Immigration - University of California, Riverside
IMMIGRATION
for Historical Statistics of the United States, Millennial Edition
Robert E. Barde
Susan B. Carter
Richard Sutch
University of California Project on the Historical Statistics of the United States
Center for Social and Economic Policy
Policy Studies Institute
University of California, Riverside
September 2001
Barde is Academic Coordinator, Institute for Business and Economic Research, Berkeley campus of the University of California. Carter is Professor of Economics, Riverside campus of the University of California. Sutch is a Distinguished Professor of Economics and Director of the Policy Studies Institute and the Center for Social and Economic Research, Riverside campus of the University of California. Sutch is also a Research Associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research.
An early draft of this chapter was presented at the annual meetings of the Social Science History Association, Dallas Texas, November 1999. Table and figure references in angle brackets (< >) refer to data tables that were prepared in conjunction with the writing of the essay. A full list of the time series, arranged by table, is shown in the appendix.
The authors acknowledge the helpful comments of Barry Chiswick, Barry Edmonston, Henry Gemery, Marvin McInnis, Matt Sobek, Jeffrey G. Williamson, and Gavin Wright for comments on an earlier draft. Christopher Meissner, Victoria Nayak, and Simone Pert provided able research assistance. The National Science Foundation, the Institute of Business and Economic Research at UC Berkeley, and the Center for Social and Economic Policy at UC Riverside provided financial assistance.
Suggested Citation: Robert E. Barde, Susan B. Carter, and Richard Sutch. "Immigration.” In Susan B. Carter, Scott S. Gartner, Michael Haines, Alan Olmstead, Richard Sutch, and Gavin Wright, eds., Historical Statistics of the United States, Millennial Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming 2004.
JEL Classification Codes: J10, J61, J68, N30, N31, N32.
I
mmigration is a recent development. While people have moved from place to place throughout their existence, spreading, in the first instance, from Africa throughout the globe, most of these relocations are not immigration. Immigration, by definition, presupposes the existence of nation states that have a desire and ability to control their borders [Torpey 2000]. Thus, when Europeans moved to the Americas in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries they were emigrating from their home countries and colonizing the Americas. They were not immigrating. Enslaved peoples have been transported against their will as recently as the mid-nineteenth century and even into modern nation states. This was not immigration either. Immigration refers to voluntary movement. Today when émigrés flee their home countries under duress, seeking freedom from political, religious, and racial persecution, it is better to think of their decision to flee as emigration since the term “immigration” is reserved to describe voluntary choice. Large-scale immigration therefore requires the world-wide development of effective constitutional guarantees of civil rights and personal liberties. As history vividly makes clear, large-scale immigration had to await improvements in income and reductions in transportation costs before such movement could be considered a possibility for more than a handful of the elite. For all these reasons, immigration could not have begun much earlier than the mid-nineteenth century.
Immigration is a central feature of the economic, social, and political history of the United States. It is arguably the defining feature. The United States is often called a “nation of immigrants” but this phrase should not be interpreted too literally. Since the U.S. Census Bureau began publishing statistics on the fraction of the population foreign-born in 1850, the foreign-born share has never exceeded 20 percent of the total (). Australia and Canada have long reported larger foreign-born shares than the United States. In addition, in the 1990s, many European countries achieved foreign-born shares that approach, and in some cases exceed, the U.S. levels [OECD 2001].
Still, the phrase “nation of immigrants” is a nice way of highlighting some distinctive and long-standing features of the American experience. From 1860 when statistics on the Native American population -- American Indians, Eskimos, and Aleuts – were first published by the Census Bureau, their share has been less than one percent of the total, even though many of those enumerated as Native Americans are of mixed ancestry. The exception is Census 2000 where people who trace their heritage to the aboriginal population account for three percent of the total. See . Because most American Blacks are descendents of slaves who were brought to America against their will as part of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, few are descendents of immigrants. [Passel and Edmonston, 1994]. See tables , , and on the slave trade. Nonetheless, because the Black population has never been more than a fifth of the total it is still the case that the vast majority of Americans are either immigrants themselves or descended from immigrants.
Another reason to embrace the “nation of immigrants” label is that, over its history, the United States has absorbed more immigrants than any other all other nation – indeed, more than all of the immigrant-recipient nations combined. This is no small feat. Of the estimated 55 million immigrants who relocated during the hundred or so years preceding the 1920s, approximately 60 percent came to the United States. See and . Moreover, unlike Australia, where approximately four-fifths of immigrants came from Britain; and unlike Argentina, where more than three-quarters of immigrants came from Italy or Spain; the United States received immigrants from many different countries all around the world. Finally, the United States is one of only a handful of countries that has not experienced an extensive diaspora of its own people. See Mitchell [1980, 1983]. Estimates of emigration from the United States are shown in and . These numbers are small relative to those of other countries. Scholars suggest that most of these were recently arrived from another country so that their “emigration” is best thought of as a return to their native land [Baines 1995].
The pace and pattern of international migration to the United States, the experience of immigrants in the United States, and the impact of immigrants on the growth and development of the American economy have all been subjects of large scholarly literatures over the years. Key works of synthesis include Bailyn [1986] for the colonial period, Jones [1960] for the period through 1924; Bodnar [1985] for the period 1830 to 1930, Hatton and Williamson [1998] for 1850 through World War I, and Archdeacon [1983] to 1980.
Immigrants, Emigrants, and Net Migration: The Statistical Record
The first systematic collection of data on immigration to the United States was begun in 1819 and the official estimates of annual immigration are presented in Series and . For immigration history of the earlier period see and . In the nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries the official immigrant series reveals strong cycles with successively higher peaks until the disruption of the First World War from 1915 through 1919. After the war there was a brief recovery followed by a sharp decline in the mid-twenties and a virtual cessation during the 1930s. Beginning about 1950, there is a more-or-less smooth increase in the numbers over the last half of the twentieth century, except for a sharp spike in the early 1990s, reflecting legalizations authorized by the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA), which we discuss in detail below. At the end of the twentieth century, the number of immigrants admitted annually (excluding the IRCA legalizations) approximate those of peak years in the late-nineteenth century. Of course, the United States was a much larger country at the end of the twentieth century than it was a hundred years earlier. To put the immigrant flows into perspective, we divide the number of immigrants by the size of the resident population and present the result as Figure . This calculation reveals that, in proportionate terms, the current inflow of immigrants is rather modest by historical standards. If we omit the IRCA legalizations, then the late-twentieth century flows are comparable to those in the slowest years from the period between 1840 and the onset of World War I.
[Figures and here.]
Still another way to think about the size of the immigrant flows is to calculate the contribution of net immigration to American population growth. We do this in Tables and and present the results in Figure . During the period of mass immigration preceding World War I, immigration accounted for somewhere between a third and a half of U.S. population growth. At the end of the twentieth century immigration again accounts for about a third of that growth, despite the fact that the number of arriving immigrants is smaller and the base population is larger today than it was in the decades immediately preceding World War I. The reason for the relatively large contribution of immigration to American population growth today is that the rate of natural increase (births minus deaths) is low.
[Figure here.]
Scholars divide the history of international migration to the United States into three phases. The first was an era of mass, largely unregulated migration that began in 1815, just before statistics were first collected and proceeded, with enormous year-to-year variation, until the imposition of stringent numerical restrictions in the 1920s. The beginning year, 1815, witnessed the end of the War of 1812 between Britain and the United States, the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe and the beginning of massive economic, social, and political upheavals throughout the European continent. First in England, Scotland, and Ireland, then moving east into Scandinavia and Germany and then south and east into Spain, Italy, Eastern Europe, and Russia, traditional agricultural economies became market – and in some cases industrial – economies. The Industrial Revolution displaced handicraft industries, throwing artisans out of work. Commercial farming displaced self-sufficient agriculture reducing the demand for labor in rural areas. The period was one of rapid population growth and this meant that the contraction in employment opportunities coincided with an unprecedented surge in the number of young people looking for work. By contrast, in America and other New World countries, jobs were plentiful, wages high, and land cheap. The Constitution guaranteed individual liberties and religious tolerance. It is no wonder that emigration proved so attractive to so many.
Between 1815 and 1924, an estimated 55 million people left Europe to make their homes in the new world countries of Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States . The United States was the premier destination country and it received more immigrants than all the other destination countries combined . The United States offered economic opportunities and for most of the period it placed relatively few restrictions on immigrant entry.
The immigrant flows to the United States during this first period of relatively open borders display two distinct features. One is long-term growth. From 1820 through 1914 and the outbreak of the First World War, the number of immigrants arriving in the United States in each successive decade is generally larger than in the previous one. Equally remarkable is the volatility, that is, the sharp peaks and troughs in the annual flows. These peaks and troughs correspond to economic and political developments in both the United States and in sending countries. Good economic conditions in the United States attracted immigrants while depressions repelled them, or at least led migrants to postpone their departure for America. Thus, years of economic prosperity are years of high immigration flows and vice versa. Wars, both in the United States and abroad, dampened the flow of migrants across international borders.
The second phase covers the period when the National Origins Quota Act was in effect from 1924 through 1965. This Act severely limited the number of immigrants and restricted their admission to countries with low levels of out-migration. Passage of this Act had a major impact on the magnitude and character of the subsequent immigrant flows. As Figure shows, this was a period of historically low levels of immigration. The 1920s through the 1940s were also a time of retreat from international integration on many other fronts, including more restricted flows of capital, reductions in the volume of international trade, and, of course, the Second World War. See . It was a period of tremendous internal migration within the United States, as Blacks moved out of the South and into Northern industrial cities; as farmers moved off the farm and into cities in the 1920s and then back to the farm again in the Great Depression of the 1930s; and as the population moved to the West, especially to California. Immigration policy became an arm of foreign policy as the United States gave high priority to political asylees, especially those fleeing the Nazis during the 1930s and those fleeing Communist countries after the onset of the Cold War. It was a period during which many distinguished scientists and engineers left Europe and came to the United States to live and work. Another important development begun during the Second World War and continued into the 1950s and 1960s, was the creation of a large migrant agricultural labor force that moved between Mexico and the United States. Data on those engaged in this work during the war years are not available, but the number participating in the 1950s and through 1964 is included in and constitutes most of the nonimmigrants reported in that series. During the peak years of this Braceros Program in the late 1950s, almost half a million people entered the country under its auspices – more than the number who entered as immigrants during these years. See Figure .
[Figure ]
A Note About Sources of Immigration Statistics
The primary source for quantitative measures of trends in immigration to the United States is data collected by the federal office now known as the Immigration and Naturalization Service, located in the U.S. Department of Justice. The collection of data on immigrants was begun following passage of the Act of March 2,1819, which required the captain or master of a vessel arriving from abroad to deliver to the local collector of customs a list or manifest of all passengers taken on board. This original reporting requirement included a call for information on the age, sex, and occupation of each passenger, "the country to which they severally belonged," and the number that had died on the voyage. Copies of these manifests were to be transmitted to the Secretary of State, who was to report the information to Congress “at each and every session”. Subsequently, the Act of 1855 prescribed that the Secretary of State report annually to Congress. Later acts expanded the range of data to be collected. Currently these data are collected, tabulated and published by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) in its Statistical Yearbook. While the INS makes some effort to present continuous time series on various measures, the results are uneven. Important compilations of historical series relating to immigration include Bromwell [1856], U.S. Bureau of the Census [1975] and Hutchinson [1958 and 1981]. Hutchinson prepared the chapter entitled “International Migration and Naturalization,” in Bureau of the Census [1975]. For two recent evaluations of the official statistics on immigration see Levine, Hill and Warren [1985] and Edmonston [1996]. Many of the statistics presented here update those that appear in U.S. Bureau of the Census [1975]. Table includes a detailed description of the underlying sources. For most of these series the updating process required an examination of each of the Statistical Yearbooks of the INS published since 1970. In some cases--for example, "country of last residence"--we offer more detail than Hutchinson so as to better reflect the increasing importance of, and diversity within, immigration from Latin America and Asia since 1970. More detailed data in the form of microdata are available from the National Technical Information Service, through which the INS also distributes public use datasets. Such datasets contain demographic information on each individual immigrant, the only major exception being those legalized under the IRCA legislation.
Though the number of immigrants is presented as a continuous series from 1820 to 1998, the underlying definition of “immigrant” has changed over time with numerous year-to-year changes that are documented in the footnotes to Table . There were three major conceptual shifts. From the beginning of the data collection process in1820 and continuing through 1904, the data represent primarily, the tabulations of reports by ship captains who were required to provide a list, or manifest, of all passengers taken on board. The lists included passengers coming for brief stays as well as those who planned to settle permanently in the United States. The systematic reporting of persons who crossed into the United States over land borders with Canada and Mexico was begun in 1904 and was largely complete by 1908. It has been continued to the present. In 1906, arriving aliens were divided into two classes. “Immigrants” were defined as those who declared their intention to settle in the United States. “Nonimmigrants” were defined as aliens who stated that they did not intend to settle in the United States and also those aliens who were returning to their homes in the United States after a brief visit to their home country. In 1933, the definition of immigrants and nonimmigrants was changed to pertain not to physical movement, but to legal status. “Immigrant” was redefined as an alien accepted for legal permanent resident status. The shift in definition away from an emphasis on the geographic and toward an emphasis on the legal transition has a profound effect on the meaning of immigration data. Admission as an immigrant may occur upon arrival into the United States, but it may also take place many years after a person has begun living in the United States. For example the IRCA legalizations did not represent the movement of individuals into the United States, but rather the adjustment of the status of people who had been living in the country for some time.
The primary source for statistical information on the foreign-born population of the United States is the decennial Census conducted by the Federal Government. Beginning in 1850 and continuing through 2000, the Census asked respondents to report their country of birth. For the years 1880 through 1970, the Census also inquired about the country of birth of the respondent’s parents. Recently, microdata samples from the manuscripts of the federal censuses have been put into electronic format and made available to the public as the Public Use Microdata Series (PUMS). To facilitate the public’s use of the PUMS data for the analysis of time trends, Ruggles and Sobek have standardized the coding of many PUMS variables, including the coding of country of birth, to create the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS). See Ruggles and Sobek [1997] and the note on IPUMS data in the backmatter of this book.
Two important data collection efforts that attempted to document characteristics of immigrants during the period of mass immigration around the turn of the 20th century deserve comment. One important source of systematic, quantitative evidence on the foreign-born population was collected in a series of surveys of working-class households in the late-nineteenth century that were motivated by an effort to better understand the cause of the social unrest that immigration seemed to prompt. Carroll D. Wright (1840-1909), the leader of this effort, began his work as Commissioner of the Massachusetts Bureau of Labor Statistics and within a short space of time was appointed Commissioner of the U.S. Bureau of Labor where he organized and supervised large-scale studies of native- and foreign-born working class families. These studies inspired labor commissioners in other states to conduct similar studies in the half-century that followed. For a description of this project see Carter, Ransom and Sutch [1991]. For an annotated bibliography of these surveys see Williams and Zimmerman [1935]. A second important source of information on immigrants and their characteristics is the 42-volume report of the U.S. Immigration Commission of 1911, also known as the Dillingham Commission Report. See United States Congress. Senate [1911].
Many countries around the world collect and publish data on immigration and emigration. An authoritative and influential compilation of such statistics through 1924 is Ferenczi and Willcox [1929]. Tables and display summary statistics from this source. For the late twentieth century immigration data from many different countries are collected and published by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) [2001]. An impressive survey of international migration from 95 separate perspectives is Cohen [1995].
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APPENDIX
DATA SERIES BY TITLE, BY TABLE
-----------------------
Immigrants to the United States, 1820-1998
Emigrants from the United States, 1908-1957
Net migration of whites to British North America, 1630-1770
Net migration of whites to New England, 1630-1770
Net migration of whites to the Middle Colonies, 1630-1770
Net migration of whites to the Upper South, 1630-1770
Net migration of whites to the Lower South, 1630-1770
Net migration of whites to the British West Indies, 1630-1770
Net migration of blacks to British North America, 1650-1770
Net migration of blacks to New England, 1650-1770
Net migration of blacks to the Middle Colonies, 1650-1770
Net migration of blacks to the Upper South, 1650-1770
Net migration of blacks to the Lower South, 1650-1770
Net migration of blacks to the British West Indies, 1650-1770
Net import of slaves to the United States, 1630-1810
Estimated Net Immigration, McClelland and Zeckhauser, 1800-1860
Net Immigration, Whites, McClelland and Zeckhauser, 1800-1860
Estimated Net Immigration, Slaves, McClelland and Zeckhauser, 1800-1860
Estimated Gross Immigration, Free and Slave, Blodget, 1774-1805
Estimated Net Immigration, Schaefer, 1850-1859
Official Net Immigration of Aliens, 1908-1957
Estimated Net Immigration of Aliens, Kuznets and Rubin and Sutch, 1869-1979
Estimated arrivals of alien passengers, Kuznets and Rubin, 1869-1945
Estimated departures of alien passengers, Kuznets and Rubin, 1869-1957
Estimated Net Immigration, Sutch
Intercontinental emigrants from all European countries: 1846-1921
Intercontinental emigrants from lands governed by Austria and Hungary in 1924: 1846-1921
Intercontinental emigrants from the lands governed by Austria and Hungary in 1846: 1846-1921
Intercontinental emigrants from Belgium: 1846-1921
Intercontinental passengers embarking from the British Isles: 1846-1921
Intercontinental emigrants from the British Isles: 1911-1921
Intercontinental emigrants from Denmark: 1846-1921
Intercontinental emigrants from France: 1846-1921
Intercontinental emigrants from Germany: 1846-1921
Intercontinental emigrants from Ireland: 1876-1921
Intercontinental emigrants from the Netherlands: 1846-1921
Intercontinental emigrants from Norway: 1846-1921
Intercontinental emigrants from Sweden: 1846-1921
Intercontinental emigrants from Switzerland: 1846-1921
Intercontinental emigrants from Finland: 1871-1921
Intercontinental emigrants from Poland (Russian pre war): 1891-1921
Intercontinental emigrants from Russia: 1846-1921
Intercontinental emigrants from Italy: 1846-1921
Intercontinental emigrants from Portugal (passport statistics): 1846-1921
Intercontinental passengers from Spain: 1846-1921
Intercontinental emigrants from Spain: 1906-1921
Intercontinental emigrants from Malta (Brit.) : 1911-1921
Intercontinental emigrants from British India: 1846-1921
Intercontinental emigrants from Japan: 1896-1921
Intercontinental emigrants from St. Helena: 1901-1921
Intercontinental emigrants from Cape Verde: 1911-1921
Intercontinental immigrants to Canada: 1821-1921
Intercontinental immigrants to New Brunswick: 1841-1861
Intercontinental immigrants to Nova Scotia: 1841-1861
Intercontinental immigrants to Newfoundland: 1841-1911
Intercontinental immigrants to Prince Edward Island: 1821-1841
Intercontinental immigrants to the United States: 1821-1921
Intercontinental immigrants to Mexico: 1911-1921
Intercontinental immigrants to the British West Indies: 1836-1921
Intercontinental immigrants to Cuba: 1901-1921
Intercontinental immigrants to Guadeloupe (Fr.): 1856-1881
Intercontinental immigrants to Dutch Guiana: 1856-1921
Intercontinental immigrants to Argentina: 1856-1921
Intercontinental immigrants to the Brazil: 1821-1921
Intercontinental immigrants to the Paraguay: 1881-1921
Intercontinental immigrants to the Uraguay: 1836-1921
Intercontinental immigrants to the Philippines (U.S.A.): 1911-1921
Intercontinental immigrants to Australia: 1901-1921
Intercontinental immigrants to New South Wales: 1901-1921
Intercontinental immigrants to Queensland: 1861-1921
Intercontinental immigrants to Victoria: 1866-1916
Intercontinental passengers to New Zealand: 1851-1916
Intercontinental immigrants to Fiji (Brit.): 1881-1921
Intercontinental immigrants to New Calendonia (Fr.): 1896-1921
Intercontinental immigrants to Hawaii (U.S.A.): 1911-1921
Intercontinental immigrants to Mauritius (Brit.): 1836-1921
Intercontinental immigrants to Seychelles (Brit.): 1901-1921
Intercontinental immigrants to Natal: 1881-1911
Intercontinental immigrants to the Cape of Good Hope: 1901-1911
Intercontinental immigrants to the Union of South Africa: 1911-1921
U.S. Emigrants to Canada: 1881-1998
Canadians returning to Canada from the United States: 1925-1960
: Foreign-born arrivals in Hawaii, All Nationalities, 1852-1899
: Foreign-born arrivals in Hawaii, Chinese (Schmidt estimates), 1852-1899
: Foreign-born arrivals in Hawaii, Germans, 1852-1899
: Foreign-born arrivals in Hawaii, Japanese, 1852-1899
: Foreign-born arrivals in Hawaii, Portuguese, 1852-1899
: Foreign-born arrivals in Hawaii, South Sea Islanders, 1852-1899
: Foreign-born arrivals in Hawaii, Other nationalities not elsewhere classified, 1852-1899
: Foreign-born arrivals in Hawaii, Chinese (Glick estimates), 1852-1899
State with largest foreign-born population: 1850-1990
Percent of foreign-born population residing in state with largest foreign-born population: 1850-1990
Percent of native-born population residing in state with largest foreign-born population: 1850-1990
State with second-largest foreign-born population: 1850-1990
Percent of foreign-born population residing in state with second-largest foreign-born population: 1850-1990
Percent of native-born population residing in state with second-largest foreign-born population: 1850-1990
State with third-largest foreign-born population: 1850-1990
Percent of foreign-born population residing in state with third-largest foreign-born population: 1850-1990
Percent of native-born population residing in state with third-largest foreign-born population: 1850-1990
Percent of foreign-born population residing in the South: 1850-1990
Percent of native-born population residing in the South: 1850-1990
Percentage of the native-born population living in places of less than 2,500 persons: 1890-1990
Percentage of the native-born population living in places of 2,500 or more persons: 1890-1990
Percentage of the foreign-born population living in places of less than 2,500 persons: 1890-1990
Percentage of the foreign-born population living in places of 2,500 or more persons: 1890-1990
Name of American Recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics: 1906-1999
Country of Birth of the American Recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics: 1906-1999
Name of American Recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry: 1906-1999
Country of Birth of the American Recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry: 1906-1999
Name of American Recipient of the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology: 1906-1999
Country of Birth of the American Recipient of the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology: 1906-1999
Name of American Recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature: 1906-1999
Country of Birth of the American Recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature: 1906-1999
Name of American Recipient of the Nobel Prize in Peace: 1906-1999
Country of Birth of the American Recipient of the Nobel Prize in Peace: 1906-1999
Name of American Recipient of the Memorial Prize in Economic Science: 1969-1999
Country of Birth of the American Recipient of the Memorial Prize in Economic Science: 1969-1999
Percent of persons able to speak English, born in North America outside the United States: 1900-1990
Percent of persons able to speak English, born in Central America and the Caribbean: 1900-1990
Percent of persons able to speak English, born in South America: 1900-1990
Percent of persons able to speak English, born in northern Europe: 1900-1990
Percent of persons able to speak English, born in western Europe: 1900-1990
Percent of persons able to speak English, born in eastern Europe: 1900-1990
Percent of persons able to speak English, born in southern Europe: 1900-1990
Percent of persons able to speak English, born in Asia: 1900-1990
Percent of persons able to speak English, born in Africa: 1900-1990
Percent of persons able to speak English, born in outlying areas of the United States: 1900-1990
Percent of persons able to speak English, born in other areas outside the United States: 1900-1990
Native-born school-age children with foreign-born parents: 1920-1990
Native-born school-age children with foreign-born parents, as a percent of all school-age children: 1920-1990
Native-born school-age children with alien parents: 1920-1990
Native-born school-age children with alien parents, as a percent of all school-age children: 1920-1990
Native-born school-age children with foreign-born parents, as a percent of all school-age children, California: 1920-1990
Native-born school-age children with alien parents, as a percent of all school-age children, California: 1920-1990
Native-born school-age children with foreign-born parents, as a percent of all school-age children, Florida: 1920-1990
Native-born school-age children with alien parents, as a percent of all school-age children, Florida: 1920-1990
Native-born school-age children with foreign-born parents, as a percent of all school-age children, Illinois: 1920-1990
Native-born school-age children with alien parents, as a percent of all school-age children, Illinois: 1920-1990
Native-born school-age children with foreign-born parents, as a percent of all school-age children, New Jersey: 1920-1990
Native-born school-age children with alien parents, as a percent of all school-age children, New Jersey: 1920-1990
Native-born school-age children with foreign-born parents, as a percent of all school-age children, New York: 1920-1990
Native-born school-age children with alien parents, as a percent of all school-age children, New York: 1920-1990
Native-born school-age children with foreign-born parents, as a percent of all school-age children, Pennsylvania: 1920-1990
Native-born school-age children with alien parents, as a percent of all school-age children, Pennsylvania: 1920-1990
Native-born school-age children with foreign-born parents, as a percent of all school-age children, Texas: 1920-1990
Native-born school-age children with alien parents, as a percent of all school-age children, Texas: 1920-1990
Percent of persons owning their home, native-born white household heads: 1900-1997
Percent of persons owning their home, native-born black household heads: 1900-1997
Percent of persons owning their home, native-born household heads, other race: 1900-1997
Percent of persons owning their home, foreign-born household heads: 1900-1997
Children ever born, ever-married native-born white women: 1900-1995
Children ever born, ever-married native-born black women: 1900-1995
Children ever born, ever-married native-born women, other race: 1900-1995
Children ever born, ever-married foreign-born women: 1900-1995
Children ever born, all native-born white women: 1970-1995
Children ever born, all native-born black women: 1970-1995
Children ever born, all native-born women, other race: 1970-1995
Children ever born, all foreign-born women: 1970-1995
Percent of native-born white males in the labor force: 1850-1997
Percent of native-born black males in the labor force: 1850-1997
Percent of native-born males in the labor force, other race: 1850-1997
Percent of foreign-born males in the labor force: 1850-1997
Percent of native-born white females in the labor force: 1850-1997
Percent of native-born black females in the labor force: 1850-1997
Percent of native-born females in the labor force, other race: 1850-1997
Percent of foreign-born females in the labor force: 1850-1997
Percent of native-born white married females in the labor force: 1880-1997
Percent of native-born black married females in the labor force: 1880-1997
Percent of native-born married females in the labor force, other race: 1880-1997
Percent of foreign-born married females in the labor force: 1880-1997
Percent of native-born white widowed, divorced and separated females in the labor force: 1880-1997
Percent of native-born black widowed, divorced and separated females in the labor force: 1880-1997
Percent of native-born widowed, divorced and separated females in the labor force, other race: 1880-1997
Percent of foreign-born widowed, divorced and separated females in the labor force: 1880-1997
Percent of native-born white never-married females in the labor force: 1880-1997
Percent of native-born black never-married females in the labor force: 1880-1997
Percent of native-born never-married females in the labor force, other race: 1880-1997
Percent of foreign-born never-married females in the labor force: 1880-1997
Percent of all males self-employed: 1910-1990
Percent of native-born white males self-employed: 1910-1990
Percent of native-born black males self-employed: 1910-1990
Percent of native-born males self-employed, other race: 1910-1990
Percent of foreign-born males self-employed: 1910-1990
Percent of all females self-employed: 1910-1990
Percent of native-born white females self-employed: 1910-1990
Percent of native-born black females self-employed: 1910-1990
Percent of native-born females self-employed, other race: 1910-1990
Percent of foreign-born females self-employed: 1910-1990
Percent of all males unemployed: 1940-1997
Percent of native-born white males unemployed: 1940-1997
Percent of native-born black males unemployed: 1940-1997
Percent of native-born males unemployed, other race: 1940-1997
Percent of foreign-born males unemployed: 1940-1997
Percent of all females unemployed: 1940-1997
Percent of native-born white females unemployed: 1940-1997
Percent of native-born black females unemployed: 1940-1997
Percent of native-born females unemployed, other race: 1940-1997
Percent of foreign-born females unemployed: 1940-1997
Median earned income of all employed males: 1950-1990
Median earned income of employed native-born white males: 1950-1990
Median earned income of employed native-born black males: 1950-1990
Median earned income of employed native-born males, other race: 1950-1990
Median earned income of employed foreign-born males: 1950-1990
Median earned income of all employed females: 1950-1990
Median earned income of employed native-born white females: 1950-1990
Median earned income of employed native-born black females: 1950-1990
Median earned income of employed native-born females, other race: 1950-1990
Median earned income of employed foreign-born females: 1950-1990
Native white men, profession: 1850-1990
Native white men, proprietor: 1850-1990
Native white men, managers and officials: 1850-1990
Native white men, clerical: 1850-1990
Native white men, sales: 1850-1990
Native white men, craft: 1850-1990
Native white men, operative: 1850-1990
Native white men, service: 1850-1990
Native white men, domestic: 1850-1990
Native white men, laborer: 1850-1990
Native white men, farmer: 1850-1990
Native white men, farm labor: 1850-1990
Foreign men, profession: 1850-1990
Foreign men, proprietor: 1850-1990
Foreign men, managers and officials: 1850-1990
Foreign men, clerical: 1850-1990
Foreign men, sales: 1850-1990
Foreign men, craft: 1850-1990
Foreign men, operative: 1850-1990
Foreign men, service: 1850-1990
Foreign men, domestic: 1850-1990
Foreign men, laborer: 1850-1990
Foreign men, farmer: 1850-1990
Foreign men, farm labor: 1850-1990
Native white women, profession: 1860-1990
Native white women, proprietor: 1860-1990
Native white women, managers and officials: 1860-1990
Native white women, clerical: 1860-1990
Native white women, sales: 1860-1990
Native white women, craft: 1860-1990
Native white women, operative: 1860-1990
Native white women, service: 1860-1990
Native white women, domestic: 1860-1990
Native white women, laborer: 1860-1990
Native white women, farmer: 1860-1990
Native white women, farm labor: 1860-1990
Foreign women, profession: 1860-1990
Foreign women, proprietor: 1860-1990
Foreign women, managers and officials: 1860-1990
Foreign women, clerical: 1860-1990
Foreign women, sales: 1860-1990
Foreign women, craft: 1860-1990
Foreign women, operative: 1860-1990
Foreign women, service: 1860-1990
Foreign women, domestic: 1860-1990
Foreign women, laborer: 1860-1990
Foreign women, farmer: 1860-1990
Foreign women, farm labor: 1860-1990
Men, profession: 1900-1990
Men, proprietor: 1900-1990
Men, managers and officials: 1910-1990
Men, clerical: 1900-1990
Men, sales: 1900-1990
Men, craft: 1900-1990
Men, operative: 1900-1990
Men, service: 1900-1990
Men, domestic: 1900-1990
Men, laborer: 1900-1990
Men, farmer: 1900-1990
Men, farm labor: 1900-1990
Women, profession: 1900-1990
Women, proprietor: 1900-1990
Women, managers and officials: 1910-1990
Women, clerical: 1900-1990
Women, sales: 1900-1990
Women, craft: 1900-1990
Women, operative: 1900-1990
Women, service: 1900-1990
Women, domestic: 1900-1990
Women, laborer: 1900-1990
Women, farmer: 1900-1990
Women, farm labor: 1900-1990
Native white men, agriculture: 1910-1990
Native white men, forest/fishing: 1910-1990
Native white men, mining: 1910-1990
Native white men, construction: 1910-1990
Native white men, durable manufacturing: 1910-1990
Native white men, nondurable manufacturing: 1910-1990
Native white men, transportation/communications: 1910-1990
Native white men, wholesale trade: 1910-1990
Native white men, retail trade: 1910-1990
Native white men, financing/insurance/real estate: 1910-1990
Native white men, business service: 1910-1990
Native white men, personal service: 1910-1990
Native white men, educational service: 1910-1990
Native white men, other professional service: 1910-1990
Native white men, entertainment: 1910-1990
Native white men, government: 1910-1990
Foreign men, agriculture: 1910-1990
Foreign men, forest/fishing: 1910-1990
Foreign men, mining: 1910-1990
Foreign men, construction: 1910-1990
Foreign men, durable manufacturing: 1910-1990
Foreign men, nondurable manufacturing: 1910-1990
Foreign men, transportation/communications: 1910-1990
Foreign men, wholesale trade: 1910-1990
Foreign men, retail trade: 1910-1990
Foreign men, financing/insurance/real estate: 1910-1990
Foreign men, business service: 1910-1990
Foreign men, personal service: 1910-1990
Foreign men, educational service: 1910-1990
Foreign men, other professional service: 1910-1990
Foreign men, entertainment: 1910-1990
Foreign men, government: 1910-1990
Native white women, agriculture: 1910-1990
Native white women, forest/fishing: 1910-1990
Native white women, mining: 1910-1990
Native white women, construction: 1910-1990
Native white women, durable manufacturing: 1910-1990
Native white women, nondurable manufacturing: 1910-1990
Native white women, transportation/communications: 1910-1990
Native white women, wholesale trade: 1910-1990
Native white women, retail trade: 1910-1990
Native white women, financial/insurance/real estate: 1910-1990
Native white women, business service: 1910-1990
Native white women, personal service: 1910-1990
Native white women, educational service: 1910-1990
Native white women, other professional service: 1910-1990
Native white women, entertainment: 1910-1990
Native white women, government: 1910-1990
Foreign women, agriculture: 1910-1990
Foreign women, forest/fishing: 1910-1990
Foreign women, mining: 1910-1990
Foreign women, construction: 1910-1990
Foreign women, durable manufacturing: 1910-1990
Foreign women, nondurable manufacturing: 1910-1990
Foreign women, transportation/communication: 1910-1990
Foreign women, wholesale trade: 1910-1990
Foreign women, retail trade: 1910-1990
Foreign women, financial/insurance/real estate: 1910-1990
Foreign women, business service: 1910-1990
Foreign women, personal service: 1910-1990
Foreign women, educational service: 1910-1990
Foreign women, other professional service: 1910-1990
Foreign women, entertainment: 1910-1990
Foreign women, government: 1910-1990
Total Immigrants Admitted: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose Last Residence was Europe: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose Last Residence was Asia: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose Last Residence was North America: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose Last Residence was South America: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose Last Residence was Africa: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose Last Residence was Oceania: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose Last Residence was all other countries and origins unknown: 1820-1997
Total Immigrants Admitted: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in Europe: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in Asia: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in North America: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in South America: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in Africa: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in Oceania: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in all other countries and place of birth unknown: 1941-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was Europe: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was Great Britain: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was Ireland: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was Scandinavia: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was other Northwestern Europe: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was Germany: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was Poland: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was other Central Europe: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was Russia and the Baltic States: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was other Eastern Europe: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was Greece: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was Italy: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was Portugal: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was Spain: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was other Europe: 1820-1997
Immigrants Born in Europe: 1941-1997
Immigrants Born in United Kingdom: 1941-1997
Immigrants Born in Ireland: 1941-1997
Immigrants Born in Scandinavia: 1941-1997
Immigrants Born in other Northwestern Europe: 1941-1997
Immigrants Born in Germany: 1941-1997
Immigrants Born in Poland: 1941-1997
Immigrants Born in other Central Europe: 1941-1997
Immigrants Born in Former Soviet Union and the Baltic States: 1941-1997
Immigrants Born in other Eastern Europe: 1941-1997
Immigrants Born in Greece: 1941-1997
Immigrants Born in Italy: 1941-1997
Immigrants Born in Portugal: 1941-1997
Immigrants Born in Spain: 1941-1997
Immigrants Born in other Europe: 1941-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was in Asia: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was in Arab States in Asia: 1925-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was in China: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was in Hong Kong: 1958-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was in India: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was in Iran: 1925-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was in Israel: 1950-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was in Japan: 1861-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was in Korea: 1948-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was in Philippines: 1934-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was in Southeast Asia: 1932-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was in Turkey: 1869-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was in other Asia: 1820-1997
Immigrants born in Asia: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in Arab States in Asia: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in China: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in Hong Kong: 1951-1997
Immigrants born in India: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in Iran: 1950-1997
Immigrants born in Israel: 1950-1997
Immigrants born in Japan: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in Korea: 1950-1997
Immigrants born in the Philippines: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in Southeast Asia: 1951-1997
Immigrants born in Turkey: 1950-1997
Immigrants born in other Asia: 1941-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was North America: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was Canada: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was Mexico: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was El Salvador: 1932-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was other Central American countries not elsewhere classified: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was in Cuba: 1925-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was in Dominican Republic: 1932-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was in Haiti: 1932-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was in Jamaica: 1962-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was other Caribbean countries not elsewhere classified: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was other North American countries not elsewhere classified: 1886-1997
Immigrants Born in North America: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in Canada: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in Mexico: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in Central America: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in El Salvador: 1953-1997
Immigrants born in Guatemala: 1953-1997
Immigrants born in Honduras: 1953-1997
Immigrants born in Nicaragua: 1953-1997
Immigrants born in Panama: 1953-1997
Immigrants born in other Central American countries not elsewhere classified: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in the Caribbean: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in Cuba: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in the Dominican Republic: 1953-1997
Immigrants born in Haiti: 1953-1997
Immigrants born in Jamaica: 1953-1997
Immigrants born in Trinidad and Toboga: 1961-1997
Immigrants born in other Caribbean countries not elsewhere classified: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in other North American countries not elsewhere classified: 1943-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was South America: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was Argentina: 1832-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was Columbia: 1832-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was Ecuador: 1832-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was South American countries not elsewhere classified: 1820-1997
Immigrants Born in South America: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in Argentina: 1950-1997
Immigrants born in Brazil: 1950-1997
Immigrants born in Chile: 1956-1997
Immigrants born in Columbia: 1950-1997
Immigrants born in Ecuador: 1950-1997
Immigrants born in Guyana: 1959-1997
Immigrants born in Peru: 1950-1997
Immigrants born in Venezuela: 1950-1997
Immigrants born in South American countries not elsewhere classified: 1941-1997
Immigrants whose last residence was Africa: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose Last Residence was in North Africa: 1925-1997
Immigrants whose Last Residence was in Subsaharan Africa: 1932-1997
Immigrants whose Last Residence was in Africa not specified: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose Last Residence was in Oceania: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose Last Residence was in Australia and New Zealand: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose Last Residence was in other Oceania: 1820-1997
Immigrants whose Last Residence was in all other countries and immigrants for whom country of Last Residence is unknown: 1820-1997
Immigrants born in Africa: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in North Africa: 1951-1997
Immigrants born in Subsaharan Africa: 1951-1997
Immigrants born in Africa not specified: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in Oceania: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in Australia and New Zealand: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in other Oceania: 1941-1997
Immigrants born in all other countries and immigrants for whom country of birth is unknown: 1941-1997
Total Immigrants: 1820-1997
Male Immigrants: 1820-1997
Female Immigrants: 1820-1997
Immigrants for whom sex was not recorded: 1820-1997
Total Arrivals: 1820-1997
Youthful Immigrants: 1820-1997
Mid-Age Immigrants: 1820-1997
Older Immigrants: 1820-1997
Immigrants for Whom Age Was Not Recorded: 1820-1997
Total Immigrants
Professional, technical, and kindred
Farmers and farm managers
Managers, officials, and proprietors
Clerical, sales, and kindred
Total
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred
Operatives and kindred
Private household workers
Service, except private household
Total
Farm laborers and foremen
Laborers, except farm and mine
Unspecified occupation
No occupation or not stated
: Total immigrants, 1983-1998
: Immigrants who listed their Occupation as Professional or Technical Specialty, 1983-1998
: Immigrants who listed their Occupation as Executive, Administrative, or Managerial, 1983-1998
: Immigrants who listed their Occupation as Sales, 1983-1998
: Immigrants who listed their Occupation as Administrative Support, 1983-1998
: Immigrants who listed their Occupation as Precision Production, Craft, or Repair, 1983-1998
: Immigrants who listed their Occupation as Operator, Fabricator, or Laborer, 1983-1998
: Immigrants who listed their Occupation as Farming, Forestry, or Fishing, 1983-1998
: Immigrants who listed their Occupation as Service Worker, 1983-1998
: Immigrants who listed No Occupation or Occupation Not Reported, 1983-1998
Annual Immigrant Quota Under the Quota System: 1925-1968
Natives of Eastern Hemisphere Countries Admitted as Immigrants Under the Quota System: 1925-1968
Immediate Relatives of U.S. Citizens Admitted as Immigrants Under the Quota System: 1925-1968
Natives of Western Hemisphere Countries Admitted as Immigrants Under the Quota System: 1925-1968
Other Immigrants Admitted Under the Quota System: 1925-1968
Numerical Cap on Immigration Under Preference System: 1966-1991
Total Immigrant Admissions Subject to the Numerical Cap Under the Preference System: 1966-1991
Immigrants Admitted Under Family-Sponsored Preferences Subject to the Numerical Cap Under the Preference System: 1966-1991
Immigrants Admitted Under Employment-Based Preferences Subject to the Numerical Cap Under Preference System: 1966-1991
Immigrants Admitted Under Other Preferences Subject to the Numerical Cap Under the Preference System: 1966-1991
Total Immigrant Admissions Not Subject to the Numerical Cap Under the Preference System: 1966-1991
Immediate Relatives of U.S. Citizens Whose Immigrant Admission Was Not Subject to the Numerical Cap Admitted Under the Preference System: 1966-1991
Natives of the Western Hemisphere Countries Whose Immigrant Admission Was Not Subject to the Numerical Cap Admitted Under the Preference System: 1966-1991
IRCA Legalizations Admitted Under the Preference System: 1966-1991
Refugees and Asylees Admitted Under the Preference System: 1966-1991
Other Immigrant Admissions Not Subject to the Numerical Cap Admitted Under the Preference System: 1966-1991
Total, all immigrants admitted: 1992-1997
Total Preference Immigrants admitted under the Immigration Act of 1990: 1992-1997
Family-sponsored Preference Immigrants admitted under the Immigration Act of 1990: 1992-1997
Employment-based Preference Immigrants admitted under the Immigration Act of 1990: 1992-1997
Immediate Relatives of U.S. citizens admitted under the Immigration Act of 1990: 1992-1997
Refugees and asylees admitted under the Immigration Act of 1990: 1992-1997
Total IRCA legalizations: 1992-1997
IRCA legalizations of residents since 1982: 1992-1997
IRCA legalizations of Special Agricultural Workers (SAWs): 1992-1997
Other immigrants admitted under the Immigration Act of 1990: 1992-1997
Total Number of Immigrant-Orphans: 1962-1997
Total European-Born Immigrant-Orphans: 1976-1997
Female European-Born Immigrant-Orphans: 1986-1997
Total Asian-Born Immigrant-Orphans: 1976-1997
Female Asian-Born Immigrant-Orphans: 1986-1997
Total Western-Hemisphere-Born Immigrant-Orphans: 1976-1997
Female Western-Hemisphere-Born Immigrant-Orphans: 1986-1997
Total Immigrant-Orphans from All Other Areas: 1976-1997
Female Immigrant-Orphans from All Other Areas: 1986-1997
Country of Birth of Largest Number of Immigrant-Orphans: 1976-1997
Number of Immigrant-Orphans from Country of Birth of Largest Number of Immigrant-Orphans: 1976-1997
Country of Birth of Second-Largest Number of Immigrant-Orphans: 1976-1997
Number of Immigrant-Orphans from Country of Birth of Second-Largest Number of Immigrant-Orphans: 1976-1997
Total Refugees and Asylees Granted Permanent Resident Status: 1946-1997
Refugees and Asylees Granted Permanent Resident Status by the Presidential Directive of 12/22/45: 1946-1997
Refugees and Asylees Granted Permanent Resident Status by the Displaced Persons Act of 6/25/48: 1948-1997
Refugees and Asylees Granted Permanent Resident Status by the Orphans Act of 7/29/53: 1953-1997
Refugees and Asylees Granted Permanent Resident Status by the Refugee Relief Act of 8/7/53: 1953-1997
Refugees and Asylees Granted Permanent Resident Status by the Refugee Escapee Act of 9/11/57: 1957-1997
Refugees and Asylees Granted Permanent Resident Status by the Hungarian Refugees Act of 7/25/58: 1958-1997
Refugees and Asylees Granted Permanent Resident Status by the Azores and Netherlands Refugees Act of 9/2/58: 1958-1997
Refugees and Asylees Granted Permanent Resident Status by the Refugees Relatives Act of 9/22/59: 1959-1997
Refugees and Asylees Granted Permanent Resident Status by the Fair Share Refugee Act of 7/14/60: 1960-1997
Refugees and Asylees Granted Permanent Resident Status by the Refugees Conditional Entrants Act of 10/3/65: 1965-1997
Refugees and Asylees Granted Permanent Resident Status by the Cuban Refugees Act of 11/2/66: 1966-1997
Refugees and Asylees Granted Permanent Resident Status by the Indochinese Refugees Act of 10/28/77: 1977-1997
Refugees and Asylees Granted Permanent Resident Status by the Refugee Parolees Act of 10/5/78 :1978-1997
Refugees Granted Permanent Resident Status by the Refugees Act of 3/17/80: 1980-1997
Asylees Granted Permanent Resident Status by the Asylees Act of 3/17/80: 1980-1997
Total Refugees and Asylees Admitted: 1946-1997
Total Refugees and Asylees Granted Permanent Resident Status: 1946-1997
Refugees and Asylees Born in Europe Granted Permanent Resident Status: 1946-1997
Refugees and Asylees Born in Asia Granted Permanent Resident Status: 1946-1997
Refugees and Asylees Born in Africa Granted Permanent Resident Status: 1946-1997
Refugees and Asylees Born in Oceania, Latin America, and the Carribean Granted Permanent Resident Status: 1946-1997
Refugees and Asylees Born in North America Granted Permanent Resident Status: 1946-1997
Refugees and Asylees Born in South America Granted Permanent Resident Status: 1946-1997
Refugees and Asylees Born in an Unknown Country or Country Not Reported Granted Permanent Resident Status: 1946-1997
Total Nonimmigrant Admissions: 1925-1996
Temporary Visitor Nonimmigrant Admissions: 1925-1996
Transit Alien Nonimmigrant Admissions: 1925-1996
Student Nonimmigrant Admissions: 1925-1996
Foreign Government and International Official Nonimmigrant Admissions: 1925-1996
Returning Resident Alien Nonimmigrant Admissions: 1925-1979
Exchange Visitor Nonimmigrant Admissions: 1953-1996
Other Nonimmigrant Admissions: 1925-1996
Aliens Admitted Under Special Programs: 1950-1982
Nonimmigrant Worker Admissions: 1953-1996
Temporary Worker and Industrial Trainee Admissions: 1953-1996
Temporary Workers' and Industrial Trainees' Spouses and Children Admitted as Nonimmigrants: 1970-1996
Intracompany Transfer Admissions: 1970-1996
Intracompany Transfers' Spouses and Children Admitted as Nonimmigrants: 1970-1996
Free-Trade Agreement Worker Admissions: 1989-1996
Free-Trade Agreement Workers' Spouses and Children Admitted as Nonimmigrants: 1989-1996
Total Aliens Naturalized: 1907-1997
Aliens Naturalized Under General Naturalization Provisions: 1907-1997
Aliens Naturalized Because of Marriage to U.S. Citizens: 1907-1997
Aliens Naturalized as Children of U.S. Citizens: 1907-1997
Aliens Naturalized as Military: 1907-1997
Aliens Naturalized for Other reasons: 1907-1997
Aliens Naturalized for Reasons Not Reported: 1907-1997
Petitions for Naturalization Denied: 1907-1997
Aliens naturalized: 1923-1997
Male Aliens naturalized: 1923-1997
Female Aliens naturalized: 1923-1997
Aliens naturalized whose country of former allegiance was in Northwestern Europe: 1923-1997
Aliens naturalized whose country of former allegiance was Central Europe: 1923-1997
Aliens naturalized whose country of former allegiance was Eastern Europe: 1923-1997
Aliens naturalized whose country of former allegiance was Southern Europe: 1923-1997
Aliens naturalized whose country of former allegiance was Asia: 1923-1997
Aliens naturalized whose country of former allegiance was Canada: 1923-1997
Aliens naturalized whose country of former allegiance was Mexico: 1971-1997
Aliens naturalized whose country of former allegiance was Cuba: 1971-1997
Aliens naturalized whose country of former allegiance was The Americas not elsewhere classified: 1923-1997
Aliens naturalized whose country of former allegiance was countries not elsewhere classified: 1923-1997
Cumulative Naturalization Rate, Total Immigrant Cohort of 1977: 1990-1997
Cumulative Naturalization Rate, Canadian Immigrants from the Cohort of 1977: 1990-1997
Cumulative Naturalization Rate, Chinese (People's Republic) Immigrants from the Cohort of 1977: 1990-1997
Cumulative Naturalization Rate, Columbian Immigrants from the Cohort of 1977: 1990-1997
Cumulative Naturalization Rate, Cuban Immigrants from the Cohort of 1977: 1990-1997
Cumulative Naturalization Rate, Dominican Republic Immigrants from the Cohort of 1977: 1990-1997
Cumulative Naturalization Rate, Ecuador Immigrants from the Cohort of 1977: 1990-1997
Cumulative Naturalization Rate, German Immigrants from the Cohort of 1977: 1990-1997
Cumulative Naturalization Rate, Greek Immigrants from the Cohort of 1977: 1990-1997
Cumulative Naturalization Rate, Guyana Immigrants from the Cohort of 1977: 1990-1997
Cumulative Naturalization Rate, Haitian Immigrants from the Cohort of 1977: 1990-1997
Cumulative Naturalization Rate, Indian Immigrants from the Cohort of 1977: 1990-1997
Cumulative Naturalization Rate, Italian Immigrants from the Cohort of 1977: 1990-1997
Cumulative Naturalization Rate, Jamaican Immigrants from the Cohort of 1977: 1990-1997
Cumulative Naturalization Rate, Korean Immigrants from the Cohort of 1977: 1990-1997
Cumulative Naturalization Rate, Mexican Immigrants from the Cohort of 1977: 1990-1997
Cumulative Naturalization Rate, Philippine Immigrants from the Cohort of 1977: 1990-1997
Cumulative Naturalization Rate, Portuguese Immigrants from the Cohort of 1977: 1990-1997
Cumulative Naturalization Rate, former Soviet Union Immigrants from the Cohort of 1977: 1990-1997
Cumulative Naturalization Rate, Trinidad and Tobago Immigrants from the Cohort of 1977: 1990-1997
Cumulative Naturalization Rate, United Kingdom Immigrants from the Cohort of 1977: 1990-1997
Deportable Aliens Located, 1925-1998
Deportable Mexican Nationals Located, 1943-1998
Aliens Expelled by Formal Removal, 1892-1998
Aliens Expelled by Voluntary Departure, 1927-1998
Expenditures by the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1922-1998
Force of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1922-1998
Expenditures by the Border Patrol, 1925-1998
Force of the Border Patrol, 1925-1998
Smugglers of aliens located, 1945-1998
Aliens located who were smuggled into the United States, 1965-1998
Seizures of conveyances, 1945-1998
Value of narcotics seizures, 1958-1998
Value of seizures other than narcotics, 1945-1998
Total population.
Native-born population.
Total foreign-born population.
Naturalized foreign-born population.
Foreign-born population: not a citizen.
Foreign-born population having first papers.
Foreign-born population having no papers.
Foreign-born population: citizenship status unknown.
Total male population.
Native-born male population.
Total foreign-born male population.
Naturalized foreign-born male population.
Foreign-born male population: not a citizen.
Foreign-born male population having first papers.
Foreign-born male population having no papers.
Foreign-born male population: citizenship status unknown.
Total female population.
Native-born female population.
Total foreign-born female population.
Naturalized foreign-born female population.
Foreign-born female population: not a citizen.
Foreign-born female population having first papers.
Foreign-born female population having no papers.
Foreign-born female population: citizenship status unknown.
Total population.
Native-born population.
Total foreign-born population.
Naturalized foreign-born population.
Foreign-born population: not a citizen.
Foreign-born population having first papers.
Foreign-born population having no papers.
Foreign-born population: citizenship status unknown.
Total male population.
Native-born male population.
Total foreign-born male population.
Naturalized foreign-born male population.
Foreign-born male population: not a citizen.
Foreign-born male population having first papers.
Foreign-born male population having no papers.
Foreign-born male population: citizenship status unknown.
Total female population.
Native-born female population.
Total foreign-born female population.
Naturalized foreign-born female population.
Foreign-born female population: not a citizen.
Foreign-born female population having first papers.
Foreign-born female population having no papers.
Foreign-born female population: citizenship status unknown.
Total population aged 18 years and over.
Native-born population aged 18 years and over.
Total foreign-born population aged 18 years and over.
Naturalized foreign-born population aged 18 years and over.
Foreign-born population aged 18 years and over: not a citizen.
Total male population aged 18 years and over
Native-born male population aged 18 years and over
Total foreign-born male population aged 18 years and over
Naturalized foreign-born male population aged 18 years and over.
Foreign-born male population aged 18 years and over: not a citizen.
Total female population aged 18 years and over
Native-born female population aged 18 years and over
Total foreign-born female population aged 18 years and over
Naturalized foreign-born female population aged 18 years and over.
Foreign-born female population aged 18 years and over: not a citizen.
Total native-born population of foreign or mixed parentage.
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in England and Wales
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Scotland
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Ireland
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Northern Ireland
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Ireland (Eire)
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Norway
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Sweden
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Denmark
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Netherlands
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Belgium
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Switzerland
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in France
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Germany
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Poland
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Czechoslovakia
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Austria
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Hungary
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Yugoslavia
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Russia/U.S.S.R
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Lithuania
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Finland
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Romania
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Greece
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Italy
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Spain
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Portugal
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in other places in Europe
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Asia
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Canada-Total
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Canada-French
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Canada-Other
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in Mexico
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in other places in the Americas
Total native-born population with one or both parents born in all other places or not reported
Persons born in all countries
Persons reported by region &/or country
Persons born in Europe
Persons born in Northern & Western Europe
Persons born in Northern Europe
Persons born in British Isles
Persons born in Great Britain
Persons born in England
Persons born in Scotland
Persons born in Wales
Persons born in Great Britain n.e.c.
Persons born in Ireland
Persons born in Northern Ireland
Persons born in Ireland (Eire)
Persons born in Scandinavia
Persons born in Denmark
Persons born in Finland
Persons born in Iceland
Persons born in Norway
Persons born in Sweden
Persons born in Western Europe
Persons born in the Low Countries
Persons born in Netherlands
Persons born in Belgium
Persons born in Luxembourg
Persons born in Switzerland
Persons born in France
Persons born in Germany
Persons born in Austria
Persons born in other Western Europe
Persons born in Southern & Eastern Europe
Persons born in Eastern Europe
Persons born in Albania
Persons born in Bulgaria
Persons born in Czechoslovakia
Persons born in Estonia
Persons born in Hungary
Persons born in Latvia
Persons born in Lithuania
Persons born in Poland
Persons born in Romania
Persons born in Russia/U.S.S.R.
Persons born in Turkey in Europe
Persons born in Yugoslavia
Persons born in other Eastern Europe
Persons born in Southern Europe
Persons born in Greece
Persons born in Italy
Persons born in Portugal (total)
Persons born in Portugal
Persons born in Azores
Persons born in Spain
Persons born in 0ther Southern Europe
Persons born in Europe n.e.c.
Persons born in Asia
Persons born in Armenia
Persons born in China
Persons born in Japan
Persons born in India
Persons born in Korea
Persons born in Palestine
Persons born in Philippines
Persons born in Syria
Persons born in Turkey
Persons born in Turkey in Asia
Persons born in other Asia
Persons born in America
Persons born in Northern America
Persons born in Canada-Total
Persons born in Canada-French
Persons born in Canada-Other
Persons born in Newfoundland
Persons born in other Northern America
Persons born in Latin America
Persons born in Caribbean
Persons born in Cuba
Persons born in other Caribbean
Persons born in Mexico
Persons born in Central America
Persons born in South America
Persons born in Africa
Persons born in Africa, excluding Atlantic Islands
Persons born in Atlantic Islands
Persons born in Oceania
Persons born in Australia
Persons born in Sandwich Islands
Persons born in other Oceania
Persons born in all other countries
Persons born in country not specified
Persons born at sea
White persons born in all countries
White persons born in Europe
White persons born in Northwestern Europe
White persons born in United Kingdom
White persons born in Great Britain
White persons born in England
White persons born in Scotland
White persons born in Wales
White persons born in Ireland
White persons born in Northern Ireland
White persons born in Ireland (Eire)
White persons born in Norway
White persons born in Sweden
White persons born in Denmark
White persons born in Iceland
White persons born in Netherlands
White persons born in Belgium
White persons born in Luxembourg
White persons born in Switzerland
White persons born in France
White persons born in Central and Eastern Europe
White persons born in Germany
White persons born in Poland
White persons born in Czechoslovakia
White persons born in Austria
White persons born in Hungary
White persons born in Yugoslavia
White persons born in Russia/U.S.S.R.
White persons born in Latvia
White persons born in Estonia
White persons born in Lithuania
White persons born in Finland
White persons born in Romania
White persons born in Bulgaria
White persons born in Turkey
White persons born in Turkey in Europe
White persons born in Southern Europe
White persons born in Greece
White persons born in Albania
White persons born in Italy
White persons born in Spain
White persons born in Portugal
White persons born in other Europe
White persons born in Asia
White persons born in Palestine
White persons born in Syria
White persons born in Turkey in Asia
White persons born in China
White persons born in Japan
White persons born in India
White persons born in Korea
White persons born in Philippines
White persons born in other Asia
White persons born in America
White persons born in Canada-Total
White persons born in Canada-French
White persons born in Canada-Other
White persons born in Newfoundland
White persons born in Cuba
White persons born in other West Indies
White persons born in Mexico
White persons born in Central America
White persons born in South America
White persons born in all other
White persons born in Africa
White persons born in Australia
White persons born in Atlantic Islands
White persons born in Oceania
White persons born in Pacific Islands
White persons born in country not specified
White persons born at sea
Persons born in all countries
Persons reported by region &/or country
Persons born in Europe
Persons born in Northern & Western Europe
Persons born in Northern Europe
Persons born in British Isles
Persons born in United Kingdom
Persons born in Great Britain
Persons born in England
Persons born in Scotland
Persons born in Wales
Persons born in Great Britain n.e.c.
Persons born in Northern Ireland
Persons born in Ireland
Persons born in Scandinavia
Persons born in Denmark
Persons born in Finland
Persons born in Iceland
Persons born in Norway
Persons born in Sweden
Persons born in Western Europe
Persons born in the Low Countries
Persons born in Belgium
Persons born in Luxembourg
Persons born in Netherlands
Persons born in Austria
Persons born in France
Persons born in Germany
Persons born in Switzerland
Persons born in Southern & Eastern Europe
Persons born in Southern Europe
Persons born in Greece
Persons born in Italy
Persons born in Malta
Persons born in Portugal (total)
Persons born in Portugal
Persons born in the Azores
Persons born in Spain
Persons born in Eastern Europe
Persons born in Albania
Persons born in Bulgaria
Persons born in Czechoslovakia
Persons born in Estonia
Persons born in Hungary
Persons born in Latvia
Persons born in Lithuania
Persons born in Poland
Persons born in Romania
Persons born in the U.S.S.R.
Persons born in Yugoslavia
Persons born in Europe n.e.c.
Persons born in Asia
Persons born in Eastern Asia
Persons born in China
Persons born in Hong Kong
Persons born in Japan
Persons born in Korea (total)
Persons born in Macau
Persons born in Taiwan
Persons born in South Central Asia
Persons born in Afghanistan
Persons born in Bangladesh
Persons born in India
Persons born in Iran
Persons born in Nepal
Persons born in Pakistan
Persons born in Sri Lanka
Persons born in South Eastern Asia
Persons born in Burma
Persons born in Cambodia
Persons born in Indonesia
Persons born in Laos
Persons born in Malaysia
Persons born in Philippines
Persons born in Singapore
Persons born in Thailand
Persons born in Vietnam
Persons born in Western Asia
Persons born in Cyprus
Persons born in Iraq
Persons born in Israel
Persons born in Jordan
Persons born in Kuwait
Persons born in Lebanon
Persons born in Palestine
Persons born in Saudi Arabia
Persons born in Syria
Persons born in Turkey
Persons born in United Arab Emirates
Persons born in Yemen
Persons born in Middle East n.e.c.
Persons born in Asia n.e.c.
Persons born in Africa
Persons born in Eastern Africa
Persons born in Ethiopia
Persons born in Kenya
Persons born in Somalia
Persons born in Tanzania
Persons born in Uganda
Persons born in Zambia
Persons born in Zimbabwe
Persons born in Middle Africa
Persons born in Angola
Persons born in Cameroon
Persons born in Zaire
Persons born in Northern Africa
Persons born in Algeria
Persons born in Egypt
Persons born in Libya
Persons born in Morocco
Persons born in Sudan
Persons born in Tunisia
Persons born in Northern Africa n.e.c.
Persons born in South Africa
Persons born in Western Africa
Persons born in Cape Verde
Persons born in Ghana
Persons born in Liberia
Persons born in Nigeria
Persons born in Senegal
Persons born in Sierra Leone
Persons born in Africa n.e.c.
Persons born in Oceania
Persons born in Australia
Persons born in New Zealand
Persons born in the Pacific Islands
Persons born in Fiji
Persons born in Tonga
Persons born in Western Samoa
Persons born in Other Pacific Islands
Persons born in America
Persons born in Latin America
Persons born in Caribbean
Persons born in Antigua & Barbuda
Persons born in Aruba
Persons born in the Bahamas
Persons born in Barbados
Persons born in Cuba
Persons born in Dominica
Persons born in the Dominican Republic
Persons born in Grenada
Persons born in Haiti
Persons born in Jamaica
Persons born in Montserrat
Persons born in the Netherlands Antilles
Persons born in St. Kitts-Nevis
Persons born in St. Lucia
Persons born in St. Vincent & the Grenadines
Persons born in Trinidad & Tobago
Persons born in Other Caribbean
Persons born in West Indies n.e.c.
Persons born in Other West Indies
Persons born in Mexico
Persons born in Central America
Persons born in Belize
Persons born in Costa Rica
Persons born in El Salvador
Persons born in Guatemala
Persons born in Honduras
Persons born in Nicaragua
Persons born in Panama
Persons born in Central America n.e.c.
Persons born in South America
Persons born in Argentina
Persons born in Bolivia
Persons born in Brazil
Persons born in Chile
Persons born in Colombia
Persons born in Ecuador
Persons born in Guyana
Persons born in Paraguay
Persons born in Peru
Persons born in Suriname
Persons born in Uruguay
Persons born in Venezuela
Persons born in South America n.e.c.
Persons born in Northern America
Persons born in Canada
Persons born in Bermuda
Persons born in Northern America n.e.c.
Persons with region or country of birth not reported
Survey respondents wanting more immigrants allowed into the United States, 1955-1997
Survey respondents wanting the number of immigrants allowed into the United States to stay the same, 1955-1997
Survey respondents wanting fewer immigrants allowed into the United States, 1955-1997
Survey respondents expressing no opinion about levels of immigration into the United States, 1955-1997
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