Immigration & Urbanization



Immigration & Urbanization

The New Immigrants

New Immigrants Come to America

Immigrants coming to the U.S. between 1840 & 1860 were mostly from Europe. Between 1880 and 1920 Southern & Eastern European immigrants arrived in the U.S. in great waves. Many native-born Americans felt by these newcomers with different cultures & languages.

|Causes of Immigration |

|Push Factors |Pull Factors |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| |Old |New |

|Religion |_______________ |__________ & __________ |

|Birthplace |North/Western Europe |South/Eastern Europe |

|Reasons |Both escaping poverty, religious, and political persecution. |

|Destination |Moved to _________ in the Midwest. |Moved to ________ in the Northeast. |

|Occupation |Became ___________ |________ __________ |

The Immigrant Experience

Immigration officials determined who could stay in the U.S. To enter, immigrants had to be and show that they had money, a skill, or a sponsor to provide for them.

Most European immigrants arrived in New York Harbor. Beginning in 1892, they were processed at Island. The goal was to “ ” immigrants coming from Europe. Immigrants took physical examinations & were held at Ellis Island before they were released to the U.S. mainland.

and other Asian immigrants crossed the Pacific Ocean,

arriving in San Francisco Bay. They were processed at Island,

which opened in 1910. Angel Island was not as as Ellis

Island was to immigrants.

Chinese immigrants were away unless they could prove that

they were American citizens or had relatives living in America.

While

most immigrants left Ellis Island within hours, Chinese immigrants at

Angel Island were often held for or even in poor conditions.

Opportunities & Challenges in America

Most new immigrants stayed in , close to industrial jobs in factories. There, they often lived in neighborhoods, called ghettos, with people who shared their

language, religion, and culture.

|MELTING POT THEORY |SALAD BOWL THEORY |

|According to this theory, people from various cultures have met in|This theory recognizes that groups do not always lose their characters. |

|the United States to a new America. |They can live side by side, with each group contributing in different ways to society. |

| | |

|The contributions of individual groups are not easily |This approach is sometimes called the salad bowl theory since groups, like different vegetables|

|. The resulting culture is more important than its parts. |in a salad, remain |

| |but create a new |

| |larger whole. This theory is |

| |also referred to as pluralism. |

Accepting immigrants into American society was not always easy. Newcomers often faced , which was a belief that native-born white Americans were to newcomers.

Historical Significance: Old immigrants new immigrants. New immigrants came to this country for the same reason as the old immigrants.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Some native-born Americans labeled immigration from Asia a “yellow peril.” Under pressure from , which had already barred Chinese from owning or working certain jobs, passed this law sharply limiting Chinese immigration. Many Chinese dared not visit their families in China, fearing they would not be permitted to to the U.S.

President Rutherford Hayes this act and Congress would

override it. Hayes would not be reelected. Chinese immigration

would be until the 1920s.

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Immigration & Urbanization

Cities Expand and Change

America Becomes a Nation of Cities

In 1860 no American city boasted a people. By 1890, New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago had spurted past the million mark. Cities grew rapidly because they were near raw materials, industrial areas, transportation routes, and had .

Urbanization –

Most immigrants settle in cities to get cheap housing and factory jobs.

In cities, immigrants assimilated into the main culture ( ). Many rural-to-urban migrants moved to cities because farm technology decreased the need for laborers, so people moved to cities for jobs.

Technology Improves City Life

Cities were on the cutting edge of new innovations that improved living conditions for people.

Cities offered the following new technologies:

•

•Bright Lights & Electricity

•Public Water Systems

•Asphalt pavement & Transportation

•

•Sewage Disposal

•Central Heating

Urban Living Creates Problems

Several families lived in one or even

one .

They used the space for sewing

clothes or doing other piecework to earn money.

Tenements –

|Water |Sanitation |Crime |Fire |

|In the 1860s, tenements had an |The streets were exposed to |As population grew, |Fire Hazards: limited water, wood |

|supply of water. |, open gutters, factory smoke, and poor |flourished. |houses, candles and kerosene heaters. |

| |trash collection. | | |

|Some tenements did not have access to | | | |

|water. | |Early police forces were too |Most firefighters were |

| |By 1900, cities developed sewer lines |to be effective. |and not always available. |

| |and created sanitation departments. | | |

| | | | |

| | | |By 1900, most cities had full time |

| | | |fire departments. |

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Immigration & Urbanization

Social & Cultural Trends

The Gilded Age, 1870-1900

“The Gilded Age” was a phrase penned by Mark Twain as satire for

the way America had become. It revealed the “ and ”

of America. The Gilded Age suggests that there was a glittering layer

of that covered the and that existed

in much of society.

Reform was ! Twain depicted American society as gilded,

or having a rotten core covered with gold paint.

Americans Become Consumers

More people began to work for wages rather than for themselves on farms. More were available than ever before and at prices. This led to a culture of conspicuous consumerism.

Conspicuous Consumerism –

All but the very poorest working-class laborers were able

to do and buy more than they would have in the past.

Americans all across the country became more & more

in their consumption patterns. Rich & poor could

wear the same clothing styles, but varied.

Household gadgets, toys, and food preferences were

often the from house to house. This is known

as mass culture.

Mass Culture –

New Forms of Popular Entertainment

Urban areas with thousands of people became

centers for new types of in

the Gilded Age.

City dwellers escaped to amusement parks,

circuses, shows, and sports.

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