Psya1 questions - AS psychology revision site



Psya1 questions February 112014These are questions on memory, attachment and research methods Great !Questions on models of memoryExplain one limitation of the working memory model.(3)According to the multi-store model of memory, there are several ways in which short-term memory and long-term memory differ. Explain how the findings of one or more studies demonstrate that short-term memory and long-term memory are different. (8)The multi-store model of memory proposes that there are separate short-term and long-term stores. Explain two differences between short-term memory and long-term memory in this model. (8)Outline the main features of the working memory model.(4)Outline one strength and one limitation of the working memory model (6)Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory. (12)Research has suggested that the encoding and capacity of short-term memory are different from the encoding and capacity of long-term memory.Explain what is meant by encoding (2)Outline the difference between the capacity of short-term memory and the capacity of long-term memory. (4)Three components of the working memory model are the central executive, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad.Briefly outline each of these components.Central executive Phonological loop Visuo-spatial sketchpad (6)An experiment was carried out to investigate the working memory model. One group of participants was asked to carry out two visual tasks at the same time. A different group of participants was asked to carry out a visual task and a verbal task at the same time. The results showed that the participants who carried out two visual tasks at the same time performed less well on the tasks than participants who carried out a visual task and a verbal task at the same time. Use your knowledge of the working memory model to explain this finding. (4)Jamie wanted to contact his doctor. He looked up the number in his telephone directory. Before he dialled the number, he had a short conversation with his friend. Jamie was about to phone his doctor, but he had forgotten the number. Use your knowledge of the multi-store model to explain why Jamie would not remember the doctor’s number. (4)Questions on memory strategyPsychology students sometimes revise for an exam by reading their notes over and over again. However, psychologists suggest that other memory improvement strategies may be more effective. Explain how a student could use their knowledge of strategies for memory improvement (other than repetition) to help revise for a psychology exam. (4)Describe two strategies for improving memory. (6)Questions on the cognitive interview Outline how a cognitive interview can be used to improve the accuracy of eyewitness testimony (EWT).One technique used in cognitive interviews is ‘report everything’. When using this technique, the police officer in this investigation read the following instructions to the participants: “Please tell me everything you can remember about what you saw in the film. Do not leave anything out, even the small details you think may be unimportant.” Identify one other technique which could have been used by the police officer in this cognitive interview. Write down the instructions that he could have read out to the participants.Technique (1)Instructions to participants (4)03810Questions on eye witness testimony Outline and evaluate research into the effects of misleading information on eyewitnesstestimony.Describe what research has shown about age of witness and eyewitness testimony.Outline one study that has investigated the effect of anxiety on eyewitness testimony.Jenny was standing at a bus stop talking on her mobile phone. The weather was wet and cold. Two men in the bus queue started arguing. One of the men was stabbed and badly injured. Later that day the police questioned Jenny, using a cognitive interview. They asked her to report everything she could remember about the incident even if it seemed unimportant. Apart from ‘report everything’, explain how the police could use a cognitive interview to investigate what Jenny could remember. In your answer you must refer to details from the passage above. (6)Outline and evaluate research into the effects of age of witnesses on accuracy of eyewitness testimony.Outline and evaluate research into how age can affect the accuracy of eyewitness testimony (EWT).Questions on explanations of attachment : learning theory Outline and evaluate learning theory as an explanation of attachment. (8)What is meant by the term attachment? (2)Learning theory provides one explanation of attachment. It suggests that attachment will be between an infant and the person who feeds it. However, the findings of some research studies do not support this explanation. Outline research findings that challenge the learning theory of attachment. (6)Questions on explanations of attachment : Bowlby’s theoryOutline Bowlby’s theory of attachment.(6)Outline and evaluate Bowlby’s explanation of attachment. (12)Outline an evolutionary explanation of attachment.(8)Questions on use of the “Strange Situation” in attachment researchA researcher used the Strange Situation to investigate the attachment types of two infants. Megan was classified as insecure-avoidant. Rosie was classified as insecure-resistant. Explain how Megan’s behaviour would differ from Rosie’s behaviour in the Strange Situation. (4)Give one limitation of the use of the Strange Situation in attachment research.(2) Sam and Dan are both twelve months old. They are observed separately in Ainsworth’s Strange Situation. Sam is slightly upset when his mother leaves, but Dan is very upset and cries loudlyApart from ethical issues, explain one or more limitations of using the Strange Situation to assess the type of attachment in young children. (2)Anya has a 10-month-old son called Ben. Anya sometimes ignores Ben and does not respond when he cries. However, when Anya feels like playing with Ben, she wakes him up, even if he is soundly asleep.What type of attachment is Ben likely to show? Explain your answer. (2)Explain how a psychologist could investigate Ben’s attachment type using Ainsworth’s Strange Situation. (3)Mary Ainsworth studied insecure and secure attachments in infants by using the‘Strange Situation’. Describe how Ainsworth studied types of attachment. (5) Some people say that Ainsworth’s studies lacked validity. Explain this criticism of Ainsworth. (4)80962517653000Outline how Ainsworth studied types of attachment. (3)Ainsworth identified different types of attachment in children, including secure and insecure attachment.Identify two characteristics of an insecurely attached child.Mary Ainsworth studied insecure and secure attachments in infants by using the Strange Situation’. Describe how Ainsworth studied types of attachment. (6)Some people say that Ainsworth’s studies lacked validity.Explain this criticism of Ainsworth. (4)Questions on cultural variations in attachmentOutline what research has shown about cultural variations in attachment. (4)Outline and evaluate what research has shown about cultural variations in attachment. (12)The effects of disruption of attachmentSimon, a two-year-old boy, was left by his parents in a residential nursery for nine days. His mother did not see him during this time because she was in hospital. He was looked after by many different carers who gave him good physical care. Explain how Simon’s behaviour might change as a result of disruption of attachment. (4)Suggest one way in which Simon’s experience when his mother went into hospital could have been improved. (2)Explain the difference between privation and disruption of attachment. You may use examples to help explain the difference. (4)Outline and evaluate research into the short term effects of disruption (12)Outline and evaluate research into the long term effects of disruption (12)Questions on failure to form attachment (privation) and institutional care (privation)Psychologists have studied the effects of early experience on children’s later behaviour. This has included the effects of institutional care and privation. Explain what is meant by the terms institutional care and privation. You may use examples in your answer. (4)Psychologists sometimes use case studies to study children. One example was of a boy who was discovered at the age of six. He had been kept in a darkened room and had had almost no social contact with people.How could a psychologist maintain confidentiality when reporting a case study? (2)Psychologists use a range of techniques to gather information in case studies.Outline one technique which the psychologist could use in this case study. (2)Apart from ethical issues, explain one or more limitations of using case studies. (4)Failure to form attachments is known as privation. Outline and evaluate research into privation. (12)Psychologists have studied children who have lived in institutions such as orphanages. Outline and evaluate research into the effects of institutionalisation. (12)Day care questions Both of Ali’s parents work full time, so they have decided to put him into day care.They do not have any relatives or friends who could care for Ali, but there are several types of day care available locally.Name two different forms of day care which might be suitable for Ali.What advice would you give to Ali’s parents to help them choose the most suitable day care for Ali?A psychologist assessed the aggressive behaviour of 100 five-year-old children who were starting school. The children had attended day care for at least 20 hours a week. Fifty of the children had attended day nurseries. The other fifty children had been looked after by childminders. The children who attended the day nurseries were more aggressive than the children who had been looked after by childminders.Explain why this is an example of a natural experiment.Suggest one way in which the psychologist could have measured the children’s aggressive behaviour.Explain two ethical issues which the psychologist should have considered when carrying out this research. (4)The researcher then decided to investigate how day care affects peer relationships. Explain what is meant by peer relations. (3) In the media, it was claimed that the results showed spending time in day care caused the children to become aggressive. Explain why this claim may be untrue (4)Describe one or more studies of the effects of day care on peer relations. (4)Questions on how research into attachment and day care has influenced child care practicesResearch has shown that quality of care is important when considering the effects of day care on children. Outline two characteristics of high quality day care. (4) Explain how child care has been influenced by findings of research into attachment. (4)Explain how current childcare practices have been influenced by research into attachment (5)Research methods Questions A psychologist investigated the effect of different forms of day care on children’s later social development. She selected two different types of day care child minders and day nurseries. The children had been in one of these types of day care full-time for at least a year before they started primary school. Each child’s mother was asked to complete a questionnaire.Identify one sampling technique and explain how it could be used to select the children. (3)The questionnaire given to the mothers included questions about the way their children’s social behaviour changed over time. Explain what is meant by children’s social behaviour. (2)Write one suitable question which could be used in the questionnaire to produce quantitative data. (2)Write one suitable question which could be used in the questionnaire to produce qualitative data. (2)Give one weakness of using questionnaires in this research. (2)-161925444560. Psychologists carried out a laboratory experiment to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive interviews. All participants watched the same film of a robbery. They were randomly allocated to Group One or Group Two. Participants were then asked to recall the robbery. The investigators used a cognitive interview to access recall ofparticipants in Group One and a standard interview to access recall of participants in Group Two.The results of this experiment are summarised in Figure 1 below.What experimental design was used in this experiment? (1)Explain one limitation of the design that was used in this experiment. (3)Explain what the results suggest about the effectiveness of the cognitive interview. (3)Participants in the standard interview were simply asked to describe what happened in the film. Suggest one way in which participants in the cognitive interview condition could have been asked to recall what happened. (1)What is meant by the term investigator effects? Explain possible investigator effects in this study. (3)A researcher carried out an experiment to investigate misleading information. Participants were shown a photograph in which a man and a woman were talking. The photograph was then taken away and the participants were asked questions about it. Participants were randomly allocated to condition one or condition two. Participants in condition one were asked:Question A “How old was the youth in the photograph?”Participants in condition two were asked:Question B “How old was the man in the photograph?”Why is Question A an example of misleading information? (2)Name an appropriate experimental design which could be used in this experiment. (1)Explain why a repeated measures design would be unsuitable to use in this experiment.(2)Explain why it would be appropriate to use a pilot study as part of this experiment. (2)In this experiment, participants were asked to look at a photograph rather than watch a live conversation. Explain one strength and one limitation of carrying out the experiment in this way. (4)A researcher investigated whether memory for words presented with pictures was better than memory for words presented without pictures. The researcher used an independent groups design.In Condition 1, participants were given a limited time to learn a list of 20 words.They were then asked to recall the 20 words in any order.In Condition 2, participants were given the same time to learn the same 20 words, but this time each word was presented with a picture. For example, the word ‘apple’ was presented alongside a picture of an apple. They were then asked to recall the 20 words in any order.A pilot study is a small-scale investigation carried out before the main study. Explain why it would be appropriate for this researcher to use a pilot study. In your answer you must refer to details of the experiment given above.(4)State a non-directional hypothesis for this experiment. (1)Explain two reasons why it was more appropriate to use an independent groups design than a repeated measures design. (4)80962539370What do the scores in Table 1 show? (2)After he had carried out the experiment, the researcher noticed that one participant in Condition 1 had recalled all 20 words. The researcher thought that this participant might have used a strategy for memory improvement, even though he had not been told to do so.Identify a memory improvement strategy that this participant might have used. (1)Explain how this strategy could have been used to learn the list of 20 words. (3)Dave, a middle-aged male researcher, approached an adult in a busy street. He asked the adult for directions to the train station. He repeated this with 29 other adults. Each of the 30 adults was then approached by a second researcher, called Sam, who showed each of them 10 photographs of different middle-aged men, including a photograph of Dave. Sam asked the 30 adults to choose the photograph of the person who had asked them for directions to the train station. Sam estimated the age of each of the 30 adults and recorded whether each one had correctly chosen the photograph of Dave. Identify one aim of this experiment. (1)Suggest one reason why the researchers decided to use a field experiment rather than a laboratory experiment. (2)Name the sampling technique used in this experiment. Evaluate the choice of this sampling technique in this experiment. (4)Identify one possible extraneous variable in this experiment. Explain how this extraneous variable could have affected the results of this experiment. (3)A psychologist carried out an experiment using an independent groups design. The psychologist wished to investigate the effectiveness of a strategy for memory improvement. In one condition, participants were taught a memory improvement strategy. In the other condition, participants were not taught this memory improvement strategy. All participants were asked to memorise 10 pictures of familiar objects. For example, the first was a doll, the second was an apple. All participants were then given 50 pictures each, and asked to select the original 10. The psychologist did a pilot study before carrying out the experiment. The results ofthe experiment are shown in Table 1 24765015875Write a directional hypothesis for this experiment. (1)Explain what is meant by an independent groups design. (1)Explain one strength and one limitation of using an independent groups design. (2)Explain why the psychologist did a pilot study. (2)Outline one strategy for memory improvement which the psychologist could have taught the participants in this experiment. A psychologist used an independent groups design to investigate whether or not a cognitive interview was more effective than a standard interview, in recalling information. For this experiment, participants were recruited from an advertisement placed in a local paper. The advertisement informed the participants that they would be watching a film of a violent crime and that they would be interviewed about the content by a male police officer. The psychologist compared the mean number of items recalled in the cognitive interview with the mean number recalled in the standard interview.Name the sampling technique used in this experiment.(1)Suggest one limitation of using this sampling technique. (2) Identify the independent variable and the dependent variable in this experiment. (2)Explain one advantage of using an independent groups design for this experiment. (2)Discuss whether or not the psychologist showed an awareness of the British Psychological Society (BPS) Code of Ethics when recruiting participants for this experiment. (3)A psychologist carried out a research study to investigate the effects of institutional care. To do this, she constructed a questionnaire to use with 100 adults who had spent some time in an institution when they were children. She also carried out interviews with ten of the adults.For this study, explain one advantage of collecting information using a questionnaire (3)In this study, the psychologist collected some qualitative data. Explain what is meant by qualitative data (2)Write one suitable question that could be used in the interviews to produce qualitative data. (2)Identify two ethical issues that the psychologist would need to consider in this research.Ethical Issue 1 (1)Ethical Issue 2 (1)How the psychologist could deal with one of these issues (3)right3882center210185b) c) State an appropriate directional hypothesis for this study (2)12382502794000 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download