HUMAN RIGHTS AND CONSTITUTION MAKING
HUMAN RIGHTS AND
CONSTITUTION MAKING
HUMAN RIGHTS AND
CONSTITUTION MAKING
New York and Geneva, 2018
II
HUMAN RIGHTS AND CONSTITUTION MAKING
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Sales no.: E.17.XIV.4
ISBN: 978-92-1-154221-9
eISBN: 978-92-1-362251-3
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1
I. CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS AND HUMAN RIGHTS ......................... 2
A. Why a rights-based approach to constitutional reform? .................... 3
1. Framing the issue ....................................................................... 3
2. The constitutional State ................................................................ 6
3. Functions of the constitution in the contemporary world ................... 7
4. The constitution and democratic governance .................................. 8
5. Constitutional guarantees of fundamental rights ............................ 10
B. Human rights and the process of constitutional reform ................... 11
1. Ownership of constitutional reforms ............................................ 12
2. Public participation in constitutional reforms................................. 14
3. The human rights framework for constitutional reforms .................. 16
II. CONSTITUTIONAL BILL OF RIGHTS ................................................. 20
A. The constitutional bill of rights and international human rights
standards ..................................................................................... 21
1. International human rights law ................................................... 21
2. Domestic law and its relationship to international
human rights law ...................................................................... 23
B. Drafting a constitutional bill of rights: General requirements ........... 31
1. Conformity with assessments dominating in the society .................. 31
2. Compliance with international human rights standards .................. 33
3. Scope of the constitutional language ........................................... 35
4. Internal coherence .................................................................... 36
5. Normative content .................................................................... 36
6. Implementation and limitations ................................................... 40
7. Communicativeness ................................................................... 43
III
IV
HUMAN RIGHTS AND CONSTITUTION MAKING
C. Content of the constitutional bill of rights ....................................... 44
1. The rights holder ...................................................................... 44
2. Duty bearers ............................................................................ 51
3. Fundamental principles ............................................................. 57
4. Categories of rights and freedoms .............................................. 68
5. Permissibility of limitations ......................................................... 83
6. Protection of rights and state of emergency .................................. 87
7. Legal duties of the individual...................................................... 90
D. Institutional and procedural guarantees of rights............................ 96
1. Implementation of the constitution and human rights...................... 96
2. Institutional safeguards .............................................................. 98
3. Specific guarantees ................................................................ 105
4. Access to bodies and procedures established under
international law .................................................................... 121
III. OHCHR AND HUMAN RIGHTS MECHANISMS .............................. 124
A. Contribution of human rights mechanisms.................................... 125
1. Application of international human rights law by States............... 125
2. Protection of substantive human rights ....................................... 128
B. Objectives, forms and methodology of assistance programmes .... 134
C. Partnerships ............................................................................... 138
SOURCES AND REFERENCES ............................................................ 139
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