Frontier Central School District



Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________________

Immune System and Infectious Disease

Immune System:

← The network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body against infectious invaders.

← The organs involved in the immune system are called the lymphatic system and consist of:

o Thymus

o Spleen

o Bone Marrow

o Lymph Nodes

← These are important parts of the immune system because they produce or store leukocytes

Lymph System:

← Macrophages are a type of phagocyte that migrate through the body by using the lymphatic system.

Leukocytes:

• Leukocytes circulate through the blood and lymphatic system and there are two types:

o Phagocytes

▪ Cells that engulf and break down the invading organism

▪ Most common is neutrophils, which fight bacteria

o Lymphocytes:

▪ cells that allow the body to remember and recognize previous invaders and help the body destroy them

▪ B-cells and T-cells find organisms identified by antibodies and destroys them

Lymphocyte Response:

← When foreign organisms (antigens) are recognized by the body B-cells produce antibodies

← Antibodies are proteins that are developed to lock onto specific antigens

← These antibodies will be present in your body for life, so the next time that antigen enters your body it is destroyed very quickly

← That is how immunizations work, they introduce a weakened antigen into your body, so your body can produce antibodies in case a stronger antigen returns

← Antibodies cannot destroy these antigens on their own, the T-cells destroy the antigens

Types of Immunity:

← Humans have three different types of immunity:

o Innate – immunity you are born with

o Adaptive – immunity that develops throughout our lives

o Passive – immunity that is borrowed from another person or source

← Innate Immunity:

o This includes lots of our external barriers that prevent antigens from ever entering our bodies

o Our skin prevent germs from entering our blood stream

o Secretions give the skin a pH between 3 and 5, acidic enough to prevent colonization of many microbes and secretes lysozyme, which digests bacterial cell walls

o If there is a break in the skin, it will try to heal and blood flows outward preventing the infection from getting inside

o Our breathing passages are covered in hairs and mucus that are meant to trap foreign organisms and expel them from our bodies

o Organisms that enter through our mouth will either be killed by the chemicals in our saliva or the acid in our stomach

← Adaptive Immunity:

o Adaptive immunity includes the antibodies we develop by being exposed to different diseases throughout our lives and the vaccinations we receive

← Passive Immunity

o Sometimes we can borrow immunity from another source, but this does not usually last for very long

o The most common example of this is when babies get antibodies from the mother’s breast milk, which is one reason breast feeding is beneficial for babies

Inflammatory Response:

← Inflammatory response is when fluid and white blood cells leak out of the blood vessels and into the tissues.

← The white blood cells fight the pathogens

← During an inflammatory response, the blood vessel get wider to increase the flow of blood to that area

← Because of the increase blood flow and the fluid leaking into the tissue, an inflamed area will look red and swollen. Also, the inflamed area will feel warn to the touch.

← In some cases, the inflammatory response will result in you having a temperature. This high temperature keeps pathogens from reproducing.

← Triggered by the release of histamines (which are sometimes released when harmless substances enter the body causing an allergic reaction)

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Infectious Diseases:

← a disease that can be passed from one organism to another (called antigens or pathogens)

← When you have an infectious disease, a pathogen has gotten into your body and harmed it

← Pathogens make you sick by damaging individual cells

← There are four major groups of pathogens

Bacteria:

← Bacteria are single cell organisms

← Bacteria are classified as PROKARYOTES

← Most bacteria cannot make their own food; they have to break down, or decompose, other living things to obtain their energy

← Most bacteria do not cause diseases

← Bacteria are almost everywhere: air, food, water, soil.

← Example: Strep throat

Viruses:

← Virus – a nonliving particle consisting of a core of hereditary material surrounded by a protein coat.

← Viruses can reproduce ONLY inside a living cell.

← Examples: Flu, common cold

Fungi:

← Most fungi are multicellular

← Fungi obtain food by secreting enzymes onto the dead material outside of their bodies (external digestion). The fungi then absorb the nutrients into their cells. Organisms that feed this way are called SAPROPHYTES

← Example: Athlete’s foot

Protists:

← One cell organisms (unicellular) that have organelles

← Example: Malaria

Man-Made Defenses:

← PASTERUIZATION – a heating process that is used today to kill microorganisms in food products such as milk

← ANTIBIOTICS – a chemical that is used to kill bacteria or slow their growth without harming your body cells. Unfortunately, there is no way to cure viral diseases.

← VACCINE – introducing the body to a weaker or dead form of a pathogen, so we can generate antibodies against that disease

Famous Fights Against Disease:

← Louis Pasteur

← Proved that microbes caused infectious disease.

← He showed these microbes were in the air.

← Food could avoid contamination by being heated in a flask that did no allow bacteria from the air to get in.

← His methods led to development of pasteurization.

← Jonas Salk

← Invented the polio vaccine.

← In the 1950’s there was an outbreak of polio that killed over 3,ooo and left over 21,000 paralyzed.

← It was the first mass distributed vaccine that was safe for public use.

← It used a dead form of the virus, so people would generate antibodies to it without ever getting sick

Spread of Disease:

← PERSON-TO-PERSON TRANSFER

o Diseases can be transferred by direct contact such as kissing and shaking hands

o Diseases can be transferred by indirect contact such as sneezing and coughing

← CONTAMINATED OBJECTS

o Food and water can become contaminated

o You can get ill by using contaminated objects such as towels and silverware

← ANIMAL BITES

o An infected animal can pass on pathogens through their bite

o Examples: rabies (dog, raccoon), Lyme disease (tick), malaria (mosquitoes in tropical areas)

← PATHOGENS FROM THE ENVIRONMENT

o Some pathogens live naturally in the soil and water

o Example: tetanus, botulism (causes food poisoning)

Super-Bugs:

← Antibiotics kill bacteria, but if antibiotics are not taken their full term too many bacteria are left alive, so your immune system can’t kill the rest before they begin reproducing.

← The bacteria left are ones resistant to the antibiotic, which reproduce asexually creating identical copies (also resistant to antibiotics).

← So, next time you take the antibiotic to kill the bacteria they are immune and won’t die.

Spread of Infection:

← The spread of infectious can be affected by several factors:

o Amount of time the person is contagious

o How the disease spreads (STD, airborn, through bodily fluids, contact, etc)

o Population density

o Population Mixing

Non-Infectious Diseases:

← A disease that is not contagious (cannot be passed from person to person or animal to person)

← These are not caused by pathogens (germs)

o Heart Disease

o Cancer

o Arthritis

Autoimmune Diseases:

← An autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system attacks and destroys healthy body tissue.

← The causes of these disorders are unknown for the most part.

← We suspect some are caused by bacteria, some by drugs, and some people may just have a genetic predisposition.

← Examples of autoimmune diseases are:

o Lupus

o Diabetes Type I

o Guillain-Barre Syndrome

HIV and AIDS:

← HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) – the virus that attacks the immune system causing patients to become more and more vulnerable to infection

← AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) – this is the disorder that occurs after symptoms of the virus begin to present themselves.

← This is an infectious disease because it is transmitted from person to person through bodily fluids.

← Tomorrow we will complete the AIDS Lab. You will learn more about this disease when you read the pre-lab information.

Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________________

Immune System and Infectious Disease

Immune System:

← The network of ______________, tissues, and _________________ that work together to protect the body against ________________________ invaders.

← The _____________ involved in the immune system are called the _____________________ system and consist of:

o __________________

o Spleen

o Bone ______________________

o _______________ Nodes

← These are important parts of the immune system because they ___________________ or ____________ leukocytes

Lymph System:

← ______________________ are a type of phagocyte that migrate through the body by using the lymphatic system.

Leukocytes:

• Leukocytes circulate through the ______________ and ___________________ system and there are two types:

o Phagocytes

▪ Cells that __________________ and _____________ ______________ the invading organism

▪ Most common is _____________________, which fight ____________________

o Lymphocytes:

▪ cells that allow the body to ____________________ and _______________________ previous invaders and help the body _____________________ them

▪ _______________ and ________________ find organisms identified by ______________________ and destroys them

Lymphocyte Response:

← When foreign organisms (_________________) are recognized by the body _______________ produce _______________________

← Antibodies are ___________________ that are developed to _____________ onto specific antigens

← These antibodies will be present in your body for _______________, so the next time that antigen enters your body it is _____________________ very quickly

← That is how ______________________ work, they introduce a _____________________ antigen into your body, so your body can produce _______________________ in case a stronger antigen returns

← Antibodies __________________ destroy these antigens on their own, the ________________ destroy the antigens

Types of Immunity:

← Humans have __________ different types of immunity:

o Innate – immunity you are ___________ with

o Adaptive – immunity that ___________________ throughout our lives

o Passive – immunity that is _____________________ from another person or source

← Innate Immunity:

o This includes lots of our ____________________ barriers that prevent antigens from ever ___________________ our bodies

o Our ______________ prevents germs from entering our _____________ ________________

o Secretions give the skin a pH between _______ and _________, acidic enough to prevent colonization of many microbes and secretes ____________________, which digests bacterial cell walls

o If there is a _______________ in the skin, it will try to ___________ and ______________ flows outward preventing the ____________________ from getting inside

o Our ____________________ passages are covered in _____________ and ________________ that are meant to ___________ foreign organisms and ______________ them from our bodies

o Organisms that enter through our ______________ will either be killed by the chemicals in our ______________ or the acid in our ___________________

← Adaptive Immunity:

o Adaptive immunity includes the ______________________ we develop by being _________________ to different diseases throughout our lives and the ____________________ we receive

← Passive Immunity

o Sometimes we can __________________ immunity from another source, but this does not usually ____________ for very long

o The most common example of this is when _______________ get antibodies from the mother’s _______________ ____________, which is one reason breast feeding is beneficial for babies

Inflammatory Response:

← Inflammatory response is when _________________ and ______________ blood cells leak out of the blood __________________ and into the tissues.

← The white blood cells ______________ the pathogens

← During an inflammatory response, the blood vessel get _________________ to increase the __________ of blood to that area

← Because of the _____________________ blood flow and the fluid leaking into the tissue, an __________________ area will look red and swollen. Also, the inflamed area will feel ____________ to the touch.

← In some cases, the inflammatory response will result in you having a ____________________. This high temperature keeps ___________________ from _________________________.

← Triggered by the release of _______________________ (which are sometimes released when harmless substances enter the body causing an _______________________ reaction)

Infectious Diseases:

← A __________________ that can be passed from one __________________ to another (called antigens or pathogens)

← When you have an _____________________ disease, a ____________________ has gotten into your body and __________________ it

← Pathogens make you ________________ by damaging individual _______________

← There are __________ major groups of pathogens

Bacteria:

← Bacteria are __________________ cell organisms

← Bacteria are classified as ____________________________

← Most bacteria _____________________ make their own food; they have to break down, or ___________________, other living things to obtain their _____________________

← Most bacteria do __________ cause diseases

← ____________________ are almost everywhere: air, ______________, water, ______________

← Example: ________________ _____________________

Viruses:

← Virus – a _________________________ particle consisting of a core of hereditary_________________ material surrounded by a __________________ coat.

← Viruses can _______________________ ONLY inside a living cell.

← Examples: Flu, common _______________

Fungi:

← Most fungi are __________________________

← Fungi obtain ________________ by secreting ____________________ onto the dead material outside of their bodies (_________________ _____________________). The fungi then ________________ the nutrients into their cells. Organisms that feed this way are called SAPROPHYTES

← Example: Athlete’s foot

Protists:

← One cell organisms (_____________________) that have organelles

← Example: _______________________

Man-Made Defenses:

← PASTERUIZATION – a ______________________ process that is used today to kill _________________________ in food products such as ___________

← ANTIBIOTICS – a _____________________ that is used to kill ____________________ or slow their growth without harming your body _____________. Unfortunately, there is no way to cure __________ diseases.

Famous Fights Against Disease:

← Louis Pasteur

← Proved that ___________________ caused _______________________ disease.

← He showed these microbes were in the _____________.

← Food could avoid _____________________________ by being __________________ in a flask that did not allow _______________________ from the air to get in.

← His methods led to development of ____________________________.

← Jonas Salk

← Invented the ________________ vaccine.

← In the 1950’s there was an _______________________ of polio that killed over _____________ and left over 21,000 _______________________.

← It was the first mass distributed ____________________ that was safe for ________________ use.

Spread of Disease:

← PERSON-TO-________________ TRANSFER

o Diseases can be transferred by _________________ contact such as __________________ and shaking hands

o Diseases can be transferred by __________________ contact such as sneezing and ___________

← CONTAMINATED OBJECTS

o ______________ and __________________ can become contaminated

o You can get ______ by using ______________________ objects such as towels and silverware

← ANIMAL BITES

o An _____________________ animal can pass on pathogens through their _____________

o Examples: _____________ (dog, raccoon), Lyme disease (___________), malaria (mosquitoes in tropical areas)

← PATHOGENS FROM THE ENVIRONMENT

o Some pathogens live naturally in the _____________ and __________________

o Example: tetanus, ______________________ (causes food poisoning)

Super-Bugs:

← These are created when ______________________ are not taken through their ___________ course.

← The antibiotics begin to do their job killing ______________ bacteria, but when you stop using them ___________________ you are supposed to you risk leaving some bacteria _______________.

← These bacteria can develop a ________________________ to the antibiotic.

← So, next time you take the ______________________ to kill the bacteria they are ________________ and won’t ______________.

Non-Infectious Diseases:

← A disease that is not _______________________ (cannot be passed from ________________ to person or _____________________ to person)

← These are not caused by _____________________ (germs)

o Heart disease

o ____________________

o Arthritis

Autoimmune Diseases:

← An autoimmune disease occurs when the ____________________ system attacks and destroys _________________ body tissue.

← The causes of these disorders are ___________________ for the most part.

← We suspect some are caused by _____________________, some by drugs, and some people may just have a ____________________ predisposition.

← Examples of autoimmune diseases are:

o ___________________

o Diabetes ____________________

o Guillain-Barre Syndrome

HIV and AIDS:

← HIV (human ____________________________ virus) – the virus that attacks the ___________________ system causing ______________________ to become more and more vulnerable to ________________________

← AIDS (_________________ immune deficiency syndrome) – this is the disorder that occurs after ____________________ of the virus begin to present themselves.

← This is an ______________________ disease because it is transmitted from _________________ to person through bodily ___________________.

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