A Comparative Timeline of General American History and ...

A Comparative Timeline of General American History and Florida History, 1492 to 1823

A Comparative Timeline of General American History and Florida History, 1492 to 1823

Early exploration and establishment of colonies. Observe the trajectory of Spanish exploration in the Southeast versus English exploration along the Atlantic seaboard. Note the conflict in territorial interests beginning in 1586. While the Spaniards were expending efforts on creating Indian missions, the English of Virginia were rapidly expanding into commercial export of tobacco. By 1670 the Spaniards were entrenching behind defenses and encouraging slaves to runaway from their English masters, while English settlers retaliated with attacks on St. Augustine and the mission system. How did this rivalry between colonists and empires affect the region? Look at the dates around the War of Jenkin's Ear (1739-1742). What's the relationship between the founding of Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose, the Stono slave revolt in Carolina, and Oglethorpe's attack on Spanish Florida? Can you relate this to issues about the American Civil War?

Major dates in the history of Spanish Florida

1492 Columbus sails into the Caribbean.

1493 Columbus founds the town of La Isabela on Hispaniola.

1513 Juan Ponce de Le?n explores the Florida coast.

1528 P?nfilo de Narv?ez leads an expedition through Florida.

1539 Tristan de Luna tries unsuccessfully to start a colony at Escambia Bay (Pensacola).

1559 Tristan de Luna tries unsuccessfully to start a colony at Escambia Bay (Pensacola).

Comparative dates in British colonial history

1492 Columbus sails into the Caribbean.

1497 John Cabot explores the Atlantic coast of North America.

1524 Giovanni de Verrazano explores the coast of North America.

(Religious and dynastic turmoil in England dampen interest in further exploration overseas)

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A Comparative Timeline of General American History and Florida History, 1492 to 1823

1562 Jean Ribault and French settlers land in northeast Florida.

1564 French settlers build Fort Caroline on the St. Johns River.

1565 Pedro Men?ndez de Avil?s destroys the expedition from France and establishes St. Augustine.

1566 Men?ndez founds his capital for La Florida at Santa Elena (Port Royal Sound) in what is today South Carolina.

1577 Spaniards begin to conquer Florida, allying or fighting with local native American tribes and chiefdoms.

1585 English settlers make their first attempt to settle Roanoke (Virginia)

Pedro Men?ndez de Avil?s

1586 Sir Francis Drake, after raiding the Spanish Caribbean, attacks and burns St. Augustine.

1587 Spanish settlers abandon Santa Elena and leave the Carolina coast. Settlement focuses on the Florida peninsula.

1588 Replacing the unsuccessful Jesuits, members of the Franciscan order start a mission for Indians on Cumberland Island (now part of Georgia).

A detail of Francis Drake's attack on the town of St. Augustine in 1586.

1586 Sir Francis Drake visits Roanoke and takes the settlers back to England.

1587 Sir Walter Raleigh sends a second group of colonists to reestablish Roanoke.

1588 English ships destroy the Spanish Armada in the English Channel, altering the balance of naval power in Europe.

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A Comparative Timeline of General American History and Florida History, 1492 to 1823

1597 The Guale Indians of coastal Georgia rebel against Spanish rule and efforts at religious conversion.

1607 The Franciscans begin to establish missions among the Timucuan Indians of northeast and north central Florida.

1610s Plague spreads among the 16,000 Indian converts of Florida.

1623 The Franciscans reintroduce religious instruction among the Guale and establish more missions.

1590 The latest wave of English colonists to Roanoke find the colony abandoned and return home to England.

1607 Captain John Smith establishes Jamestown.

1616 The new colony of Virginia exports 2500 pounds of tobacco.

1620 The Pilgrims establish Plymouth colony.

The parish church of St. Augustine (constructed 1797)

1633 For the first time, the Franciscans try to establish missions among the Apalachee of the panhandle region.

1634 The colony of Maryland is established.

A cross from an early mission site. 1626 The Dutch establish New Amsterdam

(later, New York) 1630 Virginia exports 333,000 pounds of

tobacco. Boston is founded.

1634 The colony of Maryland is established.

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A Comparative Timeline of General American History and Florida History, 1492 to 1823

1635 There are at least 41 missions among the Indians of northern Florida, with an estimated population of 30,000 Indians.

1638 Possible founding date for San Luis de Talimali, soon to be the most important settlement in Apalachee, and the western capital of La Florida.

1647 War erupts in Apalachee between Christian and non-Christian Indians.

1650 The missions of La Florida reach their greatest extent. Yellow fever and small pox kill hundreds of Native Americans throughout the decade.

1656 Census shows 26,000 Christian Indians in 38 missions.

1658 Angered by Spanish demands for labor, the Timucua Indians rebel against Spanish rule and Gov. Diego de Rebolledo.

1659 The Council of the Indies in Spain orders the arrest of Gov. Diego de Rebolledo for mishandling Indian affairs. A measles epidemic kills an estimated 10,000 Indians.

1663 The colony of Carolina is chartered.

1670 The Treaty of Madrid defines Spain's territorial claims in North America.

1672 Officials in St. Augustine commence the building of a stone fortress, the Castillo de San Marcos.

1675 A bishop's census shows 33 missions with 13,152 people.

1635 The Reverend Thomas Hooker petitions to create Connecticut.

1638 Virginia exports 3.1 million pounds of tobacco.

1650 Although slaves only comprise a small proportion of Virginia's labor force (which is mostly indentured servants), colonial authorities legalize chattel slavery, opening the path to keeping Africans and their children in bondage.

1663 The colony of Carolina is chartered.

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A Comparative Timeline of General American History and Florida History, 1492 to 1823

1683 Governor Juan Marquez Cabrera begins to employ former slaves as soldiers in Florida's militia.

1684 La Salle brings a French expedition into the Gulf Coast.

1687 Eleven slaves (eight men, two women, and a child) flee from slavery in Carolina and go to St. Augustine.

1693 King Charles II declares that slaves fleeing English possessions will be set free upon arriving in Spanish territory.

1694 Charles II issues a royal order to occupy Pensacola Bay.

1698 Spaniards establish Pensacola to block French expansion along the Gulf of Mexico.

Detail from Thomas Lopez's map of St. Augustine showing the free black community of Fort Mose (far right).

1702 An expedition led by James Moore of Carolina invades Spanish Florida and burns down St. Augustine but fails to capture the Castillo.

1704 In a second expedition, James Moore sends Indian allies of the English to raid and destroy the Spanish missions.

1711 From a population of perhaps 8000 in the 1670s, only 401 refugees survive the attacks on the missions. They settle near St. Augustine for protection.

1700 Fears grow in Carolina that slaves, now numerous, might be encouraged by Spain to rebel against slaveowners.

1702 War of the Spanish Succession/Queen Anne's War

1711 Colonists in Carolina put down an attempted slave revolt.

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