Trafficking in Persons for the Purpose of Organ Removal

ASSESSMENT TOOLKIT

Trafficking in Persons for the Purpose of Organ Removal

UNITED NATIONS Vienna, 2015

The description and classification of countries and territories in this study and the arrangement of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its economic system or degree of development.

? United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2015

Acknowledgements

This assessment toolkit was developed by the UNODC Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling Section under the leadership of Mr. Ilias Chatzis and the substantive coordination of Ms. Silke Albert. Two expert group meetings held in Vienna, Austria, in June 2010 and December 2013, elaborated concepts and reviewed drafts of the toolkit. The meetings brought together more than 30 experts from national governments, hospitals and other medical institutions, academia, as well as inter-governmental and non-governmental organizations.

UNODC expresses its gratitude to the experts who participated in the expert group meetings and who substantially contributed to the present toolkit: Mr. Omar AlThaher (Jordan),Ms. Maria Amihan Abueva (the Philippines), Mr. Mikhail Bedunkevich (Belarus), Mr. Bhanu Bhaskar (India), Mr. James Bowman (United States of America), Ms. Alina Braoveanu (Council of Europe/GRETA), Ms. Carla Bury (United States of America), Ms. Aim?e Comrie (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe-OSCE), Ms. Tatiana Tutida Ribeiro Correa (Brazil), Mr. Gabriel Danovitch (Declaration of Istanbul Custodian Group),Mr. Timothy Delvecchio (OSCE), Ms. Veronica Feican (Ecuador), Ms. Marta Lopez Fraga (Council of Europe/European Directorate Quality of Medicines & Health Care), Mr. Martin Gunnarson (Sweden), Mr. Steve Harvey (EUROPOL), Mr. Louis Helberg (South Africa), Mr. Paul Holmes (United Kingdom), Mr. Ninoslav Ivanovski (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia), Ms. Jessica de Jong (the Netherlands), Mr. Bassam Kandeleft (Israel), Mr. Jesper Lund (INTERPOL), Ms. Susanne Lundin (Sweden), Mr. Igor Miloserdov (Russian Federation), Ms. Sharon Mishal (Israel), Mr. Dave Newton (United Kingdom), Mr. Luc No?lle (World Health Organization), Ms. Darlene Pajarito (the Philippines), Mr. Jonathan Ratel (United Kingdom/Canada), Ms. Nancy Scheper-Hughes (United States of America), Mr. Milbert Shin (OSCE), Ms. Hana Snajdrova (OSCE), Mr. Michael Surgalla (United States of America).

Special thanks are extended to Ms. Nicole Maric (UNODC), for her vital guidance and advice, as well as to Mr. Martin Fowke, Ms. Tatiana Balisova, Ms. Kanako Emoto, and Mr. Fabrizio Sarrica (UNODC), and to Ms. Marika McAdam and Ms. Frederike Ambagtsheer (consultants), who provided substantial written input to the toolkit.

Contents

Scope, Objectives and Structure of the Assessment Toolkit ..................................... 5 PART 1 ? Trafficking in Persons for the Purpose of Organ Removal ........................... 7

1. Introduction......................................................................................7 1.1. Basic information on organ transplantation ................................................................7 1.2. International standards governing donation and transplantation ............................. 8 1.3. A market for trafficking in persons for organ removal ..............................................10 1.4. Need for a strengthened response ............................................................................. 13

2. International Legal and Other Instruments.............................................. 14 2.1. Definition of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal ......................14 2.2. The issue of consent ................................................................................................... 15 2.3. Trafficking in children for organ removal ..................................................................16 2.4. Trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal versus organ trafficking ... 17 2.5. Prohibition of financial gain ....................................................................................... 19 2.6. Non-legally binding instruments............................................................................... 22

3. Overview of Persons Involved .............................................................. 24 3.1. Recruiters (and brokers)........................................................................................... 28 3.2. Medical professionals ................................................................................................ 30 3.3. Actors in the health care and other sectors............................................................... 33 3.4. Organ recipients ........................................................................................................ 36 3.5. Cooperation among actors ........................................................................................ 40 3.6. Organ suppliers ..........................................................................................................41

4. Good Practice Responses and Recommendations ...................................... 46 4.1. Prevention ................................................................................................................. 46 4.2. Legislation ................................................................................................................. 48 4.3. Regulation and monitoring ....................................................................................... 49 4.4. Detection, investigation, prosecution and adjudication............................................ 50 4.5. Protection and assistance...........................................................................................53 4.6. Cooperation and coordination ...................................................................................55 4.7. Data collection and research ......................................................................................55

PART 2 ? Assessment Tools ........................................................................... 57 1. Introduction.................................................................................... 57

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