ADVANCED PLACEMENT DITION The Earth and Its Peoples

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ADVANCED PLACEMENT* EDITION

The Earth and Its Peoples

A Global History

THIRD EDITION

Richard W. Bulliet

Columbia University

Pamela Kyle Crossley

Dartmouth College

Daniel R. Headrick

Roosevelt University

Steven W. Hirsch

Tufts University

Lyman L. Johnson

University of North Carolina?Charlotte

David Northrup

Boston College

Houghton Mifflin Company Boston New York

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About the Authors

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Richard W. Bulliet Professor of Middle Eastern Steven W. Hirsch Steven W. Hirsch holds a Ph.D. in

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History at Columbia University, Richard W. Bulliet re- Classics from Stanford University and is currently Asso-

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ceived his Ph.D. from Harvard University. He has written ciate Professor Classics and History at Tufts University.

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scholarly works on a number of topics: the social history He has received grants from the National Endowment

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of medieval Iran (The Patricians of Nishapur), the his- for the Humanities and the Massachusetts Foundation

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torical competition between pack camels and wheeled for Humanities and Public Policy. His research and pub-

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transport (The Camel and the Wheel), the process of con- lications include The Friendship of the Barbarians:

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version to Islam (Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Xenophon and the Persian Empire, as well as articles and

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Period), and the overall course of Islamic social history reviews in the Classical Journal, the American Journal of

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(Islam: The View from the Edge). He is the editor of the Philology, and the Journal of Interdisciplinary History. He

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Columbia History of the Twentieth Century. He has pub- is currently working on a comparative study of ancient

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lished four novels, co-edited The Encyclopedia of the Mediterranean and Chinese civilizations.

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Modern Middle East, and hosted an educational tele-

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vision series on the Middle East. He was awarded a fel- Lyman L. Johnson Professor of History at the Uni-

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lowship by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial versity of North Carolina at Charlotte, Lyman L. Johnson

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Foundation.

earned his Ph.D. in Latin American History from the

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University of Connecticut. A two-time Senior Fulbright-

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Pamela Kyle Crossley Pamela Kyle Crossley re- Hays Lecturer, he also has received fellowships from the

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ceived her Ph.D. in Modern Chinese History from Yale Tinker Foundation, the Social Science Research Council,

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University. She is Professor of History and Rosenwald Re- the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the

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search Professor in the Arts and Sciences at Dartmouth American Philosophical Society. His recent books in-

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College. Her books include A Translucent Mirror: History clude Death, Dismemberment, and Memory; The Faces

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and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology; The Manchus; of Honor (with Sonya Lipsett-Rivera); The Problem of

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Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the Order in Changing Societies; Essays on the Price History

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End of the Qing World; and (with Lynn Hollen Lees and of Eighteenth-Century Latin America (with Enrique

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John W. Servos) Global Society: The World Since 1900. Her Tandeter); and Colonial Latin America (with Mark A.

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research, which concentrates on the cultural history of Burkholder). He also has published in journals, includ-

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China, Inner Asia, and Central Asia, has been supported ing the Hispanic American Historical Review, the Journal

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by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation of Latin American Studies, the International Review of

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and the National Endowment for the Humanities.

Social History, Social History, and Desarrollo Econ?mico.

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He recently served as president of the Conference on

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Daniel R. Headrick Daniel R. Headrick received Latin American History.

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his Ph.D. in History from Princeton University. Professor

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of History and Social Science at Roosevelt University in David Northrup Professor of History at Boston Col-

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Chicago, he is the author of several books on the history lege, David Northrup earned his Ph.D. in African and Eu-

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of technology, imperialism, and international relations, ropean History from the University of California at Los

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including The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Angeles. He earlier taught in Nigeria with the Peace Corps

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Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century; The Tentacles of and at Tuskegee Institute. Research supported by the

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Progress: Technology Transfer in the Age of Imperialism; Fulbright-Hays Commission, the National Endowment

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The Invisible Weapon: Telecommunications and Inter- for the Humanities, and the Social Science Research

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national Politics; and When Information Came of Age: Council led to publications concerning pre-colonial

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Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Rev- Nigeria, the Congo (1870?1940), the Atlantic slave trade,

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olution, 1700?1850. His articles have appeared in the and Asian, African, and Pacific Islander indentured labor

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Journal of World History and the Journal of Modern His- in the nineteenth century. A contributor to the Oxford

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tory, and he has been awarded fellowships by the Na- History of the British Empire and Blacks in the British

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tional Endowment for the Humanities, the John Simon Empire, his latest book is Africa's Discovery of Europe,

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Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, and the Alfred P. 1450?1850. For 2004 and 2005 he serves as president of

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Sloan Foundation.

the World History Association.

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Cover illustration: New Year's Festival (woodcut) by Utagawa Kunisada (1786?1864) Victoria and Albert Museum, London, UK / Bridgeman Art Library International, Ltd.

Part opener credits: Pt. 1, p. 1: Gian Berto Vanni/Corbis; Pt. 2, p. 89: ? Corbis; Pt. 3, p. 193: Tokyo National Museum/DNP Archives; Pt. 4, p. 291: Biblioth?que nationale de France; Pt. 5, p. 401: Library of Congress; Pt. 6, p. 537: ? Hulton-Deutsch/Corbis; Pt. 7, p. 677: Charles O'Rear/Corbis; Pt. 8, p. 817 ? Corbis.

Chapter opener credits: Ch. 1, p. 4: Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; Ch. 2, p. 36: Courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum; Ch. 3, p. 59: Woodfin Camp & Associates; Ch. 4, p. 92: Bibliot?que nationale de France; Ch. 5, p. 123: ? Dennis Cox/ChinaStock; Ch. 6, p. 150: Dinodia Photo Library; Ch. 7, p. 173: Allan Eaton/Ancient Art & Architecture; Ch. 8, p. 196: Suleymaniye Library, Istanbul. Courtesy, Karen Pinto, History Department, Columbia University; Ch. 9, p. 218: Mus?e de Bayeaux/ Michael Holford; Ch. 10, p. 248: Fujita Art Museum; Ch. 11, p. 267: Justin Kerr; Ch. 12, p. 294: Imperial Household Agency/International Society for Educational Information, Japan; Ch. 13, p. 324: Imperial Household Collection, Kyoto; Ch. 14, p. 349: Copyright Brussels, Royal Library of Belgium; Ch. 15, p. 375: G. Dagli Orti/The Art Archive; Ch. 16, p. 404: Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna/The Bridgeman Art Library, New York and London; Ch. 17, p. 430: Archivo General de la Naci?n, Buenos Aires; Ch. 18, p. 457: From William Clark, Ten Views in the Islands of Antigua, 1823. British Library; Ch. 19, p. 484: V&A Picture Library; Ch. 20, p. 510: Novosti; Ch. 21, p. 540: Jean-Loup Charmet/ The Bridgeman Art Library; Ch. 22, p. 568: Science & Society Picture Library; Ch. 23, p. 592: Estaci?n de Orizaba, 1877. From Casimiro Castro, Album del Ferro-Carril Mexicano: Coleccion de Vista Pintadas (Victor Debray and Company, 1877); Ch. 24, p. 623: Eyre and Hobbs House Art Gallery; Ch. 25, p. 650: Mary Evans Picture Library; Ch. 26, p. 680: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, gift of Lincoln Kirstein, 1959 (JP 3346). Photograph by Otto E. Nelson. Photograph ? 1986 The Metropolitan Museum of Art; Ch. 27, p. 707: Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz; Ch. 28, p. 735: Imperial War Museum/The Art Archive; Ch. 29, p. 765: akg-images; Ch. 30, p. 793: Genevieve Naylor, photographer/Reznikoff Artistic Partnership, NY; Ch. 31, p. 820: Bettmann/Corbis; Ch. 32, p. 847: Paul Chesley/Getty Images; Ch. 33, p. 878: AFP Photo/ Doug Kanter/Getty Images.

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PART ONE

The Emergence of Human Communities, to 500 B.C.E.

CHAPTER 1 From the Origins of Agriculture to the First River-Valley Civilizations, 8000?1500 B.C.E.

CHAPTER 2 New Civilizations in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, 2200?250 B.C.E.

CHAPTER 3 The Mediterranean and Middle East, 2000?500 B.C.E.

Around 10,000 years ago, some human groups in various parts of the world began to cultivate plants, domesticate animals, and make pottery vessels for storage. One consequence of this shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture was the emergence of permanent settlements--at first small villages but eventually larger towns as well.

The earliest complex societies arose in the great river valleys of Asia and Africa, around 3100 B.C.E. in the valley between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia and along the Nile River in Egypt, somewhat later in the valley of the Indus River in Pakistan, and on the floodplain of the Yellow River in China. In these arid regions, agriculture depended on irrigation with river water, and centers of political power arose to organize the massive human labor required to dig and maintain channels to carry water to the fields.

Kings and priests dominated these early societies. Kings controlled the military forces; priests managed the temples and the wealth of the gods. Within the urban centers--in the midst of palaces, temples, fortification walls, and other monumental buildings--lived administrators, soldiers, priests, merchants, craftsmen, and others with specialized skills. The production of surplus food grown on rural estates by a dependent peasantry sustained the activities of these groups. Professional scribes kept administrative and financial records and preserved their civilization's religious and scientific knowledge.

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Over time, certain centers extended their in-

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fluence and came to dominate broad expanses

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of territory. The rulers of these early empires

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were motivated primarily by the need to secure

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access to raw materials, especially tin and copper,

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from which to make bronze. A similar motive accounts

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for the development of long-distance trade and diplomatic

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relations between major powers. Fueling long-distance trade

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was the desire for bronze, which had both practical and sym-

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bolic importance. From bronze, artisans made weapons, tools

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and utensils, and ritual objects. Ownership of bronze items was

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a sign of wealth and power. Trade and diplomacy helped spread

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culture and technology from the core river-valley areas to neigh-

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boring regions, such as southern China, Nubia, Syria-Palestine,

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Anatolia, and the Aegean.

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In the Western Hemisphere, different geographical circum-

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stances called forth distinctive patterns of technological and cultural

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response in the early civilizations of the Olmec in southern Mexico and

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Chav?n in the Andean region of South America. Nevertheless, the challenges

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of organizing agriculture and trade led to many of the same features of com-

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plex societies--social stratification, specialization of labor, urbanization,

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monumental building, technological development, and artistic achievement.

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