USEFUL VALENCIES, IONS AND FORMULAE FOR GCSE
USEFUL VALENCIES, IONS AND FORMULAE FOR GCSE
| |METALS | |
| | | |
|ION = +1 |ION = +2 |ION = +3 |
|VALENCY OF 1 |VALENCY OF 2 |VALENCY OF 3 |
|Li |lithium |Mg |magnesium |Al |aluminium |
|Na |sodium |Ca |calcium |Fe |iron (III) |
|K |potassium |Ba |barium | | |
|Cu |copper (I) |Fe |iron (II) | | |
|Ag |silver |Ni |nickel | | |
| | |Cu |copper (II) | | |
|H |hydrogen * |Zn |zinc | | |
|NH4 |ammonium * |Pb |lead (II) | | |
* these ions are not actually of metals but behave as such by forming positive ions
| |NON - METALS | |
| | | |
|ION = -1 |ION = -2 |ION = -3 |
|VALENCY OF 1 |VALENCY OF 2 |VALENCY OF 3 |
|F |fluoride |O |oxide |N |nitride |
|Cl |chloride |S |sulphide |PO4 |phosphate |
|Br |bromide |SO4 |sulphate | | |
|I |iodide |CO3 |carbonate | | |
|OH |hydroxide | | |VALENCY OF 4 |
|NO3 |nitrate | | |C |carbon |
|HCO3 |hydrogencarbonate | | |Si |silicon |
|HSO4 |hydrogensulphate | | |These do not form ions |
OTHER FORMULAE
The formulae of ionic compounds (compounds formed between metals and non-metals) is given by balancing the relative numbers of positive and negative ions needed to achieve a neutral compound.
The formulae of acids and of more covalent molecules is not easy to predict using valencies. The following should be learnt as a matter of course.
|Common Gases |Common Acids |Other |
|H2 |hydrogen |HCl |hydrochloric |H2O |water (l) |
|O2 |oxygen |HNO3 |nitric |NH3 |ammonia (g) |
|N2 |nitrogen |H2SO4 |sulphuric |F2 |fluorine (g) |
|Cl2 |chlorine |H3PO4 |phosphoric |Br2 |bromine (l) |
|CO2 |carbon dioxide |HCOOH |methanoic (weak) |I2 |iodine (s) |
|SO2 |sulphur dioxide |CH3COOH |ethanoic (weak) |CO |carbon monoxide (g) |
|CH4 |methane |H2CO3 |carbonic (weak) |C2H4 |ethene (g) |
REACTIVITY SERIES OF SOME METALS
K > Na > Li > Ca > Mg > Al > [C] > Zn > Fe > Pb > [H] > Cu > Ag > Au
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