Microbiology Final Exam Review Topics



Microbiology Objectives

➢ NOTE: The following are general guidelines, but any material in discussions, notes, and labs contain material that may be covered in the exams.

➢ See objectives at beginning of lab procedures and information in the background for the labs.

Chapter 1: The Microbial World & You

1. Chapter 1

2. White book, 7th edition: p.35, 410-412, 477-478, 568-569.

Info on diseases if needed: 619-620, 697, 586, 641, 538 – 543, 728-731, 706-707

3. Black book, 8th edition: p. 34, 413-415, 483-484, 580-583.

Info on diseases if needed: 635, 707, 597, 660, 548-554, 750-752, 727-728

Objectives

1. List several ways in which microbes affect our lives, beneficially, neutrally and/or negatively.

2. Recognize the system of scientific nomenclature that uses two names: a genus and specific species/epithet names.

3. Differentiate among the major characteristics of each group of microorganisms: bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses, multicellular animal parasites (have a microscopic stage in life cycle).

4. Compare the theories of spontaneous generation & biogenesis.

5. Identify and discuss the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Lister, Koch, Jenner, and Fleming.

6. Define, describe and differentiate prokaryote, eukaryote, aseptic technique, fermentation, pasteurization, vaccination, immunity (passive/active & acquired/natural), chemotherapy, antibiotics, bioremediation, bacteriology, mycology, parasitology, immunology, virology, normal microbiota, pathogen, resistance, bacillus, coccus, vector, reservoir, host.

7. Explain the importance and example uses of recombinant DNA technology.

8. List specific examples of biotechnology that use genetic engineering and that do not use genetic engineering.

9. Describe, compare and contrast the cause (bacterial, viral, protozoan, etc), source (how you get it), symptoms and time frame, treatment and prevention for each of the following infectious diseases: mad cow, E. coli 0157, Flesh-eating Strep, AIDS/HIV, syphilis, cryptosporidium

Chapter 3 & 4: Microscopy & Cell Components

1. White book: Read Chap 3 & p 77-98 & 108

2. Black book: Read Chap 3 & p75-96 & 106

Objectives:

1. List metric measurement units for microorganisms and convert to other metric units (m, mm, um, nm).

2. Identify parts & functions of the compound light microscope.

3. Define/calculate total magnification & resolution.

4. Compare, contrast, and identify uses (diseases/organisms) for brightfield, darkfield, fluorescent, electron-transmission, electron-scanning and scanned-probe microscopy.

5. Differentiate, compare, and explain the appearance and uses of each of the following: acidic & basic dyes, simple, differential & special stains, capsule, endospore, acid-fast and flagella stains.

6. List specific chemicals that are used for each type of stain in the objective above, primary stain, mordant, decolorizer, counterstain.

7. Gram stain: list the steps, purpose, and the appearance of GP & GN cells after each step.

8. Identify the 3 basic shapes of bacteria and secondary arrangements.

9. Describe the structure & function of the glycocalyx, flagella (including arrangement), axial filaments, fimbriae, pili,

10. Define serovar and list specific cell components that aid in their diagnosis.

11. Compare & contrast the cell walls of GP bacteria, GN bacteria, archaea, mycoplasmas, and mycobacteria. (Including composition, antibiotic & chemical resistance, presence of toxins, staining reactions, effect of penicillin, lysozyme, etc.)

12. Identify the functions of the cell/plasma membrane, chromatophores/thylakoids, nucleoid, ribosomes, endospores (including location), inclusions (polysaccharide granules, lipid inclusions, sulfur granules, gas vacuoles).

13. Transport: passive (simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport), active transport, hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic, osmotic lysis, plasmolysis

14. Discuss evidence that supports the endosymbiotic theory of eukaryotic evolution.

15. Describe the overall structure and defining characteristics of prokaryotes, as compared to eukaryotes.

16. On given slides identify shape, gram reaction, arrangement, type of stain.

Chap 6: Microbial Growth and Labs #9-13, 19:

1. Lab #9-13, 19

2. White Book p.33-34, 41-42, 113-114, 133, 136, & 156-174

3. Black Book p. 32-33, 39-40, 111-112, 132, 136, & 155-173

Objectives:

1. Classify microbes into 5 groups on the basis of preferred temperature range.

2. Identify how & why the pH of culture media is controlled.

3. Explain the importance of osmotic pressure to microbial growth and/or lysis, and food preservation.

4. Provide a use for each of the CHONPS needed in large amounts for microbial growth.

5. Identify ways in which aerobes avoid damage by toxic forms of oxygen such as superoxide free radicals and peroxide anion.

6. Identify incubation conditions, energy production and relative growth rates for aerobes, obligate anaerobes, aerotolerant anaerobes, microaerophiles, and facultative anaerobes.

7. Use and explanation of anaerobic generators and pouches

8. Distinguish between chemically defined and complex media.

9. Justify the use of each of the following: anaerobic techniques, living host cells, candle jars.

10. Explain the inoculation, interpretation and uses of the following media types: selective media, differential media, enrichment media, PEA, O-F glucose, starch, PEA, EMB, reducing, thioglycollate, agar, broth, slants, deeps, streak plates.

11. Explain methods to preserve microbes.

12. Define generation time and use it to calculate organism numbers.

13. Compare the phases of a microbial growth curve.

14. Define colony, pure culture, contaminant, binary fission, turbid, hydrolysis & hydrolytic enzymes, dehydration synthesis, anabolism, catabolism-both oxidative & fermentative, carbohydrates, amylase, catalase, indole, oxidase, and biochemical tests.

15. Use and explain aseptic technique.

Chap 7 & 20 The Control of Microbial Growth and Antimicrobial Drugs and Labs 23-25:

1. Chapter 7, Lab #23 UV, Lab #25 Antimicrobial Drugs

2. White book, 7th edition: p.229-230, 774-775, 549-554, 562, 567-570.

3. Black book, 8th edition: p. 34230, 795-796, 559-564, 578-583.

Objectives

1. Define the following key terms related to microbial control: sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis, broad-spectrum, synergism, antagonism, thermal death point, thermal death time, decimal reduction time, “cide”, “stat”, MIC, MBC.

2. List, compare, contrast and list specific uses of the following physical methods: heat including moist heat (boiling, steam, autoclaving), pasteurization (classic, HTST, UHT), dry heat (direct flaming, incineration, hot air), filtration, cold, desiccation, osmotic pressure, radiation.

3. Describe mutations caused by UV radiation, light repair and dark repair.

4. Compare, contrast and list specific uses of the following chemical disinfectants: phenol, phenolics, halogens (iodine, iodophors, chlorine), alcohols, soap, ethylene oxide.

5. Compare the resistance of varying microbe groups to chemical biocides.

6. Interpret the results of filter paper tests (disk diffusion) in evaluating a disinfectant vs. an antibiotic.

7. Differentiate between halogens used as antiseptics and as disinfectants.

8. Compare the ease/problems of therapy for bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, and multicellular parasite infections.

9. Identify the contributions of Alexander Fleming to chemotherapy.

10. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: Disk diffusion, broth dilution, cellular targets of antibiotics

11. Describe the mechanisms and causes of drug resistance, including both human and bacterial reasons for increasing drug resistance.

12. Describe how antibiotics in animal feed have been linked to human disease.

13. Compare and contrast misuse of antibiotics linked to the increasing antibiotic resistance in developed vs. undeveloped nations.

Chap 8 & 9: Microbial Genetics & Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA

1. Labs: Exercise #29 Transformations

2. White book, 7th edition: Chap 8 p 210 – 212, 233-242 (p.213 -220 should be review of biology) & Chap 9 & page 384

3. Black book, 8th edition: Chap 8 p 210-212, 234-243 (p.213 -222 should be review of biology) & Chap 9 & page 389

Objectives:

1. Define genetics, genome, chromosome, plasmid, gene, intron, exon, pili, bacteriophage (phage), genotype, phenotype, competent, expression, marker genes, selective marker.

2. Compare the following mechanisms of genetic recombination in bacteria: transformation, conjugation, and transduction.

3. Differentiate between horizontal and vertical gene transfer.

4. Describe the function of plasmids.

5. Discuss how genetic mutation and recombination provide material for natural selection to act on.

6. Compare and contrast genetic engineering, recombinant DNA, and biotechnology.

7. Identify the roles of a clone and a vector in genetic engineering.

8. Compare selection and mutation.

9. Define restriction enzymes, and outline how they are used to make recombinant DNA.

10. List the four properties of vectors.

11. Describe the use of plasmid and viral vectors.

12. Describe five ways of getting DNA into a cell.

13. List advantages and disadvantages of engineering with E. coli, and advantages of engineering with Saccharomyces and mammalian cells.

14. List at least five applications of genetic engineering as discussed in class or read in textbook.

15. Ethics: list the advantages of, and problems associated with, the use of genetic engineering techniques. Discuss some possible results of sequencing the human genome.

Miscellaneous

1. Preparing media: Determine the amount of agar needed to prepare given volume of media.

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