Chapter 37 - Immunity

?Multiple Choice1.?A newly developed vaccine can prevent cancer caused by _____.??a.??AIDS?b.??polio?c.??measles?d.??HIV?e.?HPV?ANSWER:??eDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??37.1 Frankie's Last WishLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.37.1 - Discuss the harmful effects of HPV infection.2.?Innate immune mechanisms _____.??a.??are fast acting?b.??take about a week to 10 days to come into full effect?c.??are very specific for their targets?d.??are tailored to only a few specific pathogens?e.?are produced by genetic recombinations?ANSWER:??aDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??37.2 Integrated Responses to ThreatsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.2 - Describe the respiration process.3.?What is immunity???a.??an organism’s capacity to resist infection only?b.??an organism’s capacity to both resist and combat infection?c.??a pathogen?d.??an organism’s capacity to combat infection only?e.?a set of genetic instructions?ANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??37.2 Integrated Responses to ThreatsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.7 - Examine the structure and functioning of respiratory systems of fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals.4.?Which statement is true of carbon monoxide??a.?It is a waste product of photosynthesis.?b.?It is always present when organic material burns.?c.?It is harmless.?d.?It has a strong odor.?e.?It is a greenhouse gas.ANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's UnderstandREFERENCES:??38.1 Carbon Monoxide-A Stealthy PoisonLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.2 - Describe the respiration process.5.?Carbon monoxide ____.?a.??traps heat in the atmosphere?b.?is an atmospheric pollutant?c.?causes acid rain?d.?interferes with the nervous system?e.?binds to a hemoglobin molecule and interferes with oxygen uptakeANSWER:??eDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's UnderstandREFERENCES:??38.1 Carbon Monoxide-A Stealthy PoisonLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.2 - Describe the respiration process.6.?Respiration in the human body relies on ____.?a.??exocytosis and endocytosis?b.??facilitated diffusion?c.?osmosis?d.?simple diffusion?e.?active transportANSWER:??dDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??38.2 The Nature of RespirationLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.2 - Describe the respiration process.7.?The term “respiration” in animals refers to the ____.?a.??movement of oxygen into an animal only?b.?movement of carbon dioxide out of an animal only?c.?movement of oxygen into an animal and the movement of carbon dioxide out of the animal?d.?binding of oxygen to hemoglobin molecules in the blood?e.?diffusion of oxygen across a cell membraneANSWER:??cDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's UnderstandREFERENCES:??38.2 The Nature of RespirationLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.2 - Describe the respiration process.8.?Which of the following is true regarding hemoglobin??a.??It is a lipid.?b.??It contains iron.?c.?It raises the concentration of oxygen in the blood.?d.?It is present in all vertebrates and invertebrates.?e.?It is identical to hemocyanin.ANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??38.2 The Nature of RespirationLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.2 - Describe the respiration process.9.?Integumentary exchange of gases implies that the animal ____.?a.??has a shell?b.?has a tracheal system?c.?lives in a moist location?d.?has a siphon?e.?lives in an arid location?ANSWER:??cDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??38.3 Invertebrate RespirationLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.5 - Describe the process of respiration in invertebrates living on land.

?10.?The accompanying figure illustrates a ____.?a.??book lung?b.?tracheal system?c.?set of gills?d.?lung micrograph?e.?circulatory systemANSWER:??aDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??38.3 Invertebrate RespirationPREFACE?NAME:??FigureLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.5 - Describe the process of respiration in invertebrates living on land.11.?Which of the following is true regarding some insect tracheal systems??a.??They are associated with the blood circulatory system.?b.?They excrete body wastes as well as transport gases.?c.?Their spiracles can become clogged by spraying them with oil.?d.?The tracheal tubes are continually open in large terrestrial insects.?e.?They contain respiratory pigments to enhance oxygen transport.ANSWER:??cDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??38.3 Invertebrate RespirationLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.5 - Describe the process of respiration in invertebrates living on land.12.?Water flowing back and forth across the gills of fish is known as _____.?a.?capillary movement?b.?counter current exchange?c.?deoxygenation?d.?pharyngeal movement?e.?gill slitsANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??38.4 Vertebrate RespirationLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.7 - Examine the structure and functioning of respiratory systems of fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals.?Figure 38.9?The following two questions refer to the figure above showing a fish gill filament.13.?The most oxygenated blood is indicated by the letter ____.?a.??A?b.?B?c.?C?d.?D?e.?EANSWER:??dDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??38.4 Vertebrate RespirationPREFACE?NAME:??Figure 38.9LEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.7 - Examine the structure and functioning of respiratory systems of fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals.14.?The least oxygenated blood is indicated by the letter ____.?a.?A?b.?B?c.?C?d.?D?e.?EANSWER:??eDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??38.4 Vertebrate RespirationPREFACE?NAME:??Figure 38.9LEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.7 - Examine the structure and functioning of respiratory systems of fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals.15.?Paired lungs are characteristic of ____.?a.??spiders?b.?all birds?c.?all fishes?d.?all amphibian life stages?e.?all insectsANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??38.4 Vertebrate RespirationLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.7 - Examine the structure and functioning of respiratory systems of fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals.?Figure 37.10A?The following two questions refer to the antibody structure figure above.16.?The variable region of a light chain is indicated by ____.??a.??A?b.??B?c.??C?d.??D?e.?E?ANSWER:??cDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??37.6 Antigen ReceptorsPREFACE?NAME:??Figure 37.10ALEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.8 - Describe the structure and functions of each of the components of the human respiratory system.17.?What is characteristic of adult frogs??a.??gills?b.?sucking air into their lungs?c.?countercurrent exchange?d.?pushing air into their lungs?e.?drawing water by inhalation across their gillsANSWER:??dDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??38.4 Vertebrate RespirationLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.7 - Examine the structure and functioning of respiratory systems of fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals.18.?Air is continuously forced through tubes that thread through vascularized tissue in a pair of inelastic lungs in _____.?a.??some fish?b.?amphibians?c.??birds?d.??reptiles?e.?some small mammals?ANSWER:??cDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??38.4 Vertebrate RespirationLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.7 - Examine the structure and functioning of respiratory systems of fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals.19.?What is the correct sequence of air flow in mammals??a.??nasal cavities, larynx, pharynx, bronchi, trachea?b.?nasal cavities, pharynx, bronchi, larynx, trachea?c.?nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi?d.?nasal cavities, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi?e.?nasal cavities, bronchi, larynx, trachea, pharynxANSWER:??cDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??38.5 Human Respiratory SystemLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.8 - Describe the structure and functions of each of the components of the human respiratory system.20.?The “Adam’s apple” is located in the ____.?a.??Glottis?b.?Pharynx?c.?Trachea?d.?Larynx?e.?BronchusANSWER:??dDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??38.5 Human Respiratory SystemLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.8 - Describe the structure and functions of each of the components of the human respiratory system.?Figure 37.13?Use the figure above depicting antigen processing to answer the following two questions.21.??The letter "B" from the accompanying figure represents ____.?a.??complement?b.??MHC markers with antigen expressed to the surface of a cell?c.??lysosome with MHC molecule?d.??plasma membranes fusing?e.?MHC recycling?ANSWER:??cDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??37.7 Overview of Adaptive ImmunityPREFACE?NAME:??Figure 37.13LEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.37.10 - Examine the four important characteristics of adaptive immunity.22.?The letter "F" in the accompanying figure represents ____.??a.??complement?b.??MHC markers with antigen expressed to the surface of a cell?c.??lysosome fusing with a phagosome?d.??plasma membranes fusing?e.?MHC recycling?ANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??37.7 Overview of Adaptive ImmunityPREFACE?NAME:??Figure 37.13LEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.37.10 - Examine the four important characteristics of adaptive immunity.23.?The human voice is generated by air moving through the _____.?a.??pharynx?b.??glottis?c.?epiglottis?d.?pleura?e.?tracheaANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??38.5 Human Respiratory SystemLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.8 - Describe the structure and functions of each of the components of the human respiratory system.24.?The glottis is ____ when swallowing and ____ when speaking.?a.??closed; open?b.?open; closed?c.?rigid; relaxed?d.?relaxed; rigid?e.?vibrating; closedANSWER:??aDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??38.5 Human Respiratory SystemLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.8 - Describe the structure and functions of each of the components of the human respiratory system.25.?Branches of a bronchus are known as ____.?a.??larynx?b.?bronchi?c.?bronchioles?d.?trachea?e.?pharynxANSWER:??cDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??38.5 Human Respiratory SystemLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.8 - Describe the structure and functions of each of the components of the human respiratory system.26.?The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the human lungs in the ____.?a.?bronchi?b.?alveoli?c.?bronchioles?d.?trachea?e.?glottisANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??38.5 Human Respiratory SystemLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.8 - Describe the structure and functions of each of the components of the human respiratory system.?Figure 38.16?The following three questions refer to the figure above.27.?Residual air volume is indicated by the letter ____.?a.?A?b.?B?c.??C?d.?D?e.?EANSWER:??eDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalyzeREFERENCES:??38.6 How We BreathePREFACE?NAME:??Figure 38.16LEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.9 - Outline the process of the respiratory cycle.28.?Total lung capacity is indicated by ____.??a.??A + B?b.?B + C?c.?C + E?d.?D + E?e.?E + AANSWER:??cDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalyzeREFERENCES:??38.6 How We BreathePREFACE?NAME:??Figure 38.16LEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.9 - Outline the process of the respiratory cycle.29.?Forced inhalation is indicated by ____.?a.??A?b.??B?c.?C?d.??D?e.?EANSWER:??aDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalyzeREFERENCES:??38.6 How We BreathePREFACE?NAME:??Figure 38.16LEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.9 - Outline the process of the respiratory cycle.30.?Contraction of the diaphragm ____.?a.??diminishes the volume of the thoracic cavity?b.?increases the volume of the thoracic cavity?c.?pushes the rib cage downward?d.??causes external intercostal muscles to relax?e.?decreases lung capacityANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??38.6 How We BreatheLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.9 - Outline the process of the respiratory cycle.31.?Oxygen moves from alveoli to the bloodstream ____.?a.??because the concentration of oxygen is greater in alveoli than in the blood?b.?mainly due to the activity of carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells?c.?against a concentration gradient?d.?to equal the concentration of CO2 in the blood?e.?by active transportANSWER:??aDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??38.7 Gas Exchange and TransportLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.10 - Examine how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in blood.32.?Oxyhemoglobin contains _____.?a.?oxygen bound irreversibly to a heme group?b.??carbon dioxide?c.?carbonic anhydrase?d.??bound oxygen in the absence of a heme group?e.?oxygen bound reversibly to a heme groupANSWER:??eDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??38.7 Gas Exchange and TransportLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.10 - Examine how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in blood.?Figure 38.21?Use the figure above to answer the following question.33.?What is the partial pressure of oxygen at the start of the systemic capillary beds??a.?40 mm Hg?b.?100 mm Hg?c.?70 mm Hg?d.?104 mm Hg?e.?130 mm HgANSWER:??bDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??38.7 Gas Exchange and TransportPREFACE?NAME:??Figure 38.21LEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.10 - Examine how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in blood.34.?Most of the carbon dioxide produced by the body is transported to the lungs ____.?a.??in gaseous form?b.??in the lymph system?c.??as carbaminohemoglobin?d.??in the form of bicarbonate?e.?as carbonic acidANSWER:??dDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??38.7 Gas Exchange and TransportLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.10 - Examine how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in blood.MatchingMatch each term with the most appropriate statement.?a.??cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodiesb.??cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cellsc.??lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invaderd.??able to lyse cells by forming pore complexese.??cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodiesf.??able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexesg.??a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicateh.??"big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigensi.??immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell typesj.??a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cellk.??surface patterns of nonself molecules or particlesl.??proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranesm.??preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune responsen.??one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDSDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??37.12 VaccinesLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.37.16 - Explain how vaccines can be used in the process of immunization.35.??antigensANSWER:??k36.??B lymphocytesANSWER:??e37.??perforinANSWER:??l38.??cloneANSWER:??j39.??complement proteinsANSWER:??d40.??cytotoxic T lymphocytesANSWER:??b41.??interleukinsANSWER:??g42.??macrophagesANSWER:??h43.??memory cellsANSWER:??c44.??B cellsANSWER:??a45.??retrovirusesANSWER:??n46.??stem cellsANSWER:??i47.?natural killer cells?ANSWER:??f48.?vaccine?ANSWER:??mClassification.?Respond to the following statements with reference to the five types of white cells listed below.?a.??macrophagesb.??helper T cellsc.??B cellsd.??cytotoxic T cellse.??natural killer cellsDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??37.2 Integrated Responses to ThreatsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.7 - Examine the structure and functioning of respiratory systems of fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals.49.??These cells kill tumor cells but are not B or T lymphocytes.ANSWER:??e50.??These cells scavenge dead cells and attack bacteria directly.ANSWER:??a51.??These cells destroy cells infected by viruses.?ANSWER:??d52.??These cells recognize cell surface antigens and initiate the proliferation of lymphocytes.ANSWER:??b53.??Antibody production occurs in these cells.ANSWER:??c?Respond to the following statements in reference to the five items listed below. Answers may be used more than once or not at all.a.??antigensb.??antibodiesc.??helper T cellsd.??cytotoxic T cellse.??effector B cellsDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??37.2 Integrated Responses to ThreatsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.7 - Examine the structure and functioning of respiratory systems of fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals.54.??These bind, as in a lock-and-key mechanism, to foreign proteins.ANSWER:??b55.??These produce immunoglobulins in response to the reinvasion by a virus.?ANSWER:??e56.??These directly attack the foreign cells of an incompatible skin graft.?ANSWER:??d57.??An Rh+ molecule in the body of an Rh woman is an example of these.ANSWER:??a58.??Proteins produced by these attack bacteria and viruses in the blood.ANSWER:??eObjective Short Answer59.?An antigen-bearing pathogen that breaches normal flora surface barriers triggers __________ immunity.?ANSWER:??innate?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??37.3 Surface BarriersLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.5 - Describe the process of respiration in invertebrates living on land.60.?__________ immunity specifically targets billions of different antigens.?ANSWER:??Adaptive?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??37.7 Overview of Adaptive ImmunityLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.2 - Describe the respiration process.61.?Inflammation begins when mast cells in tissue release __________, which increases blood flow and also makes capillaries leaky to phagocytes and plasma proteins.?ANSWER:??histamine?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??37.5 Inflammation and FeverLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.37.7 - Outline the processes that cause fever and inflammation.62.?__________ fights infection by increasing the metabolic rate.?ANSWER:??Fever?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??37.5 Inflammation and FeverLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.37.7 - Outline the processes that cause fever and inflammation.63.?Antigen receptors give __________ the collective potential to recognize billions of different antigens.?ANSWER:??lymphocytes?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??37.6 Antigen ReceptorsLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.8 - Describe the structure and functions of each of the components of the human respiratory system.64.?Some clones of the original immune cells are __________ cells, long-lived B and T cells reserved for future encounters with the antigen.?ANSWER:??memoryDIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??37.7 Overview of Adaptive ImmunityLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.37.10 - Examine the four important characteristics of adaptive immunity.65.?__________ are proteins, Y-shaped antigen receptors made only by __________ cells.?ANSWER:??Antibodies; B?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??37.7 Overview of Adaptive ImmunityLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.37.6 - Examine how the complement responds when an antigen is detected inside the body.66.?Ig stands for __________.?ANSWER:??immunoglobulin?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??37.7 Overview of Adaptive ImmunityLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.8 - Describe the structure and functions of each of the components of the human respiratory system.67.?__________ relieve allergy symptoms by dampening the effects of histamines.?ANSWER:??Antihistamines?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??37.10 When Immunity Goes WrongLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.9 - Outline the process of the respiratory cycle.68.?__________ refers to processes designed to induce immunity.?ANSWER:??Immunization?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES:??37.12 VaccinesLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.37.16 - Explain how vaccines can be used in the process of immunization.69.?__________ is the only disease to have been eradicated from causing natural infections.?ANSWER:??Smallpox?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES:??37.12 VaccinesLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.37.16 - Explain how vaccines can be used in the process of immunization.Subjective Short Answer70.?Why is it beneficial to urinate after sexual activity??ANSWER:??During sexual activity, microorganisms and/or substances that can feed microorganisms can end up in the urinary tract.? By urinating, both the mechanical action of the flow and the low pH of the urine itself can clean the urinary tract and reduce the risk of infection.?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalyzeREFERENCES:??37.3 Surface BarriersLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.5 - Describe the process of respiration in invertebrates living on land.71.?An individual is exposed to a pathogen and takes five days to recover.? When exposed a year later they again take five days to recover.? Would you suspect that adaptive immunity was involved? Why or why not??ANSWER:??No, in cases where adaptive immunity is involved the recovery to the second exposure would be much quicker.? It is likely that innate immune responses were involved.?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalyzeREFERENCES:??37.7 Overview of Adaptive ImmunityLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.37.10 - Examine the four important characteristics of adaptive immunity.72.?Why is the destruction of helper T cells caused by HIV infection so crippling to adaptive immunity??ANSWER:??During an adaptive immune response, helper T cells are responsible for activating both the cell-mediated (T) and antibody-mediated (B) elements of adaptive immunity. In their absence, the ability of the body to initiate any adaptive response is greatly reduced.?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalyzeREFERENCES:??37.11 HIV and AIDSLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.38.10 - Examine how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in blood.73.?Research on HIV vaccines is progressing, but success to date has been limited to vaccines that are of limited effectiveness against a few strains of the HIV virus. However, flu vaccines are similar in their limitations. Why are ‘limited effectiveness flu vaccines released, but not HIV vaccines??ANSWER:??There are two reasons. First, certain strains of flu tend to be more common in certain areas at certain times, and this can be predicted to some level. Therefore the medical community can release the vaccines more effectively. Second, and more important, contracting the flu is difficult to prevent during regular activity and social interaction. Conversely, HIV transmission requires levels of contact that can be controlled. As a result, it is still much safer to use education to prevent the spread of HIV.?DIFFICULTY:??Bloom's: AnalyzeREFERENCES:??37.12 VaccinesLEARNING?OBJECTIVES:??UDOL.STES.16.37.16 - Explain how vaccines can be used in the process of immunization. ................
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