Developments and challenges in the hospitality and tourism ...

GDFHTS/2010 INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION Sectoral Activities Programme

Developments and challenges in the hospitality and tourism sector

Issues paper for discussion at the Global Dialogue Forum for the Hotels, Catering, Tourism Sector (23?24 November 2010)

Geneva, 2010

INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE GENEVA

Copyright ? International Labour Organization 2010

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ISBN 978-92-2-123947-5 (print) ISBN 978-92-2-123948-2 (Web pdf)

First edition 2010

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Printed by the International Labour Office, Geneva, Switzerland

Preface

This paper has been prepared by the International Labour Office as a basis for discussions at the Global Dialogue Forum on new developments and challenges in the hospitality and tourism sector and their impact on employment, human resources development and industrial relations. The Governing Body of the ILO decided at its 304th Session (March 2009) that the two-day tripartite Forum would be held in Geneva, from 23 to 24 November 2010; would be composed of seven Worker and seven Employer participants, selected after consultations with the respective groups of the Governing Body; and would be open to representatives of all interested governments. Its purpose would be to evaluate and discuss new developments and challenges for the tourism sector and their impact on employment, human resources development and industrial relations. The Forum could adopt conclusions that would be the basis of subsequent action by the ILO and its constituents.

The Global Dialogue Forum is part of the ILO`s Sectoral Activities Programme, defined by the ILO programme and budget, aimed at assisting governments, employers` and workers` organizations to develop their capacities to deal equitably and effectively with social and labour problems in particular economic sectors. Sectoral action programmes, technical cooperation, advisory and research activities, and tripartite meetings contribute to ILO strategic objectives. Such meetings bring together a crosssection of government, employer and worker representatives from various countries, and aim to strengthen tripartism and promote social dialogue at the international level.

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Contents

Page

Preface ............................................................................................................................................... iii

Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................... vii

Abbreviations and acronyms ............................................................................................................. ix

Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Defining the hotels, catering and tourism sector and the scope of the issues paper............... 1

1. Structure and characteristics of the sector............................................................................... 5 1.1. The hotel, catering and tourism industry ........................................................................ 5 1.2. International tourist arrivals............................................................................................ 6 1.3. A fragmented industry .................................................................................................... 7 1.4. Employment.................................................................................................................... 11 1.5. Working conditions......................................................................................................... 14 1.6. Social dialogue................................................................................................................ 18 1.7. Economic development, poverty reduction and foreign direct investment (FDI) .......... 19

2. The impact of the financial and economic crisis on the HCT industry ................................... 21 2.1. The effects of the global recession.................................................................................. 21 2.2. Employment impact and recovery .................................................................................. 23 2.3. Crisis impact on wages and working hours .................................................................... 25 2.4. Stimulus packages to limit the effects of the crisis ......................................................... 27

3. New forms of ownership and operations ................................................................................ 29 3.1. Introduction..................................................................................................................... 29 3.2. Forms of ownership ........................................................................................................ 29 3.3. Impact on HRD, qualification and skills development .................................................. 33

4. Major trends and diversification in the hospitality and tourism sector ................................... 35 4.1. Ageing population and demographic change.................................................................. 35 4.2. Migration ........................................................................................................................ 36 4.3. Emerging markets ........................................................................................................... 38 4.4. Medical and wellness tourism......................................................................................... 40 4.5. Information and communications technologies (ICTs) .................................................. 41 4.6. Climate change ............................................................................................................... 43 4.7. Diversification of tourism products ................................................................................ 45 4.8. Impact on HRD, qualification and skills development ................................................... 46

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5. Sustainable tourism and social dialogue ................................................................................. 48 5.1. Sustainability ? Key for economic growth, employment creation and decent work ...... 48 Sustainable development .............................................................................................. 48 Sustainable tourism ....................................................................................................... 48 Sustainable enterprise development.............................................................................. 50 5.2. Corporate social responsibility and international framework agreements ...................... 52 Corporate social responsibility ..................................................................................... 52 International Framework Agreements .......................................................................... 54 5.3. International instruments aimed to promote tourism sustainability ............................... 55 5.4. Sustainable measures and initiatives undertaken by the tourism industry ...................... 56 5.5. Paths towards sustainable tourism .................................................................................. 59 Social dialogue and international partnerships in tourism ........................................... 59

6. Summary ................................................................................................................................. 60

Points for discussion.......................................................................................................................... 65

Bibliography: Developments and challenges in the hotel, restaurant and tourism sector ................. 67

Appendices I. Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSAs) ........................................................................................ 73 II. Full text of T20 joint communiqu?, February 2010 ................................................................ 74 III. ILO/UNWTO Statement on Tourism and Employment, September 2009 ............................. 76 IV. ILO/IHRA Statement on Tourism and Employment, January 2010 ....................................... 78 V. Full text of the Working Conditions (Hotels and Restaurants)

Convention, 1991 (No. 172).................................................................................................... 80 VI. Full text of the Working Conditions (Hotels and Restaurants)

Recommendation, 1991 (No. 179) .......................................................................................... 84 VII. Core conditions for sustainable enterprise development......................................................... 86 VIII. Full text of IFAs (IUF/EFFAT, Accor, Club Med)................................................................. 88 IX. UNWTO Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, October 2001 ................................................. 93 X. Statement of Commitment to Sustainable Tourism Development, Tour Operator

Initiative for Sustainable Tourism Development, March 2000 ............................................... 100 XI. Full text of the Agreement between the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

and the International Labour Organization (ILO), March 2008.............................................. 102

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