History Sets You Free – Those who do not know the past are ...



TOPIC 1: WIEMAR REPUBLICDiktat‘Dictated’ peace. Term used in Germany to describe the Treaty of Versailles because they did not get a say.ArmisticeAt the 11th hour on the 11th day of 1918 when both sides agreed to a ceasefire.Kaiser WilhelmThe king of Germany who abdicated in 1918Treaty of VersaillesThe treaty which ended the FWW signed by Britain, France, the USA, Italy and Germany. It restricted Germany’s military, reduced their land, imposed reparations and blamed Germany for causing the war.ReparationsDecided in 1921. ?6.6 billion be paid by Germany to the Allies.ColoniesGermany’s colonies were given to the victors as ‘mandates’.Military restrictions100,000 only in the army, only 6 battle ships, 6 cruisers, 12 destroyers, 12 torpedo boats, no air force and the Rhineland was demilitarisedLost landGermany lost 13% of her land, all overseas colonies and the regions which produced 50% of her iron and 15% of her coal.Polish CorridorPoland was given land in Prussia which split Germany into two.Alsace-LorraineLand taken at the end of the Franco-Prussian war by Germany was returned to France in 1919.Eupen and MalmadeyGiven to Belgium under the ToV.Posen and West PrussiaGiven to Poland under the ToV, splitting GermanyUpper SilesiaGiven to Poland under the TOVDanzigPort in the Polish Corridor made a ‘free city’ under control of the LoNSaar CoalfieldsAll the coal given to France for 15 years.War Guilt ClauseArticle 231, Germany had to accept all blame for starting the FWW.DolchstossThe theory that the army had been ‘stabbed in the back by the politicians who signed the ToV.November CriminalsThe politicians who signed the Armistice ending the war.Weimar RepublicNew democratic government set up in Germany after the war. It first met in Weimar because the capital, Berlin, was in chaos after the war. Weimar ConstitutionThe most democratic constitution in the world. Proportional RepresentationThe voting system in the Weimar Constitution. It meant that the number of seats in the Reichstag given to a party were in proportion to the percentage of votes that party received. It was very fair but led to coalition governments.ReichstagThe more powerful house in the German parliament. Members elected every 4 years, all men and women over 20 could vote.ReichsratSecond house in the German parliament. Number of members set by the size of the regions. Reichsrat could overturn laws unless they received a 2/3rds majority.ChancellorHead of the government. Choose the ministers who ran the country. Needed majority of Reichstag’s support to pass laws. Appointed by the president.PresidentHead of State. Elected every 7 years. Chose the Chancellor. Could dismiss the Reichstag, call elections and take control of the army. Could suspend democracy under article 48.Article 48President could suspend democracy.Fredrick EburtFirst president of Weimar. He gained support of the most important groups in Germany, the army, industrialists and the Trade Unions.CoalitionsA government when two parties worked together. There were lots in Weimar because of proportional representation. They are likely to collapse.Gold reservesThe Germans had spent all their gold on the war and so the country was bankrupt.Default on reparationsThe Germans could not pay the reparations in defaulted on their payment in December 1922.Occupation of the RuhrJanuary 1923 the French occupied the Ruhr and confiscated raw materials in payment for the reparations.Passive resistanceThe German government called on their workers in the Ruhr to not work to stop the French extracting raw materials RuhrThe industrial heartland of Germany within the Rhineland. It produced 80% of all of Germany’s coal, iron and steel.HyperinflationThe German government printed money to cover government expenditure and reparations. This led to the spiralling cost of goods. In 1919 a loaf of bread cost 1 Mark. In November 1923 it cost 200,000 billion Marks. RentenmarkNew currency introduced in November 1923 by Gustav Stresemann to solve the problem of hyperinflation.Left wing People in politics who want to share money out. They want to look after the poor.Right wing People in politics who want to allow people to keep their own money. They want to look after the rich.Spartacist LeagueGerman Communists. They wanted to destroy Weimar and make Germany Communist. They led a rebellion on 6th January 1919. They took over parts of Berlin and key buildings, like newspaper offices. The revolt was crushed by the FreikorpsFreikorpsEx-soldiers who were right wing. They were used to crush the Spartacist revolt and killed the leaders Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht on the 15th January. Rotfrontkampfer (Red Front Fighters)Private army of the left wing.Stahlhelm (Steel Helmets)Private army of the Right wing.Kapp Putsch1920 5000 supporters of the right wing Kapp marched on Berlin to try to bring back the Kaiser. The government fled to Dresden and called on the people to go on strike. This stopped essential services like gas, electricity and water. Kapp fled.Munich PutschThe attempt by the Nazi party to take control of the government of Bavaria and then move on the capital. The Nazis attempted this in 1923 seeing that the Weimar republic was weak after the invasion of the Ruhr. It was a failure. Gustav StresemannGerman Chancellor who resolved the economic and political problems that Germany faced. He died on 3rd October 1929 just before the Wall Street Crash.ReichsbankA new national bank set up by Stresemann in 1924. It issues the new currency, the Rentenmark.Dawes Plan 1924, Charles G. Dawes, an American Banker set up a plan to enable Germany to pay the reparations. Annual reparations payments were lowered (although the amount owed remained the same) and the Americans invested in German industry. Industrial output doubled, exports increased as did money the government received from taxation. Young PlanAugust 1929, led by American banker, Owen Young. Reparations were reduced to ?2 billion and Germany was given 59 more years to pay it (until 1988). This boosted the economy as the government had to spend less each year on reparations (only ?50 million). Locarno PactOctober 1925 the Locarno pact was a treaty signed by Britain, France, Germany and Italy. Germany accepted its new boarder with France. In return, the Allied troops left the Rhineland, French promised peace and Germany entered the League of Nations. FulfilmentStresemann’s policy of fulfilling the terms of the ToV to improve life for Germany.League of NationsAn organisation set up to ensure world peace. Germany joined in 1926 and Stresemann was given a Nobel peace prize. Kellog-Briand PactAugust 1928 Germany and 61 other nations signed the pact which stated that they would not use war to achieve their foreign policy aims. Wall St Crash29th October 1929 the American Stock exchange collapsed. Black ThursdayThe beginning of the Wall Street Crash. Shares worth $20,000 in the morning were worth just $1000 in the afternoon. In a week investors lost $4000 million.DepressionThe Wall Street Crash caused economic depression. Banks stopped lending. Exports and imports fell. Trade slumped. Unemployment increased. Germany was hit the hardest because they owed the USA so much money.Hienrich BruningChancellor from 1930 – 1932 during the Depression. He advocated raising taxes and reducing unemployment benefit. This angered the left and right and his support in the Reichstag collapsed. Power VacuumWhen no one is in control. It means a new person or power may IC 2: HITLER AND THE GROWTH OF THE NAZI PARTYAdolf HitlerDid badly at school. Fought in the FWW. Hated the ToV. Changed the DAP to the NASDP. Became Chancellor of Germany and later became Fuhrer.Karl Lueger Jewish Mayor for Hitler’s home, Vienna. Hitler became angry at Jews because he blamed Lueger for his failings.German Workers Party (DAP)Founded on 5th January 1919 by Anton Dexler. 23 people attended the first meeting, 40 attended the second. Hitler joined in 1921 and made it the Nazi Party.25 point programIdeas of the DAP created by Dexler and Hitler. It argued that the ToV should be destroyed, Germany should gain ‘Lebensraum’ (living space) and Jews should not be allowed to be citizens.NSDAPNational Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi for short) new name given to the DAP on 7th August 1920. It had 3000 members by 1920.Vokisher BeobachterNewspaper bought by the Nazis so they could spread their ideas. FuhrerHitler made himself Fuhrer (leader) of the party.Der SturmerA second Nazi paper founded by Julius Streicher.LudendorffEx-Army general and hero of the FWW. Strong supporter of the Nazis in the 1920s. He supported Hitler in the Munich Putsch.Sturmabeteilung (SA)The Nazi party’s private army. They wore brown shirts. They broke up the meetings of opposition parties. They were led by Ernst Rohm. By the 1930s the SA were 400,000 strong. In the 1930 and 1932 elections the SA were very violent. In Hamburg 1932 they killed 19 people. Strosstrupp (SS)Meaning ‘shock troop’. This was Hitler’s private bodyguard, created because the SA were too difficult to control. Munich PutschAttempt by the Nazis to seize control of the regional government in Munich, capital of Bavaria on the night of the 8-9th November 1923. Von Kahr, von Seisser and von LossowLeaders of the Bavarian regional government in 1923 during the Munich putsch.ResidenzstrasseStreet in Munich where the Nazis marched on the morning of the 9th November and were met by armed police.GafBodyguard who took several bullets for Hitler in the Munich Putsch.Landsberg CastleThe prison where Hitler was sentenced to 5 years. He only served 9 months and was allowed unlimited visitors. Here he wrote Mein Kampf.Mein Kampf‘My Struggle’, Hitler’s auto biography and political manifesto.NationalismPolitical idea which involves: breaking the ToV, reviving German power, autarky, expanding Germany’s borders, purifying the German race.SocialismControl big business, controlling the economy, prevent business making excessive profit, and prevent Jews owning businesses, treat workers fairly. Totalitarianism The government should control every part of people’s lives.Traditional ValuesStrong families, men to be strong and work, women to cook and clean, Christianity, old Pagan Germanic culture. StruggleGermany needed to struggle against enemies outside and within Germany. Racial purityAryans are the superior race, Slavs (east Europeans), Asians and Africans were lower races, the Jews were the lowest race.Burgerbrau KellerBeer hall in Munich where Hitler attempted the putsch. Also the place where he re-launched the Nazi Party on 27th February 1925. Philipp BouhlerSecretary to the re-organised Nazi Party in 1925.Franz SchwarzTreasurer to the re-organised Nazi party in 1925.ThyssenIndustrialist who funded the Nazis in the 1930s.KruppIndustrialist who funded the Nazis in the 1930s.BoschIndustrialist who funded the Nazis in the 1930s.Heinrich HimmlerLeader of the SS (after Julius Schreck).Joseph GoebbelsPropaganda leader for the Nazis. Created lots of simple negative slogans which gained them support and votes in elections.Scapegoats Jews were blamed for all of the problems of Germany by the Nazis.President Hindenburg78 year old war hero of the German army was elected President of Germany in 1925.Presidential DecreeFrom 1930 – 1933 Bruning used these to govern Germany because the Recihstag was too divided. Nazi Election CampaignNazis used aeroplanes to get from city to city in the election campaigns. Hitler was a powerful speaker and strong figure head. The promises he made appealed to the German people. Work and BreadSlogan on posters used by the Nazis in their election campaigns. Middle class supportMany of these people, lawyers, teachers, small famers and small business men supported the Nazis.Farmer supportFarmers supported the Nazis as they feared the Communists would confiscate their land.Big business supportBusinesses supported the Nazis as they feared that the Communists would confiscate their factories. SwastikaThe Nazi symbol designed by Hitler. It had the red background for Socialism showing that the Nazis would look after the poor. It had the black and white of the old German flag showing that the Nazis would restore German power. Presidential elections of 1932No-one achieved over 50% of the vote to become President. Hindenburg won with 18 million votes. Hitler polled 11 million. In the re-election Hindenburg polled 19 million votes and stayed as president. Hitler’s vote went to 13 million!Banning of the SAApril 1932 Chancellor Bruning tried to ban the SA. He was faced with opposition by the right wing and was forced to resign.Chancellor Von PapenMay 1932 von Papen was made Chancellor. The real power behind his government was von Schleicher. Schleicher asked Hitler and the Nazis to be in the government as well. November 1932 Papen resigned having lost Nazi support. Papen Election of July 1932The Nazis achieved 230 seats and was the biggest party in the Reichstag. Hitler demanded that Hindenburg make him Chancellor but Hindenburg refused. Election of November 1932Nazi support fell to 196 seats in the Reichstag. Hitler withdrew his support for von Papen. Papen resigned. Chancellor von SchleicherAppointed on 2nd December 1932 by Hindenburg. He struggled to rule as he lacked a majority in the Reichstag. He requested that Hindenburg suspend democracy. This was leaked and he was forced to resign. Chancellor HitlerAppointed on 30th January 1933. Von Papen persuaded Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor with Papen as deputy. He claimed he could ‘control’ IC 3: THE NAZI DICTATORSHIPReichstag fire27th February 1933 the Reichstag was burnt down. Marinus van der LubbeA Dutch Communist found Reichstag with matches and firelighters. He confessed to setting it alight. He was put on trial and executed. State of EmergencyHitler persuaded Hindenburg to declare this as a result of the Reichstag fire.Decree for the Protection of the People and StateThis gave Hitler the power to imprison political opponents and ban Communist newspapers after the Reichstag fire and before the election on 5th March 1933.Election 5th March 1933Nazis won 288 seats. Hitler used emergency powers to ban 81 Communists meaning the Nazis had a 2/3rds majority. Enabling Act23rd March 1933 – This meant that Hitler could make laws without the Reichstag for 4 years. He was virtually dictator. Armed SA men intimidated MPs as they went in to vote. It was passed 444/94. Trades Unions banned.May 1933 - Hitler banned Trades Unions and made striking illegal.Political parties bannedJuly 1933 – Hitler issued a decree making political parties illegal.Lander ParliamentsJanuary 1934 – Lander (regional) parliaments were banned.Night of the Long Knives30th June 1934 –Rohm and 150 leaders of the SA were rounded up and executed because they were a threat to Hitler’s power. Stadelheim Gaol1st July – Rohm was in gaol and given a pistol with which to commit suicide. He did not, so was shot.Death of Hindenburg2nd August 1934 - After this Hitler was the indisputable dictator of Germany. He merged the roles of Chancellor and President into Fuhrer. SS in Nazi GermanyThey were the Nazi party’s private police force after 1933. They also had to ‘purify’ the Aryan race.TotenkopfA branch of the SS that ran the Concentration Camps.GestapoSecret Police Force. Set up in 1933 by Hermann Goering. Run by Heydrich.Arrested anyone who spoke out. Informed by normal people. Offenders imprisoned without trial.Concentration CampsSet up in 1933 to deal with opponents to the Nazis. Dachau was the first. By 1939 there were 6 camps with 20,000 people in total. Nazi League for maintenance of the lawAll judges had to be members. Hitler used this to control them.People’s courtJust for trying people for treason. Hitler picked the judges himself.Concordat Signed in July 1933 between Hitler and the Pope. Hitler agreed to leave the Catholic church, her schools and youth groups alone in return priests were to swear loyalty to the Nazis and stay out of politics. Catholic Youth LeagueProtected by the Concordat in 1933 but later banned by Hitler.Mit Brennedner SorgeCriticism of the Nazis written in 1937 by the Pope, it means ‘With Burning Anxiety’. German Christian MovementPro-Nazi Protestant priests who allowed Swastikas displayed in their churches.Ludwig MullerLeader of the German Christian Movement. Pastors’ Emergency League (PEL)Anti-Nazi Protestant priests who campaigned against the Nazis.Martin NiemollerLeader of the Pastors’ Emergency League. Totalitarian StateA state where the government has TOTAL control over every aspect of people’s lives. PropagandaTelling people what to think. The Nazis used this to get people to vote for them before 1933 and then to continue to support them after 1933.CensorshipRemoving information. The Nazis did this after 1933 to make sure that people continued to support them. Minister for the people’s EnlightenmentSet up in 1933 by Goebbels. This told the press what to write in the news.Nazi Education ministerA Nazi in control of the curriculum in schools and universities.Reich Chamber of ArtsWriters, musicians, artists and actors had to be members. It controlled what could be produced. Burning of the books10th May 1933 25,000 ‘un-German’ books were destroyed. These included books by Communists, Jews and other undesirables. Mendelssohn German Jewish classical composer. His music was banned. Wagner German classical composer whose music celebrated German legends. Jazz MusicConsidered ‘Black Music’ by the Nazis and therefore banned. Nuremburg RalliesEvery September the Nazis held huge rallies showing the strength of the Nazi party and Germany.Volksempf?ngerMeaning the ‘people’s receiver’. These were very cheap so everyone could have one.Hitlerjunge QuexPropaganda film showing a young Nazi being killed by the Communists.Triumph of WillA propaganda film which showed the Nuremburg rallies made by Leni Riefenstahl.Berlin OlympicsHeld in Berlin in 1936. The Germans won the most Gold Medals, IC 4: NAZI DOMESTIC POLICIESAryan Blond hair, blue eyes, Caucasian. The Nazis believed that these people represented the Master race.CaucasianWhite skinned peopleHerrenvolkMaster race (Germanic Aryans)Untermenschena person considered racially or socially inferior – sub-humanLebensunwertesThose that the Nazi’s believed had ‘no right to live’GleichshaltungNazi Policy of coordination – where everyone did what everyone else did and what the state wantedPimpfLittle Fellows – Nazi group for boys from age 6-14JungvolkHitler Youth – Nazi group for boys from age 14-18Junm?delbundThe Young Girls League – Nazi group for girls aged 10-14Bund Deutscher M?delLeague of German Girls/Band of German Maidens – Nazi group for girls aged 14-18Kinder Küche KircheWomen encouraged to leave work and focus on the K’s Children, Kitchen, ChurchLebensraumFountain of Life programme to encourage childbirth. Provided nurseries and financial aid for women with children. Later it made ‘single women available for fertilisation by SS men’ to create ‘genetically pure’ children for adoption by worthy German families.AutarkyEconomic independence or self-sufficiency.AutobahnsGerman motorways, 2000 kms built by the Nazis, mostly by people in the RAD. VolkswagenPeople Wagon - The Nazis devised a scheme to allow workers to buy a Volkswagen Beetle car for a small weekly payment.KristallnachtAlso known as The Night of the Broken Glass. On this night, November 9, 1938, almost 200 synagogues were destroyed, over 8,000 Jewish shops were sacked and looted, and tens of thousands of Jews were removed to concentration campsKraft durch Freude (KdF)Strength through Joy, abbreviated?KdF was a large state-operated leisure organization in Nazi Germany which gave workers rewards for their work - evening classes, theatre trips, picnics, and even free holidays.Sch?nheit der ArbeitSdABeauty of Work - to help Germans see that work was good, and that everyone who could work should.Deutsche Arbeitsfront DAFThe German Labour Front was established to replace Trade Unions. Every worker in Germany was now a member of the same trade union, which was controlled by the Nazis. The DAF managed discipline, wages and working hours.RADNational service?meant all young men spent six months in the RAD [RAD:?The labour service in which young men in Germany had to do a six-month compulsory stint.]?and then they were conscripted into the army.Domestic ScienceThe study of household skills such as cooking or sewing, especially as taught at school; home economics.Trade UnionAn organized association of workers in a trade, group of trades, or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.RearmamentGerman re-armament (Aufrüstung), the growth of the German military in contravention of the Versailles treaty.Anti-Semitismhostility to or prejudice against JewsScapegoatsA person who is blamed for the wrongdoings, mistakes, or faults of others, especially for reasons of expediency.Nuremburg LawsAt the annual party rally held in?Nuremberg?in 1935, the Nazis announced new?laws?which institutionalized many of the racial theories prevalent in Nazi ideology. The?laws?excluded German Jews from Reich citizenship and prohibited them from marrying or having sexual relations with persons of "German or related blood."BoycottTo stop buying or using the goods or services of a certain company or country as a protest.EmbassyThe official residence or offices of an ambassador.IndoctrinateTeach (a person or group) to accept a set of beliefs uncritically. (brainwash)CriticiseIndicate the faults of (someone or something) in a disapproving way.UndermineTo make someone less confident, less powerful, or less likely to succeed etc.Policies A course or principle of action adopted or proposed by an organization or individual.Edelweiss PiratesRebel group of youths – mixed sex, long hair, listened to swing music wrote anti-Nazi slogans on walls. ................
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