer: His Battle with Truth, Picador, 1996An award winning book on Albert Speer. The author was ultimately able to secure the confidence of a leading Nazi who had cleverly manipulated for posterity, in his writings, the role he had played in the history of the Third Reich. With some difficulty Sereny’s patient inquisitorial style was able to get Speer to confront his past and eventually come to terms with it. Useful for students who should understand they should not necessarily take at face value what is presented to them. An absorbing read.Smelaser, R and Zitelmann R (eds), The Nazi Elite, Macmillan, 1993Individual articles by eminent historians on twenty-two leading Nazis. In the Introduction the editors emphasise that history is not just the preserve of historians but must also be made accessible to the general reader. First class. Speer, A, Inside the Third Reich, Cardinal, 1975A spellbinding personal account by one of Hitler’s leading henchmen. Speer’s observations are fascinating, most notably on his relationship with the Führer. However, Gitta Sereny’s recent study of Speer (see above) has taught us to read between the lines in his evasive and subtle self-justificatory memoirs. A book to be used with caution.Weitz, A, Hitler’s Diplomat, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1992A hostile biography of Ribbentrop.Wilkinson, R, ‘Ribbentrop’, History Review, 1997, 29, pp 20–5An article which challenges as too critical a number of recent biographies, for example those by Bloch (see p 114) and Weitz (see above) on Ribbentrop.PropagandaBaird, J, ‘From Berlin to Neubabelsberg: Nazi Film Propaganda and Hitler Youth Quex’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1983, 18 (3), pp 495–515Baird analyses a film that celebrated the death of a fictitious member of the Hitler Youth. Baird, J, ‘Goebbels, Horst Wessel, and the Myth of Resurrection and Return’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1982, 17 (4), pp 633–50A paper that focuses on the theme of death and resurrection which was an important aspect, particularly in the war years, of National Socialist ideology and propaganda.Baird, J, To Die for Germany, Indiana University Press, 1990A detailed study of how myths played an important political and propaganda role for the Nazi Party. A number of chapters are devoted to individual heroes in the ‘time of struggle’ (Kampfzeit) and also in the Second World War.Bessel, R, ‘The Rise of the NSDAP and the Myth of Nazi Propaganda’, Wiener Library Bulletin, 1980, 33, pp 20–9A re-examination and reassessment of Nazi propaganda. Bramsted, E, Goebbels and National Socialist Propaganda, Harrap, 1965A lengthy and detailed study of the development of Nazi propaganda from 1925 until 1945.Burden, H, The Nuremberg Party Rallies: 1923–39, Pall Mall Press, 1967The totalitarian power and order projected in the Nazi Party rallies of the 1930s remain a powerful image. This study of the growth and development of the rallies looks mainly at the practicalities involved in their planning and organisation. Useful for dissertations on Nazi propaganda. Burleigh, M, ‘…And Tomorrow the World’, History Today, 1990, 40 (9), pp 32–8A brief survey of the projected Thousand Year Reich.Coupe, W, ‘Cartoons of the Third Reich’, History Today, 1998, 48 (9), pp 26–32Contains a number of useful cartoons illustrating the nature of Nazi propaganda.Erickson, J, ‘Nazi Posters in Wartime Russia’, History Today, 1994, 44 (9), pp 14–19With graphic examples this is an article that shows the importance of the war against the USSR, not least the need to secure recruits in the eastern territories in the crusade against Bolshevism.Fritzsche, P, ‘Machine Dreams: Airmindedness and the Reinvention of Germany’, American Historical Review, 1993, 98 (3), pp 685–709An academic study of the (perceived) impact of the development of aircraft in the inter-war years and the havoc it might wreak on the German home front.Griffin, R, ‘Party Time: The Temporal Revolution of the Third Reich’, History Today, 1999, 49 (4), pp 43–9An impressive essay which provides some insights into Hitler’s vision of the Thousand Year Reich.Hale, O, The Captive Press in the Third Reich, Princeton University Press, 1964A book which, whilst referring to events before 1933, focuses mainly on events after Hitler came to power. Inevitably the book concentrates on how the Nazis, and Goebbels in particular, controlled and manipulated the press in the Third Reich.Herb, G, Under the Map of Germany, Routledge, 1997Numerous maps from the inter-war years are reproduced in this book – a study of nationalism and propaganda in Germany between 1918 and 1945. These maps were produced by various pressure groups and political parties including the Nazis, for political or propaganda purposes. A book which provides a different visual perspective on Germany in the given period.Hoffmann, H, The Triumph of Propaganda: Film and National Socialism, Berghahn Books, 1997The first of three volumes dealing with the role of film in the Third Reich. In this volume Hoffmann concentrates on the significance of documentary film.Hunter, G, ‘Propaganda in Germany’, Hindsight, 1993, 4 (1), pp 15–18A basic introductory guide to the purpose and function of propaganda in the Third Reich.Kershaw, I, ‘How Effective was Nazi Propaganda?’, in D Welch (ed.), Nazi Propaganda: The Power and the Limitations, Croom Helm, 1983, pp 180–205An article of use for students writing a dissertation on propaganda in the Third Reich.Lenman, R, ‘Film and Photography in the Third Reich’, New Perspective, 1998, 4 (1), pp 30–2A basic explanation of film and photography in the Third Reich.Meyer, M, ‘The Nazi Musicologist as Myth Maker in the Third Reich’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1975, 10 (4), pp 649–65An academic paper on the ideology of music and the propaganda role it played in the Third Reich.Rabinbach, A, ‘The Aesthetics of Production in the Third Reich’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1976, 11 (4), pp 43–74On beauty in the German workplaceTaylor, R, ‘Goebbels and the Function of Propaganda’, in D Welch (ed.), Nazi Propaganda: The Power and the Limitations, Croom Helm, 1983, pp 29–44An article which looks at the function of propaganda as determined by Goebbels after 1933.Weinberg, D, ‘Approaches to the Study of Film in the Third Reich: A Critical Appraisal’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1984, 19 (1), pp 105–26An academic introduction to the topic.Weisbord, R and Hedderich, N, ‘Max Schmeling: Righteous Ring Warrior?’, History Today, 1993, 43 (1), pp 36–41A re-examination of the propaganda value for Germany of the 1930s World Heavyweight Boxing Champion. The authors believe Schmeling has been wrongly criticised for being a willing tool of the regime.Welch, D, ‘Educational Film Propaganda’, in D Welch (ed.), Nazi Propaganda: The Power and the Limitations, Croom Helm, 1983, pp 65–87A straightforward study of educational film propaganda.Welch, D, ‘Nazi Propaganda: National Community in the Third Reich’, Modern History Review, 1992, 4 (1), pp 2–4A review article that focuses on the issue of national renewal espoused by the Nazis.Welch, D (ed.), Nazi Propaganda: The Power and the Limitations, Croom Helm, 1983Ten articles on how various groups in Germany were affected by Nazi propaganda. Ian Kershaw’s article assesses the effectiveness of Nazi propaganda. A key work on an important topic. Welch, D, ‘Propaganda and Indoctrination in the Third Reich: Success or Failure?’, European History Quarterly, 1987, 17 (4), pp 403–22Welch argues that Nazi propaganda was in tune with the aspirations of large sections of the German population. He calls for a balanced assessment of the topic.Welch, D, The Third Reich, Routledge, 1993An impressive account of the relationship between politics, public opinion and propaganda in the Third Reich. Welch focuses on how the regime mobilised and controlled the masses. The detailed Bibliography is an added bonus. An invaluable and indispensable study for anyone investigating and writing about propaganda in Hitler’s Germany. Zeman, Z, Nazi Propaganda, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 1973A straightforward explanation of the topic. It contains a useful Bibliography. Invaluable for dissertations.Ziemke, E, ‘“Heroic Nihilism” in Weimar and Nazi Germany’, Central European History, 1980, 13 (1), pp 83–91A study of individual self-sacrifice in German literature between the wars. The EconomyDutter, G, ‘Doing Business with the Nazis: French Economic Relations with Germany under the Popular Front’, Journal of Modern History, 1991, 63 (2), pp 296–326Examines economic cooperation between France and Germany in the mid 1930s.Farquharson, J, The Plough and the Swastika. The NSDAP and Agriculture in Germany 1928–1945, Sage Publications, 1976An established text on the topic. Farquharson provides a detailed account of the changing relationship between agriculture and the Nazis.Gispen, K, ‘Visions of Utopia: Social Emancipation, Technical Progress, and Anticapitalism in Nazi Inventor Policy, 1933–1945’, Central European History, 1999, 32 (1), pp 35–51Discusses the regime’s failure to create a climate or culture where independent inventors could flourish.Hayes, P, ‘Fritz Roessler and Nazism. The Observations of a German Industrialist 1930–7’, Central European History, 1987, 20 (1), pp 58–79The views of an industrialist on the changing position of Nazism in the 1930s.Heyl, J, ‘Hitler’s Economic Thought: a Reappraisal’, Central European History, 1973, 6 (1), pp 83–96A paper that argues that Hitler’s economic ideas have been neglected. Heyl relates those ideas to Hitler’s political decision making during the Third Reich.Leitz, C M, ‘Arms Exports from the Third Reich 1933–1939: the Example of Krupp’, Economic History Review, 1998, 51 (1), pp 133–54A case study of how the arms manufacturer reacted to the foreign and economic policies of the Third Reich.MacDonald, C A, ‘Economic Appeasement and the “German Moderates” 1937–39’, Past and Present, 1972, 56, pp 105–35Discusses a neglected topic.Maier, C, ‘The Vulnerabilities of Interwar Germany’, Journal of Modern History, 1984, 56 (1), pp 89–99A historiographical review of the economy and the military.Neal, L, ‘The Economics and Finance of Bilateral Clearing Agreements: Germany 1934–38’, Economic History Review, 1979, 32 (3), pp 391–404A look at trade and finance in the given period as it affected Germany under the Nazis.Overy, R J, ‘Cars, Roads and Economic Recovery in Germany, 1932–1938’, Economic History Review, 1975, 28 (3), pp 466–83An academic paper on the German economy in the 1930s. Overy, R J, ‘Heavy Industry and the State in Nazi Germany: The Reichswerke Crisis’, European History Quarterly, 1985, 15 (3), pp 313–40An account of how the Reichswerke, a steel combine, tried to come to terms with the new Nazi State. Overy, R J, ‘Hitler’s War and the German Economy: A Reinterpretation’, Economic History Review, 1982, 35 (2), pp 272–91Overy examines the economics of Blitzkrieg; and assesses Hitler’s intentions in relation to the economic demands of the German economy on the outbreak of war in 1939.Overy, R, The Nazi Economic Recovery 1932–1938, Macmillan, 1982A concise, first-class study of the German economy under the Nazis. Overy argues that between the wars the German economy was stagnant and the regime’s policies were not Keynesian. Can be read with profit by teacher and student.Overy, R J, ‘The Nazi Economy: Success or Failure?’, Modern History Review, 1996, 7 (4), pp 8–11A clear exposition of the German economy under the Nazis.Overy, R J, ‘The Nazi Economy – Was it Geared to War?’, History Review, 1998, 31, pp 4–8A judicious assessment of an important topic.Overy, R J, ‘Transportation and Rearmament in the Third Reich’, Historical Journal, 1973, 16 (2), pp 389–409An article that argues that there is a need to look critically at the issue of German rearmament before 1939.Overy, R J, War and Economy in the Third Reich, Oxford University Press, 1994A detailed study of the German economy under the Nazis. In eleven essays Overy challenges a number of accepted assumptions about the German economy in the 1930s. An indispensable account by an acknowledged authority on the subject. Patrick, J, ‘Hitler’s Economic Miracle’, Hindsight, 1991, 1 (2), pp 8–11Explains the role and involvement of the state in the economic expansion of Germany after 1933. A valuable basic introduction to the Nazi economy for students.Silverman, D, ‘Fantasy and Reality in Nazi Work-Creation Programs, 1933-36’, Journal of Modern History, 1993, 65 (1), pp 113–51A scarcity of financial resources and official opposition hampered ambitious plans.Simpson, A, ‘The Struggle for Control of the German Economy 1936–37’, Journal of Modern History, 1959, 31 (1), pp 37–45How the conflict between Schacht and Goering for control of the economy was resolved.Witt, T E de, ‘The Economics and Politics of Welfare in the Third Reich’, Central European History, 1978, 11 (3), pp 256–78A paper which shows that the regime had other priorities in mind than simply the passing of welfare legislation for the masses.Persecution and Anti-SemitismBaranowski, S, ‘Conservative Elite Anti-Semitism from the Weimar Republic to the Third Reich’, German Studies Review, 1996, 19 (3), pp 525–37An analytical survey of the topic that highlights the growing radicalism of the elites in Germany.Bar-On, D, Legacy of Silence, Harvard University Press, 1991A book that is the product of interviews a Jewish historian conducted with a group of randomly selected Germans born between 1925 and 1940. Fascinating not just for what memories are prised from the past but also for the personal interaction between the author and these children of the Third Reich. Can be used by students as well as teachers. Bergen, D, ‘Catholics, Protestants, and Antisemitism in Nazi Germany’, Central European History, 1994, 27 (3), pp 329–48A study of how Christians reacted to the growing level of persecution inflicted on the Jews. Breitman, R, The Architect of Genocide, Grafton, 1992An in-depth biography of Heinrich Himmler. At the same time Breitman explains the evolution and implementation of Himmler’s ideas. A sobering account of the Nazi mentality. Burleigh, M, Death and Deliverance: ‘Euthanasia’ in Germany c.1900–1945, Cambridge University Press, 1994Burleigh sets euthanasia not only in the expected context of the Third Reich but also in its Wilhelmine (1890–1918) and Weimar (1918–1933) contexts.Burleigh, M, ‘Euthanasia and the Third Reich’, History Today, 1990, 40 (2), pp 11–16A basic examination of the topic.Burleigh, M, ‘Nazis and “Euthanasia’”, Modern History Review, 1994, 6 (1), pp 31–3A basic exploration of the topic.Burleigh, M and Wippermann, W (eds), The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945, Cambridge University Press, 1991A comprehensive and detailed explanation of Nazi racial policies. Apart from the Jews, the authors look at the persecution of ‘asocials’, gypsies, homosexuals and the mentally handicapped. The authors have included a wide variety of written and visual primary sources. A must for any school which should be used selectively by students. Dawidowicz, L, The War Against the Jews 1933–45, Penguin Books, 1977A lengthy, factual account of the escalating level of persecution inflicted on the Jews after 1933. The cumulative effect of what is contained within its pages is beyond belief. An ‘intentionalist’ account in which the author therefore emphasises the central role played by Hitler in bringing about the extermination of European Jewry.Farmer, A, Anti-Semitism and the Holocaust, Hodder & Stoughton, 1999A detailed study of the topic. Farmer also examines the views of different historians. A must for any department.Finzi, R, Anti-Semitism, from its European Roots to the Holocaust, Windrush Press, 1999A concise history of European anti-Semitism. Useful for Advanced Higher students because it places the persecution of the Jews in Germany in its wider European context. A basic introduction to the topic.Fleming, G, Hitler and the Final Solution, Hamish Hamilton, 1985An ‘intentionalist’ history which makes it clear that Hitler’s anti-Semitic ideology led directly to the Final Solution. It contains twenty-three short chapters each written from a different perspective.Freeden, H, The Jewish Press in the Third Reich, Berg, 1993A study of the years 1933 to 1938. A story of increasing persecution and isolation.Friedlander, S, Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933–1939, Wiedenfeld & Nicolson, 1997The first of a two-volume history which ends in 1939. As a Jew, Friedlander argues that Hitler himself and his ideology played a central role in the persecution of the Jews. A wide variety of Jewish and Gentile voices are included in a harrowing account of the topic that sees the regime and its personnel closing in on the author’s people as the decade progresses. Inevitably the Final Solution overshadows the book.Goldhagen, D, Hitler’s Willing Executioners, Abacus, 1996A book surrounded by controversy. Goldhagen claims that thousands of ‘ordinary’ Germans took part in the persecution and the elimination of the Jews. The author stresses the central importance of Hitler as an eliminationist set on extirpating European Jewry. The book has been discussed and debated not just by professional academics but also by the media and the public at large. Graml, H, Anti-Semitism in the Third Reich, Blackwell, 1992A short history. Graml argues that the Kristallnacht of 1938 was a significant watershed in the persecution of the Jews that ultimately led to the extermination of the greater part of European Jewry. The historical background leading up to 1938 is excellent. The Appendices contain useful primary sources and a detailed number of bibliographical references. Grau, G (ed.), Hidden Holocaust? Gay and Lesbian Persecution in Germany, 1933–1945, Cassell, 1995A study of non-Jewish victims of the regime.Hagen, W, ‘Before the “Final Solution”: Towards a Comparative Analysis of Political Anti-Semitism in Interwar Germany and Poland’, Journal of Modern History, 1996, 68 (2), pp 351–81German anti-Semitism set in a wider European context.Harwood, J, ‘Mandarins and Outsiders in the German Professoriate, 1890–1933: A Study of the Genetics Community’, European History Quarterly, 1993, 23 (4), pp 485–511An academic paper on the historical background to genetics in the Germany of the Third Reich.Hauner, M, ‘A German Racial Revolution’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1984, 19 (4), pp 669–87Argues racial war was the prime motive behind National Socialism.Housden, M, ‘Hans Frank – Empire Builder in the East, 1939–41’, European History Quarterly, 1994, 24 (3), pp 367–93On the implementation of National Socialist racial policies in the East. The paper provides an illuminating insight into the nature of government in the Third Reich.Johnson, E, The Nazi Terror: Gestapo, Jews and Ordinary Germans, John Murray, 2000Johnson believes that millions of Germans were not Jew haters. Worth reading at the same time as Goldhagen’s book (see p 124). He also believes the Germans who took part in the Final Solution did so not because they were anti-Semitic but largely because they were indifferent, deferred to authority and through moral cowardice. Kershaw, I, ‘The Persecution of the Jews and German Popular Opinion in the Third Reich’, Yearbook of the Leo Baeck Institute, 1981, 26, pp 261–89A clear exposition of the topic.Kinloch, N, ‘The Hell of Treblinka: the Organization of a Death Factory’, Hindsight, 1999, 9 (3), pp 13–17A study of the Treblinka extermination camp which was forced to close in 1943 because there were no more Jews ‘to process’. Levine, H, ‘A Jewish Collaborator in Nazi Germany: The Strange Career of George Kareski, 1933–37’, Central European History, 1975, 8 (3), pp 251–81Investigates the case of a Jew who collaborated with the regime. Milton, S, ‘The Context of the Holocaust’, German Studies Review, 1990, 13 (2), pp 269–83A brief and concise explanation of the persecution of non Jewish groups after 1933.Noakes, J, ‘The Development of Nazi Policy towards the German-Jewish “Mischlinge” 1933–1945’, Yearbook of the Leo Baeck Institute, 1989, 34, pp 291–354Looks at a specific aspect of Nazi anti-Semitism.Oosterhuis, H, ‘Medicine, Male Bonding and Homosexuality in Nazi Germany’, 1997, Journal of Contemporary History, 32 (2), pp 187–205Argues there was a latent tension in the Nazi persecution of homosexuals.Pine, L, ‘Hashude: An Experiment in Nazi Social Policy’, History Today, 1995, 45 (7), pp 37–43A simplified account of Pine’s study (see below) that appeared in German History (1995).Pine, L, ‘Hashude: The Imprisonment of “Asocial” Families in the Third Reich’, German History, 1995, 13 (2), pp 182–97A detailed academic study of a community for ‘asocials’ in the Third Reich.Siegfried, K-J, ‘Racial Discrimination at Work: Forced Labour in the Volkswagen Factory, 1939–45’ in M Burleigh (ed.), Confronting the Nazi Past, Collins & Brown, 1996, pp 37–50On Nazi racial policy in the work place.Sperber, J, ‘Commentary on Christians and Anti-Semitism’, Central European History, 1994, 27 (3), pp 349–53Sperber looks at how Christians reacted to anti-Semitism.Stern, F, Einstein’s German World, Princeton University Press, 1999A series of character studies of eminent Jews in Germany before 1933. One chapter examines how, after 1918, post-war historians viewed and wrote about the Great War. A book for teachers rather than for students. Intellectually challenging.Stokes, K D, ‘The German People and the Destruction of the European Jews’, Central European History, 1973, 6 (2), pp 167–91Assesses the role of the German people in the extermination of the Jews.Strauss, H A, ‘Jewish Emigration from Germany: Nazi Policies and Jewish Response’, Yearbook of the Leo Baeck Institute, 1980, 25, pp 313–61A readable account of the topic that can be profitably used by students.Strauss, H A, ‘Jewish Emigration from Germany: Nazi Policies and the Jewish Response’, Yearbook of the Leo Baeck Institute, 1981, 26, pp 343–409A readable account of the topic that can be profitably used by students.Stumke, H-G, ‘The Persecution of Homosexuals in Nazi Germany’, in M Burleigh (ed.), Confronting the Nazi Past, Collins & Brown, 1996, pp 154–66A summary of the topic. Stumke includes a brief account of the place of homosexuals in Germany from 1871 onwards. Vital, D, A People Apart, Oxford University Press, 2000A history of European Jewry from 1789 to 1939. A book which serves the twin purposes of providing the historical background and a detailed account of the Jews in the Weimar Republic and in the early years of the Third Reich. Some students might be intimidated by its length (nearly 1,000 pages) but it is well worth looking at.Weindling, P, ‘Understanding Nazi Racism: Precursors and Perpetrators’, in M Burleigh (ed.), Confronting the Nazi Past, Collins & Brown, 1996, pp 66–83Places eugenics in the context of the racial policies of the Third Reich.Wipperman, W, ‘Christine Lehmann and Mazurka Rose: Two “Gypsies” in the Grip of German Bureaucracy, 1933–60’, in M Burleigh (ed.), Confronting the Nazi Past, Collins & Brown, 1996, pp 112–24The protracted case of two gypsies who were persecuted by, and then sought compensation from, the German authorities. Yisraeli, D, ‘The Third Reich and the Transfer Agreement’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1971, 6 (2), pp 129–48On the transfer of Jewish capital from Germany in the 1930s.ResistanceBalfour, M, Withstanding Hitler, Routledge, 1988An eminent historian looks at resistance to Hitler. Balfour examines why more Germans did not stand up to Hitler, and why attempts to overthrow him failed. The book contains a ‘Portrait Gallery’ of twenty-four opponents of the regime. Boyer, J and Geyer, J, Resistance Against the Third Reich, 1933–1990, University of Chicago Press, 1994A first-class volume on the nature and types of resistance in Germany between 1933 and 1945. The excellent Introduction is complemented by a superb collection of essays. A must for any student or teacher examining resistance in the Third Reich.Bull, H (ed.), The Challenge of the Third Reich, Clarendon Press, 1986A short book that contains eight memorial lectures in honour of Adam von Trott, a leading member of the resistance to Hitler. All the chapters are on the German Resistance. The quality of the chapters is reflected in their authorship – including Bracher, Broszat and Mason. A book that can be used with profit by students.Deutsch, H C et al, ‘Symposium: New Perspectives on the German Resistance Against National Socialism’, 1981, Central European History, 14 (4), pp 322–99Academic perspectives on resistance to the Third Reich. Gallin, M, German Resistance to Hitler, The Catholic University of America Press, 1961An interesting study of the resistance to Hitler written by a nun. Not surprisingly the author emphasises the religious and ethical aspects of the opposition to the Third Reich. Contains a number of useful primary sources.Garcia, N, ‘A No-Win Situation: German Resistance to the Third Reich’, Hindsight, 2000, 10 (2), pp 8–11An elementary introduction to the topic.Gill, A, An Honourable Defeat, Mandarin, 1994A journalist’s account of the opposition to Hitler. A straightforward and engrossing study in which the author interviewed a number of surviving members of the resistance to the regime.Harrison, T, ‘The Red Flag and the Cross: New Writing on the German Resistance’, European History Quarterly, 1992, 22 (1), pp 99–119A review of resistance to the Hitler state.Hoffmann, P, ‘German Society and Internal Resistance’, in M Laffan (ed.), The Burden of German History 1919–45, Methuen, 1988, pp 185–209An informative and valuable study of opposition to Hitler. Useful for dissertations.Hoffmann, P, Stauffenberg, Cambridge University Press, 1997A well researched ‘family biography’ of the three Stauffenberg brothers. The portrayal of this South German aristocratic family between 1905 and 1944 is a riveting read and personalises the history of Germany in the first half of the twentieth century. The book culminates in the July Bomb Plot of 1944 and its gruesome aftermath.Horn, G-R, ‘Radicalism and Moderation within German Social Democracy in Underground and Exile’, German History, 1997, 15 (2), pp 200–20A detailed academic paper which focuses on the opposition of the SPD to the Nazis at home and abroad.Housden, M, ‘Germans against Hitler’, New Perspective, 1998, 3 (3), pp 27–30A clear introductory guide to the topic.Housden, M, ‘Germans and their Opposition to Hitler’, History Review, 1994, 19, pp 36–40The author places opposition to the regime into different categories. He also argues that the actual level of resistance to the regime is difficult to quantify.Housden, M, ‘Germany’s Conservative Elites and their Resistance to Hitler’, Modern History Review, 1997, 9 (2), pp 24–7A short resume of the conservative opposition to the regime that can be read with profit by students.Housden, M, Resistance and Conformity in the Third Reich, Routledge, 1997An up-to-date study of resistance to Hitler and the Third Reich. Housden’s book is particularly noteworthy because it contains an extensive number of detailed primary sources. The book contains a useful Bibliography.Klemperer, K von, German Resistance against Hitler. The Search for Allies Abroad, 1938–1945, Clarendon Press, 1992An account of how the German resistance tried to secure Allied support. The book also looks at the foreign policy aims of the resistance. Useful for providing a different perspective.Large, D (ed.), Contending with Hitler, Cambridge University Press, 1991Twelve short articles from an academic conference held in 1988 on German resistance to Hitler and Nazism between 1933 and 1945. The nature and types of resistance are well-documented. Notable for contributions from Hans Mommsen (on the historiography of resistance) and Detlev Peukert (on the working classes).MacDonagh, G, A Good German: Adam von Trott zu Solz, Quartet Books, 1989The story of a man who abhorred the Nazis. Adam von Trott zu Solz’s resistance to the regime is the story of one man’s brave stance against brutality and fearsome oppression. This biography can be read with profit by students as well as teachers.Nicosia, F and Stokes, L (eds), Germans Against Nazism, Berg, 1990A collection of twenty very academic essays, with contributions from well known historians like Kershaw and Balfour which reflect on the variety of opposition to Hitler in a regime which was, at least until the later years of the war, popular with many Germans. Political, religious and social groups are focused on in some detail. The extensive Bibliography and footnotes should prove invaluable for the writing of dissertations on resistance. ‘Resistance Against the Third Reich’, special issue of the Journal of Modern History, December 1992, 64, Supplement, pp 1–241A lengthy discussion of resistance in Germany between 1933 and 1945. Rothwell, H, The German Opposition to Hitler, 2nd edition, 1962In only 160 pages Rothwell argues that the resistance deserved more help from the western Allies than it actually got.Sykes, C, Troubled Loyalty, Collins, 1968A fluently written biography of Adam von Trott zu Solz, a prominent conservative opponent of the Hitler state. Sykes is at pains to emphasise the heroic stance taken by the subject of this study.Veberschar, G, ‘General Halder and the Resistance to Hitler in the German High Command 1938–40’, European History Quarterly, 1988, 18 (3), pp 321–47The author contends that the opposition of Halder and others in the given period was a special stage in the evolution of the military resistance to Hitler culminating in the Bomb Plot of July 1944.Watt, D C, ‘Opposition in the Third Reich’, Modern History Review, 1995, 6 (4), pp 31–3A general discussion of the resistance to the regime that can be read with profit by students.Foreign Policy 1933–1939Aulach, H, ‘Britain and the Sudeten Issue 1938: The Evolution of a Policy’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1983, 18 (2), pp 233–59A reassessment of Britain’s role in the Sudeten Crisis. Aulach divides Britain’s actions in 1938 into a number of distinct phases.Bartov, ‘The Nation in Arms: Germany and France, 1789–1939’, History Today, 1994, 44 (9), pp 27–33A look at how the growth of the ‘people’s armies’ in the two countries shaped and affected Franco-German relations in the given period. Bell, P, The Origins of the Second World War in Europe, Longman, 1986A solid narrative account of the events leading to the outbreak of war in 1939. A book to be used with profit by students.Biddiss, M, ‘Victor’s Justice? The Nuremberg Tribunal’, History Today, 1995, 45 (5), pp 40–6A general account of the trials.Bullock, A, Hitler and the Origins of the Second World War, Oxford University Press, 1967A pamphlet of less than thirty pages in which Bullock argues that the toughness of Hitler’s will in conjunction with the irresolution of the Allies led to war in 1939. On a number of occasions Bullock refers to A J P Taylor’s book, The Origins of the Second World War, published in 1961 (see p 137). Elegantly written.Carr, W H, Arms, Autarky and Aggression, Edward Arnold, 1972A study of German foreign policy from 1933 to 1939. A clear and indispensable account of the topic. Carr stresses the centrality of the role of Hitler in the events leading up to war. An important book which has largely stood the test of time. Carter Hett, B, ‘“Goak Here”: A J P Taylor and the Origins of the Second World War’, Canadian Journal of History, 1996, 31 (2), pp 257–80The author focuses on Taylor’s book on the causes of World War Two. Cockett, R, ‘Appeasement: Britain’s Prime Minister in the Dock’, Modern History Review, 1990, 1 (3), pp 13–16Cockett examines the role of the British Prime Minister in the events leading up to the outbreak of war in 1939.Crozier, A, ‘The Causes of the Second World War’, Modern History Review, 1989, 1 (1), pp 2–5An excellent introduction to the topic that can be read with profit by students.Cunningham, P, ‘The Munich Agreement: Diplomatic Triumph or Tragic Betrayal?’, Hindsight, 1991, 2 (1), pp 14–18A factual account of the 1938 crisis.Deist, W, The Wehrmacht and German Rearmament, Macmillan, 1981A perceptive and analytical account of how the German army viewed Hitler.Douglas-Hamilton, J, ‘Ribbentrop and War’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1970, 5 (4), pp 45–63Analyses a specific document written in 1939, at a critical time in international diplomacy, by a British banker to the British authorities on his perception of Ribbentrop, the German Foreign Secretary.Finney, P, ‘Eastern Europe Between the Wars’, Modern History Review, 1995, 7 (2), pp 28–31A straightforward explanation of what happened in eastern Europe between 1918 and 1939.Haigh, R et al, The Years of Triumph?, Gower, 1986A study of German diplomatic and foreign policy between 1933 and 1941. A narrative history with lots of primary sources. It contains no Bibliography.Hansen, R, ‘Germany’s Unconditional Surrender’, History Today, 1995, 45 (5), pp 34–9Looks at the end of the war in Europe in 1945.Hauner, M, ‘Did Hitler Want a World Dominion?’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1978, 13 (1), pp 15–32Examines the question of whether Hitler had a coherent and structured foreign policy ‘programme’.Henderson, N, ‘A Fatal Guarantee: Poland, 1939’, History Today, 1997, 47 (10), pp 19–25A sound study of the events in the late summer of 1939 which led to the outbreak of war.Henderson, N, ‘Hitler’s Biggest Blunder’, History Today, 1993, 43 (4), pp 35–43Why Hitler’s decision to declare war on the USA was a major mistake. Henderson, N, ‘Hitler and the Rhineland, 1936: A Decisive Turning Point’, History Today, 1992, 42 (10), pp 15–21A former professional diplomat writes on a seminal event in Hitler’s foreign policy.Henig, R, ‘The Origins of the Second World War’, New Perspective, 1997, 3 (1), pp 31–5A concise summary of the causes of the war, focusing on the elements of discontinuity in German foreign policy after 1933.Herman Brinks, J, ‘The Dutch, the Germans and the Jews’, History Today, 1999, 49 (6), pp 17–23On the response of the Dutch people to the treatment of Dutch Jews by the Germans during the Second World War.Herwig, H, ‘Andreas Hillgruber: Historian of “Grossmachtpolitik” 1871–1945’, Central European History, 1982, 15 (2), pp 186–98An academic paper that investigates the writings of an eminent German historian, much of whose work was on the nature and content of Hitler’s foreign policy. Hiden, J, ‘Hitler’s Foreign Policy’, Modern History Review, 1997, 8 (4), pp 21–3A basic exploration of the topic. An invaluable introduction for students.Hildebrand, K, The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich, B T Batsford, 1973Hildebrand is an authority on the foreign policy of the Third Reich. He believed Hitler had a systematic ‘step by step’ plan (Stuffenplan) for European and then global domination. Unlike many previous writers, Hildebrand does not see Hitler’s foreign policy purely in terms of opportunism. A detailed study that could be used selectively by students.Hillgruber, A, ‘England’s Place in Hitler’s Plans for World Dominion’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1974, 9 (1), pp 5–22Hillgruber argues that Anglo-German relations from 1933 to 1945 went through five distinct phases. Hillgruber, A, Germany and the Two World Wars, Harvard University Press, 1981A short book which seeks to draw comparisons between the outbreak of war in 1914 and the outbreak of war in 1939. As a so-called ‘globalist’, Hillgruber is firmly of the opinion that continental hegemony in Europe was but a stepping stone for Hitler to secure global world domination. A must for anyone looking at Hitler’s foreign policy.Jackel, E, ‘Germany’s Way into the Second World War’, in M Laffan (ed.), The Burden of German History 1919–45, Methuen, 1988, pp 178–84An informative account of the topic. Can be read with profit by students.Jarausch, K, ‘From Second to Third Reich: The Problem of Continuity in German Foreign Policy’, Central European History, 1979, 12 (1), pp 68–82A paper that discusses the pitfalls of trying to see lines of continuity in German foreign policy between 1871 and 1945.Kaiser, D et al, ‘Germany, Domestic Crisis and War in 1939’, Past and Present, 1989, 122, pp 200–40A debate on the importance of domestic factors in bringing about war in 1939.Knox, M, ‘Conquest, Foreign and Domestic, in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany’, Journal of Modern History, 1984, 56 (1), pp 1–57A comparative study of the foreign policies of the two fascist dictatorships.Lang, S, ‘Hitler’s Plans for Europe’, Hindsight, 1997, 7 (3), pp 6–9A counter-factual description of what the Greater German Empire would have been like if Hitler had won the war.Leaman, J, ‘Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and USSR, August 1939’, German History, 1994, 12 (2), pp 250–8An in-depth assessment of the 1939 diplomatic revolution involving fascist Germany and communist Russia.Link, W, ‘German Political Refugees in the United States during the Second World War’, in A J Nicholls and E Matthias (eds), German Democracy and the Triumph of Hitler, Allen & Unwin 1971, pp 241–60A topic that is likely to be of little use to Advanced Higher students.Morgan, P, ‘The Pact of Steel, 1939’, New Perspective, 1995, 1 (2), pp 24–8Assesses the nature of the agreement and the relationship between fascist Italy and Nazi Germany.Martel, G (ed.), The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered. The A J P Taylor Debate after Twenty Five Years, Allen & Unwin, 1986A fresh and timely look at the controversy surrounding Taylor’s views on Hitler as a statesman and as a German nationalist. Definitely worth a look by students. Mason, T, ‘Some Origins of the Second World War’, Past and Present, 1964, 29, pp 67–77A critical review of A J P Taylor’s The Origins of the Second World War (see p 137).Matthias, E, ‘The Western Powers in Hitler’s World of Ideas’, in A J Nicholls and E Matthias (eds), German Democracy and the Triumph of Hitler, Allen & Unwin, 1971, pp 161–74On Hitler’s perceptions of Britain and France and how his perceptions came to affect his foreign policy.McDonough, F, ‘The Czech Crisis of 1938: Key Turning Point on the Road to the Second World War’, Yearbook of the Scottish Association, 1999, 13, pp 32–8McDonough argues that the Munich Agreement was a watershed in European diplomacy in the late 1930s as it marked the limit of tolerance on the part of the British and the French towards Germany.McDonough, F, ‘Why Appeasement?’, Modern History Review, 1994, 5 (4), pp 6–9A basic introductory account.Mellini, P, ‘Not the Guilty Men? Punch and Appeasement’, History Today, 1996, 46 (5), pp 38–44A view of appeasement in the 1930s.Merry, S, ‘Bismarck and Hitler: Continuity or Change?’, Modern History Review, 1993, 4 (3), pp 25–6On the foreign policies of Bismarck and Hitler.Michaelis, M, ‘World Power Status or World Dominion?’, The Historical Journal, 1972, 15 (2), pp 331–60A survey of literature published between 1937 and 1970 on Hitler’s plans for world domination.Monger, A, The Causes of the Second World War, Longman, 1998One of a series of Longman books designed to cater for senior school students. Students will find it useful. Overy, R J, ‘Germany, “Domestic Crisis” and War in 1939’, Past and Present, 1987, 116, pp 138–68Investigates whether problems at home played a significant part in Germany going to war.Overy, R, The Origins of the Second World War, Longman, 1987An excellent abbreviated study of the topic. Overy analyses the relevant themes rather than providing a narrative history of the 1930s. Part Four contains over twenty-two pages of relevant primary documents. Parker, R, ‘From Munich to War’, Yearbook of the Scottish Association, 1999, 13, pp 39–44A focused account of the events of 1939 that led to the outbreak of the Second World War in September.Prazmowska, A, ‘Poland and the Great Powers, 1919–41’, New Perspective, 1998, 4 (2), pp 21–5Argues that Poland must take its share of blame for causing war in 1939.Rees, R, ‘The Stresa Front’, Hindsight, 1994, 4 (3), pp 11–13On the formation and collapse of the ‘Front’ against Nazi Germany.Simpson, W, ‘The Hossbach Memorandum’, New Perspective, 1996, 2 (1), pp 32–5Evaluates the validity of the document.Smelser, R, ‘The Betrayal of a Myth: National Socialism and the Financing of Middle-Class Socialism in the Sudetenland’, Central European History, 1972, 5 (3), pp 256–77An academic paper on the topic that is probably too detailed a discussion of the topic for most AH students.Smith, W, The Ideological Origins of Nazi Imperialism, Oxford University Press, 1989A well written book which details at some length how German imperialism was used for political purposes between 1870 and 1945. Three of the ten chapters deal directly with Germany between the wars. Too sophisticated for most AH students.Stoakes, G, Hitler and the Quest for World Domination, Berg, 1986A study of the evolution of Nazi ideology and foreign policy during the Weimar Republic. The input of other leading Nazis in determining Nazi foreign policy is described but does not undermine the crucial role played by Hitler. A book which is of selective use to students. Nevertheless, the Conclusion is worth looking at.Stoakes, G, ‘“More Unfinished Business?” Some Comments on the Evolution of the Nazi Foreign Policy Programme, 1919–24’, European Studies Review, 1978, 8 (4), pp 425–42A paper which vigorously argues that there is a need to reassess the evolution of Nazi foreign policy after the Great War and the part played by Hitler himself in shaping it.Taylor, A J P, The Origins of the Second World War, Harmondsworth Press, 1961A seminal work on the causes of war in 1939 that caused a storm of controversy when first published in 1961. Taylor argued that Hitler was in many ways a conventional German nationalist and no different from his predecessors. By way of contrast, conservative German historians after 1945, like Gerhard Ritter, stated that Hitler was an historical aberration. Four decades later Taylor can still be read with profit by students.Tweddle, P, ‘The War Aims of World War II’, Modern History Review, 1998, 9 (3), pp 18–21Examines what Mussolini and Hitler wanted to achieve by resorting to war.Tweddle, P, ‘The War Aims of World War II’, Modern History Review, 1998, 9 (4), pp 2–6Examines the British, French and Russian motives for entering the Second World War.Vital, D, ‘Czechoslovakia and the Powers, September, 1938’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1966, 1 (4), pp 37–67Explains why Czechoslovakia accepted the Munich Agreement. Vital also discusses whether she had viable alternatives.Waller, B, ‘Bismarck’s Kin or Curse?’, Modern History Review, 1993, 4 (3), pp 26–7An excellent introduction to the topic. The author looks at continuity and change in the foreign policies of Bismarck and Hitler.Watt, D C, ‘German Plans for the Reoccupation of the Rhineland. A Note’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1966, 1 (4), pp 193–9Watt explains what he believes is the myth of the proposed German withdrawal on 7 March 1936, when German troops marched into the Rhineland in violation of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.Watt, D C, ‘Hitler’s Visit to Rome and the May Week-end Crisis’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1974, 9 (1), pp 23–32An episode which highlights the relationship between the two fascist leaders. The article explains how Hitler was proactive and reactive in his dealings with Mussolini on a visit to the Italian capital in May 1938.Watt, D C, How War Came, Heinemann, 1989An account of how war came about in 1939. A readable and analytical study that can be read with profit by students.Wheeler-Bennett, J, Munich: Prologue to Tragedy, Macmillan, 1966A detailed and well written account of the 1938 Munich Crisis. Wheeler-Bennett is very much of the opinion that the events of 1938, and the failure of collective security which led to the Second World War, provided a stern lesson for the western powers at the height of the Cold War.Whittam, J, ‘The Origins of the Second World War’, Modern History Review, 1992, 4 (2), pp 5–8A solid introduction to the topic.Section 8The InternetUsing the NetInformation Technology is here to stay. Many students and some teachers use the Internet to access information. It will become an indispensable teaching and learning aid. Those who ignore or fail to use IT will be the poorer for it. What is outlined below is a brief starting point of exploration for all students of History. A disadvantage of the Internet is that, unlike books and articles, information on it can change from day to day. Therefore, referencing material for bibliographies can be fraught with difficulties. Explaining and using the Net is like explaining and using shops in a city. There are many of them, of different types and they are in different areas. In the end it is important to get on to the Net and get used to it. The potential for its uses are endless. Put simply, the Internet allows us access to the collection of information on the Information Superhighway (also called Cyberspace). The Internet has also been likened to an enormous library without an index. One can read one or more of the many guides available, but in the end there is nothing better than the ‘hands on’ approach to using the Internet.Start by typing in one of the Web addresses given below. For example, type in 2.tntech.edu/history/. Click on ‘Internet Resources in History’ and then Internet Sites by Subject. Then click on the relevant subject within Advanced Higher you want to research. However, if you want something more specific you will need one of the Web’s own Search Engines. ‘Surfing’ around can be a waste of time. Try to make your query as specific as possible. A ‘vague’ search can produce literally thousands of irrelevant pages. Use the word you are looking for along with some words specifically associated with it. Useful GuidesTwo of the many available introductory guides are:Shelley, J, The Internet and World Wide Web ExplainedA concise introduction to the topic. This book is a clear and simple guide to the Internet and the World Wide Web. It costs ?5.95 and is published by Bernard Babani Books, 1997.Kennedy, A, Rough Guide to the Internet 2000Another introductory guide to the Net. It also provides a clear and simple guide to the Internet and the World Wide Web. It costs ?6 and is published by Rough Guides, 1999.Help is also available from Charlie Harris at the following site. (Charlie Harris has written the Internet’s own FAQ on Internet Research, available at the site given.) note:?Search engines live on computers to help search enquiries. No search engine covers the entire Internet. At first it is best to try and use three or four search engines. Useful ones are Alta Vista, Infoseek, Lycos, Yahoo and Google – the website ‘addresses’ of these search engines are given below. Remember, typing in a ‘key’ word can lead to a massive number of irrelevant entries being given. All the search engines have a variety of ways to help the searcher refine their search.?‘Gateways’ provide a more focused way of finding information. ?A bookseller on the Internet to be aware of is Amazon.?Many books are available more cheaply on the Website from the United States. However, beware of using your credit card.?A number of British university history departments have made Information Technology an integral part of their curriculum.Useful Website AddressesGopher://rsl.ox.ac.uk/h0/hist-corn/segell.htmlA site which provides only text documents. wide variety of links provided by Stanford University in the USA. The site itself does not contain any information, but it will point the searcher towards an enormous range of resources. website produced by the Institute of Historical Research. The site is designed to build up a database of History book reviews. The site allows any author the right to reply to comments made in reviews. Infoseek search engine. site from the USA which provides a wide range of documents on European History. Lycos search engine. Alta Vista search engine. set of links provided by Bath University connected to an enormous range of sites. website contains an impressive and detailed collection of translated Nazi propaganda material. website of The Official Index to The Times, 1906–1980. With a word search facility one can look at a quality newspaper’s primary documents, news and editorial comments relating to items on Anglo-German relations from the end of the First World War to the outbreak of World War Two and beyond. website which provides details of online resources, including History items, on Channel 4. site set up by Columbia University Press in the USA. Amongst other things the site provides a service which helps historians find relevant sources. It contains a listing of books and articles worth consulting. Google search engine. site which provides not only websites but also newsgroups and listservs – these are computers from which it is possible to obtain specific documents via e-mail. is the website address of the periodical History Today and its sister publication History Review. The site is an easy and straightforward introduction to these two publications and what is available from them. Up-to-date details on each publication is provided as well as how to obtain past copies containing relevant articles. website of the Discovery Channel. It contains programme listings as well as useful background information. site provides an excellent set of documentary sources on the Great War. cartoons, a number relevant to the Advanced Higher period, on Germany between 1918 and 1939, can be viewed by contacting The Centre for the Study of Cartoons and Caricature, at the University of Kent at Canterbury at the above site. site provided by Mississippi State University in the USA. It contains a wealth of material on European History. excellent source of British educational material. History is just one of the numerous subjects listed. This particular website allows students from different schools engaged in similar projects to become computer ‘pen pals’. (Schoolnet [] and the European Schools Project also allow students to have History ‘pen pals’.) ’s website. It contains listings of programmes as well as background information. details and articles from a wide range of American historical publications. website ‘Guide to Internet History Resources’ which includes a great deal of historical information. A useful starting point for any Advanced Higher student. outstanding website on the First World War. Yahoo search engine.avp.co.ukThe website of AVP – a company which produces historical CD-Roms, computer software and videos. (A number of these commercial products are listed in the sections in this Bibliography under ‘CD-Roms’ and ‘Videos’.)bbc.co.uk/historyCreated in 1999, the BBC History website contains a great deal of information on a wide variety of topics.The website of a commercial company called Cromwell Productions Limited which supplies a wide variety of educational resources. (A number of the commercial products listed in the sections in this Bibliography under ‘CD-Roms’ and ‘Videos’ can be obtained from this source.)The website of the periodical History Today. The site contains extracts from articles from the current issue, book reviews, forthcoming features, and an expanding archive. A home page of the sister publication, History Review, is included. (A search engine of page contents is included.)philipallan.co.ukThe website address of the Modern History Review. A number of the periodical’s articles can be downloaded through the Net.CD-RomsA growing number of CD-Roms are available to schools from commercial publishers. Inevitably the quality of these CD-Roms is variable. Unfortunately, it may well be a case of trial and error on the part of the teacher to see if such items are suitable for use in the classroom with Advanced Higher students.One advantage of CD-Roms is that they ‘stand alone’ – one only needs the appropriate drive on the computer to use them. At the same time, in terms of ‘image presentation’, they provide a better written text and sound quality than websites; CD-Roms also provide images more quickly and images that have a higher resolution than websites. Many publishers provide CD-Roms on approval. It may even be possible to view titles at local Information Technology Centres, addresses of which are available from public libraries. CD-Roms have huge storage capacities and are therefore an excellent reference tool. The CD-Rom may well be replaced by the Digital Video Disk or the DVD. Only time will tell. Indeed, a number of formats may even exist, technologically speaking, side by side.Changing TimesAn excellent CD-Rom which consists of the back issues of The Times newspaper between 1785 and 1985. It has the facility to allow the user to search for items under relevant headings. For example, it is possible to browse or research under the heading of the Second World War. (Comparable CD-Roms are produced by the Daily Telegraph and the Daily Mail.)Encarta ‘97One of the best known encyclopaedias available on CD-Rom. This is the Microsoft encyclopaedia and contains about 28,000 articles.Encyclopaedia BritannicaPerhaps the most famous of encyclopaedias is now available in its entirety on two discs.The Era of the Second World WarThe documentary evidence contained here covers the causes, the nature and the significance of the Second World War.The First World War and its ConsequencesThe second half of this CD-Rom is directly relevant to the Advanced Higher course. It deals with the establishment of the Weimar Republic and the rise of Hitler and Nazism.Hutchinson History LibraryA reference CD-Rom which contains over 12,000 entries.Lest We Forget: A History of the HolocaustAn award-winning CD-Rom on the Holocaust. It contains four sections on the ‘Jewish People’, ‘Hitler’s Germany’, ‘The Holocaust’, and its ‘Aftermath’. (Details can be obtained from the disc’s distributors, News Multimedia. Telephone: 01525 852813.)Memory of the CampsA contemporary record of German concentration camps. Filmed by Allied troops towards the end of the Second World War. (Details from MSS, PO Box 341, Northampton NN4 0BD. Telephone: 01604 705659.)The Times Perspectives: World War IIA disc which views the Second World War through material reproduced from The Times newspaper.The Troubled CenturyA three-disc study of the twentieth century. The first disc (The Struggle for Peace) looks at the First and Second World Wars. The second disc (Societies in Change) looks at how political ideologies have shaped Germany (fascism), the USA (capitalism) and the USSR (communism). The third disc (Superpower Relations) examines international relations from Yalta to the fall of the Berlin Wall.World War IIA two-disc interactive documentary which contains material on the rise of Hitler and the Holocaust.VideosA format well used by teachers but possibly a little passé for students. Two types of video recordings are listed below. Where known the length of each video is given.?Firstly, those professionally produced, often with the schools market in mind. As with CD-Roms, the factual content and analysis contained within these videos are variable and it will be a case of trial and error to see if they are suitable for use in the classroom with Advanced Higher students. These videos are available from publishers.?Secondly, a number of videos recorded from television programmes. Aimed at the general public, these videos reflect the seemingly inexhaustible interest of the general public in German history in general and in the Third Reich in particular. These videos are clearly referenced by the television channel on which they were first shown. (The History Channel is also worth watching for programmes on German History between 1918 and 1939.)Videos are obtainable from a variety sources, including high street shops. Students and teachers might even consider consulting one of the main film guides such as Halliwell’s Film Guide for suitable videos. Two useful addresses are:?Film Education, 41-42 Berners Street, London W1P 3AA. Information can be obtained on current film titles. History titles can be obtained on request.?Adrian’s Video, 59 High Street, Wickford, Essex SS12 2AQ (Telephone: 01268 733326). A large number of History videos can be obtained from this source. Adolf Hitler (54 minutes)A biographical film which tells its story through film footage and through interviews with Hitler’s sister. Anne Frank Remembered, BBC2 (95 minutes), 1995A documentary looking at the life and times of Anne Frank.Art in the Third Reich, BBC1 (60 minutes), 1990The first of two Omnibus programmes called The Orchestration of Power. It looks at how art and culture were used by the regime.Art in the Third Reich, BBC1 (60 minutes), 1990The second of two Omnibus programmes called The Propaganda Machine. It looks at how the regime used and manipulated art and culture to legitimise its rule and to manipulate the masses.Berliners, BBC2 (50 minutes), 1988The Berlin-born actor, Andrew Sachs, returns to the city of his childhood.Birthplace, BBC2 (45 minutes), date unknownA Jewish survivor of the Holocaust returns to his Polish birthplace to investigate what happened to his family during the Second World War.The Black Fox, ATV (105 minutes), 1962The life and times of Adolf Hitler from 1918 to 1945. A film which depicts the rise of Hitler and life in Germany in the Third Reich.CabaretThe well known cinematic version of Isherwood’s book Goodbye to Berlin, starring Liza Minelli. In the decadent café society portrayed in the film in the early 1930s, the Nazis are ignored. Growing anti-Semitism and political violence provide a backcloth to the story. Causes of the Second World War, BBC2 (20 minutes), 1993An introduction to the topic aimed at students in the middle years of secondary school.Children of the Third Reich, BBC2 (35 minutes), date unknownFirst shown in the ‘First Tuesday’ documentary series. A short programme which looks at how the children of three Nazis, including Hans Frank’s son, have tried to come to terms with the fact that their fathers were involved in brutal acts of barbarism carried out by the Third Reich.Christabel, BBC1 (4 ? 60 minutes), 1988A four-part drama documentary series based on the life of Christabel Bielenberg. She was a British-born German whose husband was involved in the resistance to Hitler.Daniel’s Story (13 minutes), 1991A short programme which looks at the experiences of some children who were victims of the Holocaust. Made by the Unites States Holocaust Memorial Museum.DictatorsA comparative video which looks at the personalities, politics and crimes of Hitler, Mussolini and Stalin.Dr Death, Channel 4 (95 minutes), 2000A documentary film on an American engineer, Fred Leuchter. Illegally taking and analysing brick samples from Auschwitz, Leuchter claimed he had the evidence to prove that the Holocaust never happened. An example of Holocaust denial. Entartete Musik, Decca (35 minutes), 1996A promotional (?) video produced by the Decca recording company to promote music written in the late 1920s and early 1930s during the final years of the Weimar Republic. Much of the music has subsequently been recorded on the Decca label. The Nazis banned this so-called ‘degenerate’ music on coming to power in 1933.Extravaganzas of the Third Reich (50 minutes)A video which looks at the nature and effects of Nazi propaganda.The Fatal Attraction of Adolf Hitler, BBC1 (90 minutes), 1989A documentary containing some fascinating film unearthed by the programme’s researchers on Hitler. Narrated by Christopher Andrew, it is an excellent study of the man and his appeal to the German people over three decades. Worth showing in its entirety to Advanced Higher students. Führer, STV (65 minutes), 1989A biographical history which documents the life and times of Adolf Hitler. The programme was broadcast on 18 April 1989, almost a century after the dictator’s birth. The Führer’s Germany, BBC2 (25 minutes), date unknownA look at Germany in the 1930s which would be a useful introductory guide for Advanced Higher students.The Germans, Channel 4 (4 ? 60 minutes), 1992Four programmes which focus on the recently reunified Germany in the early 1990s. Apart from predicting the future, the programmes look at the legacy the twentieth century provided in shaping late twentieth-century Germany.Germany 1870–1970, BBC, 1970A television history of Germany from unification under the Iron Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in 1871 to the election of Willy Brandt as Federal Chancellor in 1970.Germany at War No.1 1918–1941 (50 minutes)The first of three commercially available videos which set German history in the given period in the context of the outbreak of war in 1939.Goebbels, BBC2 (50 minutes), 1993A straightforward programme which gives a clear account of the life and times of the Nazi Propaganda Minister.Good Morning, Mr Hitler!,Channel 4 (60 minutes), 1993A documentary which focuses on the Day of German Art Festival organised by the Nazis in Munich in July 1939. The Festival was filmed by local amateur film makers. A great deal of colour footage of some leading Nazis is included. A historical curiosity. The Great Dictator, Channel 4 (30 minutes), 1992A brief and irreverent study of Hitler as a man and Hitler the manipulative politician.Hitler and Stalin, BBC2 (20 minutes), 1991In the tradition of A J P Taylor, the historian Alan Bullock extemporises in front of the camera on the strangely similar upbringings, personalities and careers of the twentieth century’s two great dictators. Broadcast to coincide with the publication of Bullock’s book on Hitler and Stalin, Parallel Lives. (Shown on ‘The Late Show’ in 1991.) Hitler Stole My Ideas, Channel 4 (55 minutes), 1995A programme based on the premise that Hitler ‘stole’ many of his ideological ideas from Jorg Lanz, a former Cistercian monk, who founded the racist periodical Ostara at the start of the twentieth century. Useful for giving an idea of the beliefs circulating in central Europe as Hitler grew up in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.Hitler: Tiger at the Gate, STV (20 minutes), 1986A brief history of Germany after the First World War focusing on the rise of the Nazis.Jerrybuilding, BBC2 (40 minutes), 1994The journalist and broadcaster Jonathan Meades mercilessly condemns and ridicules the architectural monstrosities and absurdities built for propaganda and ideological purposes by the Third Reich. An unusual and instructive programme. Joseph Goebbels (30 minutes)A short biographical video about Hitler’s Minister of Propaganda.Making Germany Pay, BBC (20 minutes), date unknownOn Germany and reparations after the First World War. A programme made for middle secondary school students.The Master Race, Channel 4 (20 minutes), date unknownA historical documentary which looks at the propaganda role played by the 1936 Berlin Olympics.Mein KampfA video which uses documentary footage to analyse and explain Hitler’s book Mein Kampf.Munich, BBC2 (22 minutes), 1985A basic introduction to the Munich Crisis of 1938.Munich: Was Appeasement Right?, BBC (20 minutes), date unknownA basic introduction to the Munich Crisis aimed at the equivalent of Standard Grade students.Munich: The Peace of Paper (85 minutes), date unknownA detailed study of the Munich Crisis.The Nazis A Warning from History, BBC1 (6 ? 50 minutes), 1997An excellent six-part documentary series on the Third Reich.Part 1: ‘Helped into Power’ – The collapse of the Weimar Republic and the appeal of Nazism.Part 2: ‘Chaos and Consent’ – How the Nazis ruled Germany in the 1930s. Part 3: ‘The Wrong War’ – How the Second World War came about.Part 4: ‘The Wild East’ – On German rule in eastern Europe.Part 5: ‘The Road to Treblinka – The persecution of Jews and the extermination camps. Part 6: ‘Fighting to the End’ – Resistance to Hitler and the collapse of the regime.The Nazi Seizure of PowerA video produced by the University of Warwick. A straightforward account of how the Nazis came to power in 1933. (It can be bought for ?23.48 from the University Bookshop, Westwood Campus, Coventry CV4 7AL.)The Nazi Who Said Sorry, BBC2 (60 minutes), 1996A documentary which looks at how Albert Speer came to terms, at Nuremberg and afterwards, with the part he played in the Third Reich. The makers of the programme contend that Speer made the ghost of an apology for himself to the rest of the world. The programme contains an interview with Gitta Sereny, the author of Albert Speer: His Battle With Truth (1995).News 39, BBC1 (15 minutes), 1989Seven fifteen-minute programmes broadcast on the fiftieth anniversary of the outbreak on war in September 1939. Presented in a ‘modern style’, each programme focuses on the breaking international and diplomatic news on seven consecutive days between Monday 28 August and Sunday 3 September 1939. Inevitably the events surrounding the outbreak of hostilities hold centre stage. However, wider news items, including fashion and sport, are also included. No Time To Say Goodbye (55 minutes), date unknownThe story of Jewish children sent to Britain in the 1930s. The film also tells of their personal experiences of coming to live in a strange land.Nuremberg, Channel 4 (50 minutes), 1991A detailed study of how the Allies charged the surviving leaders of the Third Reich with war crimes and crimes against humanity.Otto Dix: A Tale of Two Germanies, BBC2 (60 minutes), 1992An ‘Arena’ documentary. This fascinating biographical study traces the life and times of the German painter Otto Dix. Inevitably his art reflects the politics of German history in the twentieth century. Dix lived through and passed judgement in his art on the Great War, the Weimar Republic, the Third Reich and communist East Germany. Dix even lived to see the fall of the Berlin Wall. Fascinating.Outcast (40 minutes)A programme about the persecution of the Jewish community in Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1938, made by the International School for Holocaust Studies.The People’s Century, BBC1 (55 minutes), 1995The programme on ‘Anti-Semitism’ in The People’s Century series traces the background to the persecution of the Jews and then charts the escalating level of persecution, culminating in the Final Solution.The People’s Century, BBC1 (55 Minutes), 1995The programme on the ‘Lost Peace’ in The People’s Century series looks at international relations in Europe between the wars. A brief look at the Treaty of Versailles is followed by an in-depth look at the strength of anti-war sentiment prevalent in the 1920s. The failure of the League of Nations in the 1930s is dealt with concisely.The Road to War, BBC2 (6 ? 50–55 minutes), 1989A six-part series which looks at events in the 1930s leading to the outbreak of the Second World War from the individual perspective of six powers. In broadcast order they are Great Britain, Germany, the USSR, Italy, France and Japan. Programme 2 on Germany deals with the resentment caused by the Treaty of Versailles, how the Depression ‘brought’ the Nazis to power, and focuses on the remilitarisation of the Rhineland, the Munich Crisis and the outbreak of war in 1939. The Second World War, BBC2 (30 minutes), 1987In 1987 A J P Taylor recorded six half-hour programmes on the collective theme of ‘How Wars Begin’ in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The third programme looks specifically at the origins and causes of the Second World War. Extemporising in front of the camera, Taylor reiterates some of his views contained in his controversial book, The Origins of the Second World War published in 1961.The Third Reich: The Early Years to 1935 (85 minutes)A video which deals with the collapse of the Weimar Republic and the establishment of the Third Reich.The Third Reich: 1936–1939 (85 minutes)A detailed visual explanation of the Third Reich in the years leading up to the outbreak of war in 1939.The Treaty of Versailles, Channel 4 (10 minutes), 1999A short programme which looks at ‘what the papers said’ on the 1919 Treaty. The Unchained Camera, BBC2 (60 minutes), 1995A programme which looks at the development and nature of Weimar cinema. The first twenty minutes of the programme examine the German film industry after the Great War in the context of the German Revolution of 1918-1919. First shown as part of the ‘Cinema Europe: the Other Hollywood’ series.The Volkswagen Beetle, BBC2 (25 minutes), 1987A programme which looks at the ‘design classic’ of the German motor industry of the 1930s.Why Appeasement?, BBC (20 minutes), date unknownA programme which examines the roots of appeasement in the 1920s and looks briefly at the events of the 1930s.William II, Channel 4 (60 minutes), 1998A biographical study of the last German Kaiser. Useful for understanding German history before 1918 and drawing lines of continuity after 1933.Without Walls, Channel 4 (2 ? 90 minutes), 1993An in-depth look at the life and career of the film maker Leni Riefenstahl. Inevitably the film looks in detail at the making of ‘The Triumph of the Will’ (1934–35) which documented the 1934 Nuremberg Nazi Party Rally.The World at War, STV (varying lengths), 1974The award-winning story of World War II first broadcast on STV in 1974 and later shown on BBC 2. The series is now commercially available on four double videos (Parts 1 to 4). The first section of Part 1 looks at ‘A New Germany, 1933–39’ (Hitler’s Germany) and the ‘Distant War, 1939–40’ (the war in Europe and on the high seas).The World That Summer (100 minutes), 1980A film based on the novel Die Welt In Jenem Sommer by Robert Müller. It portrays the summer of the Berlin Olympics of 1936 through the eyes of a young boy.A Year to RememberAvailable from branches of W H Smith, these videos visually chronicle the events of specific years.The Yellow Star (85 minutes)A documentary film made by Simon Wiesenthal on the persecution of the Jews in Europe between 1933 and 1945.Journals and PeriodicalsBooks are not the only source of written information for Advanced Higher students. Hopefully they will make use of historical journals and periodicals when it comes to background reading as well as reading to write essays and dissertations. (Please note that the journals and periodicals listed below are, for reasons of convenience, listed in the Bibliography Section.) Such articles serve a number of purposes: ?They provide up-to-date views, information and analysis on topics which will not be currently available in book form for some time.?They provide a concise summary of key topics.?They give students some idea of the academic debates taking place between historians. (These debates can sometimes be very personal and acrimonious.) They are therefore useful for historiographical purposes.?For those students continuing to study History after school, they give an idea of what will be expected from them as History undergraduates in higher education. As a matter of course at university they will be expected to read such articles.?They show students the mechanics of historical writing. Primary and secondary sources are clearly acknowledged. Footnotes are properly set out and bibliographies coherently structured.Three types of periodical have been included:Academic JournalsFirstly, articles from a number of university academic journals, normally published on a quarterly basis, have been included. Obviously such articles are aimed specifically at undergraduates, postgraduate students and university academics. However, they are also of use to the teacher because they help give the classroom practitioner a clear idea of current trends and research projects being undertaken by academics. Hopefully teachers will look at some of the articles contained in the listed journals.The language and arguments used in such articles are likely to tax even the most able Advanced Higher student. They should try to read at least one of these articles, even if it means being given a little help by their teacher. Perhaps one of these articles could be discussed by the class. However, it is hoped such articles can be profitably used by students who should scan the text to pick out relevant and salient points as well as looking at the ‘Introduction’ and ‘Conclusion’.Access to such periodicals is not normally a problem for students living in or near Scotland’s university towns and cities. Librarians are usually more than willing to allow students use of the university library to look at the periodicals and indeed books in the History Library. Obviously students geographically distant from such libraries have a problem. It may well be that there comes a time when all such journals are on the Internet to be read and consulted by a wider audience. The main periodicals listed in the Bibliography are given below. ?American Historical Review?Central European History?Economic History Review?European History Review?German History?Journal of Central European Affairs?Journal of Contemporary History?Journal of Modern HistorySchool PeriodicalsSecondly, articles from periodicals designed specifically for the school market and school students are listed. These periodicals can be obtained through subscription. Relatively cheap, they use language and argument more readily accessible to the senior school student than those contained within university journals. Some of these periodicals can also be used by students taking Standard Grade or Higher Grade History (particularly for those preparing for the Extended Higher History Essay). Some of these periodicals are listed below.HindsightFirst published in September 1990, Hindsight is written for GCSE students and is therefore suitable for Scottish Standard Grade students. However, it is of use for Advanced Higher students because the relevant articles are concise and useful introductions to parts of the Sixth Year course. Usually written by practising teachers, the articles contain some excellent written and visual primary sources. Hindsight is published three times during the school year in September, January and April. It costs ?14.95 a year, although for bulk orders of three or more subscriptions only ?7.45 per subscription, provided all the copies are mailed to the same addressee for distribution. (Subscription details can be obtained by telephoning 01869 338652 or faxing 01869 337590.)History ReviewFrom the same publishing stable as History Today (see below). Although designed specifically for Advanced Level students south of the border, topics covered make it a worthwhile publication for Advanced Higher or even Higher students in Scotland. History Review is published three times a year in September, December and March. It costs ?18.90 for an annual subscription or ?5.95 for individual copies. (Subscription enquiries should be addressed to Neil Martin, History Today, 20 Old Compton Street, London, W1V 5PE or by e-mailing Neil Martin at email:n.martin@)History Teaching Review YearbookFirst published in 1987, The History Teaching Review Yearbook is the journal of the Scottish Association of Teachers of History (SATH). Each Yearbook contains a collection of about half a dozen articles on a wide range of topics many of which are written by university lecturers. The Yearbook also includes a number of book reviews. (Subscription enquiries to Gillian Pollock, History Department, Williamwood High School, Seres Road, Glasgow G76 7NJ.) Modern History ReviewFirst published in September 1989, the magazine is produced by the Institute of Contemporary British History and its aim is to promote the study of recent history. It is aimed specifically at sixth form students and undergraduates. It is published four times a year in September, November, February and April. It costs ?19.50 for individuals and institutions. Additional subscriptions are at the reduced rate of ?9.95. (Subscription enquiries to Philip Allan Publishers Limited, Market Place, Deddington, Oxford OX5 4SE; telephone, 01869 38652.)New PerspectiveFirst published in September 1995, this is a magazine designed for ‘advanced’ students – senior school students and junior undergraduates. Its material is specifically aimed at those interested in Modern History. It regularly reviews videos and CD-ROMs. New Perspective is published three times during the school year in September, December and March. It costs ?16.30 a year. Further subscriptions for students can be got at a cost of ?5 per student as long as these copies are posted to the same address as the ‘original’ subscription. (Subscription details can be obtained at PO Box 248, Bedford MK40 2SP; telephone 01234 267856.)Teaching HistoryAn advanced periodical designed, as the title suggests, to cater for the History teacher. Published quarterly by The Historical Association at a cost (1999 prices) of ?45 for secondary schools, ?25 for individuals, and ?15 for concessionary members.(Details from Madeleine Stiles on mstiles@.uk; telephone: 020 7735 3901.) General MagazinesThirdly, historical periodicals designed specifically for the general reader interested in History are given below.BBC HistoryFirst published in April 2000, the magazine is produced by the BBC and is aimed at anyone interested in History. It is published every month. It costs ?25.40 for an annual subscription and makes no subscription differential between individuals and institutions. Individual copies of the magazine cost ?2.95. Widely available from newsagents.History TodayFirst published in 1951, History Today is designed to cater for the school student, university student, university academic, and the general reader. Many articles are written by eminent historians who are authorities in their chosen field. Useful and concise book reviews are included. The fact that items on information technology are regularly reviewed should be of particular use to History teachers. The periodical also provides, on a regular basis, a brief and selective summary of History courses available at Britain’s universities. History Today also tries to outline discernable trends taking place in the subject in higher education in the United Kingdom. History Today is published every month. It is not cheap. It costs ?33.95 for a year’s subscription, and is the same price whether you order as an individual or as an institution. (Subscription details can be obtained by phoning 020 7439 8315.) Its sister publication is History Review (see above). ................
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