Two types of fallacies

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Two types of fallacies

Two main types of fallacies. What are the 7 fallacies. There are two types of fallacies. What are the 12 fallacies. How many types of fallacies are there. What are some common fallacies. Two different types of logical fallacies. What are the two main types of fallacies quizlet.

Fallacies: Here is a list of the daily fallacies taken by Peter A. Angeles Dictionary of Philosophy-- published by Barnes and Noble, copyright 1981. Fallacy, informal classification. Computer failures can be classified in various ways. Three general categories: (a) The material fallacies have to deal with the facts (the question, the content) of the topic in question. Two subcategories of material fallacies are: (1) test failures, which refer to arguments that do not provide the necessary (background, test) support for their conclusions, and (2) irrelevant (or relevance) fallacies that refer to arguments that have support statements that are irrelevant to the conclusion that are established and therefore cannot establish the truth of that conclusion. (b) Language flaws have to do with defects of arguments such as ambiguity (in which movements of meanings or linguistic inaccuracies lead to incorrect conclusions), vagueness, incorrect use of words, lack of clarity, linguistic inconsistencies, circularity. e) The foils of an irrelevant emotional impulse have to do with behavior (responses, attitudes). That is, the arguments are presented in order to appeal to their prejudices, prejudices, loyalty, dedication, fear, guilt and so on. They persuade, cajole, threaten, or confuse to win assent to a subject. Fallacy, informal types. Sometimes semi-formal or quasi-formal failures. Below is a list of 40 informal fallacies that is not exhaustive at all. No attempt has been made to subsume them in general categories such as Fallacies, Informal Classification [which I will also include]. 1. Black and white fallacy. Topic (a) with the use of sharp distinctions ("black-and-white") despite any concrete or theoretical support for them, or (b) by classifying any intermediate point between the extremes ("black-and-white") as one of the extremes. Examples: "If he is an atheist then he is a decent person." "He is a conservative or a liberal." "You must not be a lover of peace, since you participated in collecting the American embassy." 2. Fallacy of argomentaum ad baculum (a subject from power or force.) Latin means "a subject according to the stick". "Argument by auction," "Argument by force." Inquiring to support acceptance of a subject from a threat, or use of force. The reasoning is replaced by force, which results in the cessation of logical argumentation, and provokes other types of behavior (such as fear, anger, mutual use of force, etc.). 3. Fallacy of argomentaum ad hominem (a subject against man) [a personal favorite]. Latin means "to man." (a) quarrel, or refuse a person's opinions by attacking or abusing his personality, character, motives, intentions, qualifications, etc., contrary to providing evidence because opinions do notCorrect. Example: "What John said should not be believed because he was a Nazi sympathizer". [Well, it goes 4. Fallacy of Argumentum to ignorantiam (topic from ignorance). Latin means "argument to ignorance". (a) Discussing that something is true because no one has proved false, or (b) claiming that something is false because no one has shown that it is true. Examples: (a) There are spirits as no one has yet shown that there are none. (b) The spirits do not exist because no one has yet demonstrated their existence. Also called the appeal to ignorance: the lack of tests (test) for something is used to support its truth. 5. Falland of Argumentum to Misericordiam (topic on pity). Discuss with a pity appeal to have a certain accepted point. Example: "I have to have at least one b in this course, Professor Angeles. If I don't do it, it won't be a chance for the medical school, and this is my last semester at university." Also called the appeal to the pity. 6. FALLACY OF ARGUMENTUM AD PERSONAM (appeal to personal interest). Discussing with the appeal to personal sympathies (preferences, prejudices, predispositions, etc.) of others to have an accepted topic. 7. Fallaco di Argumentum as popolum (topic to people). Also the appeal to the Gallery, appeal to the majority, appeal to what is popular, appeal to the popular prejudice, appeal to the multitude, appeal to the instinct of the mob [appeal to the stupid and smelly masses]. Discussing to arouse an emotional and popular acceptance of an idea without resorting to the logical justification of the idea. An appeal is made to such things as prejudices, prejudices, feelings, enthusiasms, attitudes of the multitude to evoke absent rather than to rationally support the idea. 8. Fallacy of Argumentum in Vericundiam (topic to the authority or veneration) [another of my personal favorites]. a) captivating the authority (including customs, traditions, institutions, etc.) in order to obtain the acceptance of a point in question and / or (b) attractive for the feelings of reverence or respect we have of those In authority, or those who are famous for example: "I believe the statement" that you can't let the morality "be true, because President Eisenhower told him." 9. Fallacy of Accent. Sometimes classified as an accent ambiguitous. Quarrel to conclusions from an undue emphasis (accent, tone) on certain words or statements. Classified as an ambiguous error whenever this amphibious creates an ambiguity or amphebly in the words or statements used in a topic. Example: "The queen cannot be praised". [Moreover "we are free if we could have done otherwise." - As this statement is used by incompatibilities on freedom of will and determinism.] 10. Fallacy of accident. Also called from his Latin name to Dicto Simpliciter Asd Dictum Secundum Quid. a) apply a general rule or a principle to a particular instance whose circumstances aside "Accident" do not allow the correct application of this generalization. Example: "It is a general truth that no one should lie. Therefore, no one should lie if a killer at the point of a knife asks you asks for a knife "You know it would lead to another murder". (b) The error in applying a general statement to a situation to which it cannot be applied and was not necessarily intended. 11:00. Misleading Ambiguity. An argument that contains at least one ambiguous word or statement from which a misleading or erroneous conclusion is drawn. The 12. Amphibole fallacy. They argue the conclusions from statements that they themselves are amphibole-ambiguous because of their syntax (grammatical construction). Sometimes classified as a fallacy of ambiguity. The 13. I didn't ask for a handout. (a) To reach a conclusion from statements that are questionable and provable in themselves, but presumed to be true. Example: The universe has a beginning. Everything that has a beginning has a beginner. Therefore, the universe has a beginner named God. This presupposes (prompts the question) that the universe really has a beginning and also that all things that have a beginning have a beginning. b) Presuppose that the conclusion is part of the conclusion in the premise of an argument. Sometimes called circular reasoning, vicious circularity, fallacious vicious circle [continental philosophy ? sorry, I just couldn't resist]. Example: "Everything has a cause. The universe is one thing. So, the universe is something that has a cause". (c) Discuss in a circle. A statement is supported by another statement which is in turn supported by a reference to the first statement [as a coherent account of knowledge/truth]. Example: "The aristocracy is the best form of government because the best form of government is one that has strong aristocratic leadership". The 14. Failure of the complex question (or loaded question). (a) Ask questions for which an affirmative or negative answer may incriminate the respondent. The desired answer is already implicitly assumed in the question and no qualification of the simple answer is allowed. Example: "Have you stopped using opiates?" (b) Ask questions based on undeclared behaviour or questionable (or unjustified) assumptions. These questions are often posed rhetorically to the interviewee in order to get agreement with such attitudes or assumptions from others. Example: "How long will you endure this brutality?" The 15. Failure of the composition. To argue (a) that what is true for each part of a set is also (necessarily) true for the whole itself, or (b) what is true for some parts is also (necessarily) true for the whole itself. Example: "Every member (or some members) of the team is married, so the team also has (must have) a wife." [A less silly example -- promise me you'll come to Portland tomorrow, promise someone else you'll go to Detroit tomorrow. Now, you should be in Portland tomorrow, and you should be in Detroit tomorrow (because you should keep your promises). However, it does not follow from this you should be both in Portland and Detroit tomorrow (because it shouldIt can).] which will require a collection of a certain characteristic simply on the basis of the fact that its parties erroneously carried out income from regarding the collection distributing institution to collectively. 16. Fallacy of Consensus Gentium. Suggesting that an idea is true based on (a) that most people believe us and / or (b) that has been universally held by all men at all times. Example: "God exists because all HAE cultures had a certain concept of a God". 17. Fallacy of Converse accident. Sometimes converse the accident. Also called from his Latin name to Dicto Secumdum Quid to Dictum Simpliceter. The error to generalize from atypical or exceptional instances. Example: "A hot brandy shot every night helps elderly people to relax and sleep better. People in general should drink a warm brandy to alleviate their tension and sleep better." 18. Fallacy of Division. Discussing that what is true for an entire (a) also (necessarily) true of its parts and / or (b) also for some of its parts. Example: "The Community of Pacific Palisades is extremely rich. Therefore, every person who lives there (must be) extremely rich (or of it, who lives there, must be extremely rich." Infirm that the parts of A collection has certain characteristics simply based on the fact that their collection has mistakenly tried it from regarding the collection collectively about what is distributed. 19. Fallacy of Estage. An argument in which a word is used with a meaning in one Part of the argument and with another meaning in another part. A common example: "The end of one thing is his perfection, death is the end of life, therefore, death is the perfection of life. "20. Fallacy of does not cause proceedings. The Latin can be translated as" there is not a cause of the type that has been given as a cause. "(A) Believe that something is the cause of an effect when it is In reality it is not. Example: "My enchantings have it Made in rain. "(b) discussing that a statement appears inacceted capable because it implies another statement that is false (but actually does not do it). 21. Fallacy of Post Hoc Ergo Propter hoc. The Latin means" after this, So the consequence (effect) of this, "or" after this therefore for this. "Sometimes simply the mistake of false cause. Concluding that one thing is the cause of another thing because it precedes it over time. One Confusion between the concept of succession and that of causality. Example: "A black cat crossed my journey. Ten minutes Mater I was hit by a truck. Therefore, the cat is going through my path was the cause of my being hit by a truck. "22. Falland of ASTY generalization. Sometimes the hasty induction error. An error of reasoning according to which a general statement is established (deduced) on (a) limited information or (b) inadequate evidence, or (c) unrepresented sampling. 23. Fallacy of Ignoratio Elenchi (irrelevant conclusion). An argument that is irrelevant; that supports something different from whatDo not dispute (or claim) in any way the disputed points. Example: a defense lawyer of his alcoholic client who killed three people in a fury of drunkenness claims that alcoholism is a terrible disease and that you should try to eliminate it. Ignoratoo Lists is sometimes used as a general name for all Fallacies based on irrelevance (ad baculum, ad hominem, miasericordiam, populum, ad verececaldiam, consensus gentium, etc.) 24. fallacia of inconsistency. Discuss on the basis of incoherent statements, or inconsistent conclusions with the premises. See Fallacia of you quoque below. The 25. Fallacy of an irrelevant purpose. Discuss against something based on the fact that it has not achieved its purpose (although this is not its purpose in reality). 26 Fallacia di ? ? ? ? ? ? ? oeIs ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?should.? ? discuss from premises that only have descriptive statements (it is) to a conclusion that contains a must, or a must. 27. Fallacy of limited alternatives (or false). The error to insist, without a complete or tested survey, which alternatives to a line of action are exhausted and / or they are excluded to each other. 28. Fallacy of many questions. Sometimes fallacious of the false demand. Place a question for which a unique and simple answer is required, but the application (a) requires a series of answers, and / or (b) requires answers to a series of other questions, each of which must be resolved separately. Example: "Did you leave school?" The 29. Fallacia of the misleading context. Discussing traverting, distorting, omitting or quoting something out of the context. 30. Fallacy of prejudice. Discuss from a prejudice or an emotional identification or an involvement with an idea (argument, doctrine, institution, etc.). 31. Fallacy of the red herring. Ignore the criticism of a topic by moving the attention to another topic. Examples: ? ?You believe in abortion, but do not believe in the law on the right to die-dignity in front of the legislature." 32. Fallacia of the inclination. Omitting deliberately, minimizing or emphasizing excessively certain points, excluding others, in order to hide important and relevant evidence for the conclusion of the argument and which should be taken into account in an argument. 33. Fallacy of a special supplication. (a) Accepting an idea or criticism when applied to the discussion of an opponent, but reject it when applied to your discussion. (b) Reject an idea or criticism when applied to the opponent argument, but accept it when applied to your own. 34. Fallacy of the straw man. Present the position of an opponent in the weakest or misrepresented version possible so you can read you easily. Example: ? ?Darwinism is in the error. It states that we are all descendants of an apelic creature, from which we have evolved according to natural selection. No test of this creature was found. Not at provided an adequate and consistent explanation of natural selection. Therefore, evolution according to Darwinism did not take35. Shaving failure. To argue (a) that small or minor differences do not (or cannot) difference, or are not (or cannot be) significant, or (b) reason so as to find a precise point in which to give a name to something. For example, insisting that some hair lost here and there do not indicate anything about my imminent baldness; or trying to determine how many hairs a person must have before being called bald (or not bald). 36. Fall of your quoque (also you). (a) Demonstrate that a person's actions are not consistent with those for which the thesis supports. Example: ?John preaches that we should be kind and loving. You're not practicing. I have seen him beat his children." (b) Prove that the opinions of a person are not consistent with what he previously believed and therefore (1) one cannot trust him and/or (2) his new opinion must be rejected. Example: " Judge Egener was against the marijuana law four years ago when he was running for office. Now he agrees. How can you trust a man who can change his mind about such an important matter? Its current position is not consistent with its previous position and therefore should not be accepted." (c) Sometimes linked to the Fallacity of two wrongs do a right. Example: Democrats have used illegal interceptions for years; Therefore the Republicans should not be condemned for their use of illegal interceptions. 37. Failure of an unqualified source. Use a source of unqualified authority to provide evidence in support of an argument. 38. Gambler's error. (a) To argue that, for example, a penny has lost its tail ten times below, will fall head for the eleventh time, or (b) to argue that, since, for example, an airline has not had an accident in the last ten years, it is soon called to suffer an accident. The player's error rejects the assumption in the probability theory that each event is independent of its previous occurrence. the likelihood of an event to happen are always the same regardless of how many times that event occurred in the past. Since these events happen for a long enough time then their frequency would be average out to 1/2. Sometimes referred to as the fallacy of Monte Carlo (a generalized form of player fallacy): The mistake of assuming that as something happened less frequently than expected in the past, there is a greater probability that it will happen soon. 39. Sustening that the origin of something is identical to that thing with the one from which it originates. Example: 'Ornal consciousness in neural processes. Therefore, consciousness is (nothing but) neural processes. Sometimes referred to as the nothing-but foul, or the REDUTTIVO FALLACY. (b) Evaluate or explain something in terms of origin, origin, or beginning. (c) Support that something must be rejectedIts origins are [unknown] and / or suspicious. 40. Fallacia Pragmatic. Holding that something is true because it has practical effects on people: people: happier, easier to treat, more moral, loyal, stable. Example: "There is an immortal life because without such a concept men would have nothing to live for. There would be no sense or purpose in life and everyone would be immoral. ? 41. Pathetic foul. Project (attribuire) in an incorrect way emotions, feelings, intentions, thoughts, traits on events or objects that do not possess the capacity of such qualities. 42. Natural fallacy (ethics). 1. The error of reducing ethical statements to factual statements, to statements about natural events. 2. The fallacy of derived (deducing) ethical statements from non-ethical statements. [is/should be foul]. 3. The fallacy of defining ethical terms in non-ethical (descriptive, naturalistic or billual) [due/is fallacy]. Extract from the Encyclopedia Britannica without permission.

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