Minnesota State University Moorhead
Chapter 4 – Prenatal Development and Birth
Prenatal Growth
Three main periods of prenatal development
Germinal Period (1st two weeks after conception): rapid cell division and beginning of cell differentiation
Embryonic Period (3rd through 8th week): basic forms of all body structures develop
Fetal Period (9th week until birth): fetus grows in size and matures in functioning
The Germinal Period
Zygote begins duplication and division within hours of conception
Development of the placenta
Organ that surrounds the developing embryo
Sustains life via the umbilical chord
Implantation (about 10 days after conception)
Developing organism burrows into the placenta that lines the uterus
The Embryonic Period
Embryo
3rd through the 8th week after conception
Eyes, ears, nose, and mouth form
Heart begins to pulsate
Extremities develop and webbed fingers and toes separate
The Fetal Period
9th week after conception until birth
Genitals form and sex hormones cause differences brain organization
Cephalocaudal and proximodistal growth
Heartbeat detectable via stethoscope
Cortex is not fully mature at birth
Brain at birth is biggest part of baby
Age of viability
Age at which a preterm newborn may survive outside the womb with medical care
About 22 weeks after conception
Brain is able to regulate basic body functions
Birth
Fetal brain signals the release of hormones to trigger the mother’s uterine muscles
Labor begins
Average duration for first babies: 12 hours
Apgar scale
Quick assessment of newborn’s heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and reflexes
Completed twice (1 minute and 5 minutes after birth)
Score of 0, 1, or 2 in each category
Desired score: 7 (total) or above
Medical Assistance
Cesarean Section (c-section) Surgical birth
Fetus can be removed quickly
Rates and reasons for c-sections vary
Less trauma for the newborn but slower recovery for the mother
Subsequent cesarean deliveries may be necessary
Newborn Survival
Infant mortality has decreased due to better medical care
1900: 5%
Today: ................
................
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