Stepek AP Human Geography



AP Human Geography Unit 2a: Population Guided Reading/Study Guide Mr. Stepek

Rubenstein p 44 – 46 (Introduction)

1. What is an MDC? _________________________________What is an LDC? _____________________________

2. How does the number of people per household compare between MDCs and LDCs? _____________________

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3. What is demography? _______________________________________________________________________

4. [From the Case Study: Population Growth in India] How do many people in rural India view their children?

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What other factor encourages the high birth rate in India? __________________________________________

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How does this high birth rate hamper India’s economic development? ________________________________

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5. The study of population is critical because

a. The world’s population is approaching (outdated) ________________________________.

b. The world’s population grew at the fastest rate in history during ________________________________.

c. Almost all the population growth is clustered in _________, What % (see page 54) _________________.

6. What is overpopulation? _______________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________.

Rubenstein p 46 – 53 (Key Issue 1: Where is the World’s Population Distributed?). Also read de Blij p 38 – 40.

7. Rubenstein states that 2/3rds of the world’s population is clustered in what four regions? A. ________________ B. _______________________________ C. ______________________________ D.________________________

8. According to your Rubenstein, where are two OTHER important population clusters?

___________________________________________ and ____________________________________________

9. How does the de Blij (p. 41) text differ from the Rubenstein in its description of major population clusters?

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10. What is the ecumene? ________________________________________________________________________

11. What has happened to the ecumene over time? ____________________________________________________

12. What four areas are generally viewed as undesirable human habitats and therefore excluded from the ecumene?

______________________, _______________________, _______________________, ____________________

13. Use both texts to complete the chart. Understanding what high and low measures imply is important!

|Density Measure |Definition |Implication (what does it tell you about an area?) |

|Arithmetic (or population) |Total number of objects (people) within an |Ltd. implication, good for comparing urban, suburban, rural and other population |

|density |area |concepts. |

|Physiological density | | |

| | | |

| | |Carrying capacity (from lecture) |

|Agricultural density | | |

14. Rubenstein p 53 – 66 (Key Issue 2: Where has the World’s Population Increased?). Read this section (along with de Blij p 55 – 61) carefully and be sure to complete the chart below. We will be reviewing the Demographic Transition in class with a separate graphic organizer. This skips around a bit, so keep returning to this chart as you read?

|Demographic statistic |How is this statistic calculated? |

|Crude Birth Rate (CBR) | |

|Crude Death Rate (CDR) | |

|Natural Increase Rate (NIR) or | |

|Natural Rate of Increase (NRI) | |

|Total Fertility Rate (TFR) | |

| |What is the replacement rate? What TFR # does it correspond to (de Blij p 49)? |

| | |

|Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) | |

|Child Mortality Rate (de Blij p 65) | |

|Life Expectancy | |

|Zero Population Growth (ZPG) | |

|Stationary Population Level (SPL) (de Blij p | |

|59) | |

|Dependency Ratio | |

|Sex Ratio | |

15. What was the worldwide NIR during the early 21st century? _______ In what year and at what rate was NIR at its peak? ______________________________________ How has the world’s current population growth changed since the 1990s? _____________________________________________________________________________

16. What is doubling time? ________________________________________________________________________

a. (lecture) What is the relationship between NIR and doubling time (as NIR does what the doubling time does what)? __________________________________________________________________________________

i. Therefore, this relationship can be described as _______________________________________.

17. What is a population pyramid (de Blij p 60)? _______________________________________________________

_____________________________________ How is it structured? ____________________________________

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18. What statistics is the primary determinant of the shape of a population pyramid? _________________________

19. What current and future problems arise from a dependency ratio that is skewed toward young dependents?

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20. What problems arise from a dependency ratio that is skewed toward elderly dependents? _________________

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21. What two changes (in demographic statistics) represent breaks with the past that move nations along the demographic transition (you are still in Rubenstein but this can be found on p 64)?

a. _____________________________________________________________________________________

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b. _____________________________________________________________________________________

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de Blij p 48 – 55 (Population Growth at World, Regional, National, and Local Scales)

22. What two pop. factors does the NIR NOT take into account? __________________________________________

23. In the chart below summarize the trend in population growth for various regions/countries that are mentioned?

|Country/Region |Summarize trends in population growth or decline (Why? or what it means for country/region, efforts to increase/decrease population |

| |growth, other factors influencing population growth.) |

|India | |

| | |

| |Where in India is rapid growth still occurring? |

| |What policies has India instituted in response to these high growth rates? Have they been successful (p. 53)? |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| |What sort of programs is the govt. using now to encourage low birth rates? |

| |Where is the growth rate lowest? Why? |

|Sub-Saharan Africa | |

|Muslim countries of North | |

|Africa and the Middle East |Explain the correlation between high natural growth rates and the status of women within country or region. |

|(MENA) | |

| | |

| | |

| |Identify exceptions to this regional trend of high growth rates. |

|Other South Asia (note India | |

|above) | |

|China | |

|Japan | |

| |What is Japan’s pop. now? What is expected to be by 2050? |

| |How the Japanese feel about immigration into their country? |

| | |

| | |

| |(lecture) What strategy are the Japanese following regarding their falling population? |

| | |

|Southeast Asia | |

|South America | |

|Wealthy Countries | |

|Russia | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

24. What is the aging index? _______________________________________________________________________

a. What issues does a nation face as its population ages? ________________________________________

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b. What is one way to change the age distribution? _____________________________________________

25. What is the relationship between “urbanization” and population growth (p. 53)? _________________________

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26. How does religion often affect population growth rates? _____________________________________________

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a. Besides Muslim countries, where else do we see the impact of religion on growth rates? ____________

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Rubenstein p 66 – 70 (Key Issue #4: Why Might the World Face an Overpopulation Problem?) Also read de Blij p 45 - 47

27. What argument did Thomas Malthus make in An Essay on the Principle of Population published in 1798? ______ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

a. What mathematical terms did Malthus use to describe how the growth in population and food supplies differed? _____________________________________________________________________________

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b. In what two ways did Malthus see this situation resolving itself?

i. ______________________________________________________________________________

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ii. ______________________________________________________________________________

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28. How have Neo-Malthusians updated Malthus’ original theory? a. _____________________________________

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b.__________________________________________________________________________________________

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29. Criticisms of Malthus’ theory? (lecture: What are Malthus’ critics called? _______________________________)

|Population growth |Resource depletion |

|(Esther Boserup and Simon Kuznets) |(in general) |

| | |

| | |

| | |

|(Julian Simon) | |

| | |

| | |

| |(Marxists) |

|(some African political leaders) | |

|What has happened in reality since Malthus? |

| | |

| | |

30. What two strategies have been successful in reducing crude birth rate (summarize)?

a. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

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b. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

i. What are some reasons for resistance to family planning methods?

1. Women in LDCs __________________________________________________________

2. Men in LDCs _____________________________________________________________

3. Religion _________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

(lecture) ________________________________________________________________

de Blij p 66 – 70 (How does the Geography of Health Influence Population Dynamics?)

31. Summarize the information on the categorization of diseases in the chart below.

|Category |AKA |% |Definition: |Examples |

|Infectious | | | |Vectored: |

| | | | | |

|Genetic | | | |Why are genetic diseases especially interesting to geographers? |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

Rubenstein p 71 – 73 (World Health Threats)

32. What is epidemiology? ________________________________________________________________________

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EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRANSITION. Outline the major causes of death in each stage of the DTM.

|Stage |ALSO CALLED? Characteristic causes of death/why? Read and SUMMARIZE grabbing main ideas |

|Stage 1 | |

| | |

| |What is a pandemic? |

| |(de Blij p. 67) What is endemic? |

| |What is epidemic? |

|Stage 2 | |

| |What historical change led to a decrease in stage 1 death rates? |

|Stage 3 | |

|Stage 4 | |

|Stage 5 (???) | |

| |What are the three reasons we may see a reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases? |

| |1. |

| |2. |

| |3. |

de Blij p 70 – 71, Rubenstein p 73 (AIDS)

33. What disease has cause a dramatic decrease in life expectancies in some parts of the world? ________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

34. How many people are estimated to be living with HIV worldwide (2007)? ________________________________

35. What region of the world has been the most affected by AIDS? ________________________________________

What percentage of HIV cases are found in this region? ______________________________________________

36. What is AIDS and how is it transmitted? ___________________________________________________________

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37. How has this affected the life expectancy in the region? Cite examples? ________________________________

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38. How does AIDS affect the population pyramid in countries with high rates of infection? ____________________

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39. What groups are most affected by AIDs? Why? ____________________________________________________

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40. What are some positive developments in the fight against AIDS? ______________________________________

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de Blij p 72 – 76 (How do Governments Affect Population Change?)

41. What are “expansive” population policies? ________________________________________________________

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a. Another term for this is? (lecture) _________________________________________________________

b. What country has been aggressive in giving incentives to its people to have more children?___________

42. What are “eugenic” population policies? __________________________________________________________

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a. What countries have or have been accused of engaging in eugenics? _____________________________

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43. What are “restrictive” population policies? ________________________________________________________

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a. Another term for this is? (lecture) _________________________________________________________

b. The world’s most famous restrictive population policy is? Where? _______________________________

i. What affect did this policy have? ___________________________________________________

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ii. What were some of the unintended consequences of this policy? ________________________

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iii. (lecture) Why do think girls were the main targets of these unintended consequences? ______ ______________________________________________________________________________

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iv. How has this country loosened this policy? ___________________________________________

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v. (lecture) How did China modify the policy officially in 2015? _____________________________

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