ICTs IN EDUCATION FOR PEOPLE WITH SPECIAL …

IITE TRAINING MATERIALS UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

ICTs IN EDUCATION FOR PEOPLE WITH SPECIAL NEEDS

SPECIALIZED TRAINING COURSE

UNESCO INSTITUTE FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN EDUCATION

MOSCOW 2006

UNESCO UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education (IITE)

COURSE TEAM CHAIRMAN Edwards, Alistair D.N. (University of York, United Kingdom)

COURSE TEAM Besio, Serenella (Valle d'Aosta University, Italy) Tokareva, Natalia (UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education)

ADVISORY EXPERT TEAM Hansen, Ole (Ministry of Education, Denmark ) Jeppeson, Karl (Iceland University of Education, Iceland) Naidu, Som (University of Melbourne, Australia) Pillay, Achuthan (University of Melbourne, Australia ) Tamargo, Javier (Teacher Training Centre of Gijon, Spain)

ICTs in Education for People with Special Needs. Specialized Training Course The international team of experts has prepared the specialized training course within the framework of the IITE project Information and Communication Technologies in Education for People with Special Needs. The course is intended to provide the specialists involved in education of people with special educational needs (SEN), with an overview of main ways, methods, and principles of information and communication technology (ICT) usage in their professional activities. Materials of the course represent the best international experience, supported by comprehensive training materials and special sections with references, summaries, glossary, assignments, and bibliography for supplementary readings. The course offers the opportunities to acquire knowledge and develop practical skills on specifics of ICT application in faceto-face and distance education meeting the needs of six main groups of disabilities: physical, visual, hearing, speech and language, cognitive, learning. Particular emphasis of the course is placed upon the basic aspects of ICT policy development in special needs education (SNE), including promotion of ICT infrastructure, integration of ICTs into curriculum, training and retraining of ICT specialists in SNE. The materials presented in the course will be of interest to a wide range of specialists involved in education of people with SEN, from high-level policy- and decision-makers to researchers, teachers, programme planners, and curriculum developers.

The opinions expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the UNESCO Secretariat.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE CONTACT: UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education 8 Kedrova St. (Bld. 3), Moscow, 117292, Russian Federation Tel.: 7 495 129 2990 Fax: 7 495 129 1225 E-mail: info@iite.ru Web: iite.ru ISBN5-902116-20-1 ? UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education, 2006 All rights reserved Printed in the Russian Federation

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTORY NOTES ..................................................................................................................................6

MODULE 1 SPECIAL NEEDS EDUCATION IN INFORMATION AGE ......................10

Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................................10 Goal ...............................................................................................................................................................................11 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................................................11 Readings for Module 1 ........................................................................................................................................11

UNIT 1.1 Modern Stage of SNE Development: Implementation of Inclusive Education ...................................................................................................................12

1.1.1 Equal Opportunities for All: the Drive Toward Inclusion .......................................................12 1.1.2 Groups of People Supported by Inclusion ...................................................................................13 1.1.3 Main Steps Toward Inclusive Education .....................................................................................13 1.1.4 Social Approaches to Disability Issues .......................................................................................14 1.1.5 Barriers to Inclusive Education for People with SEN .............................................................15 1.1.6 Ways to Overcome Barriers and Provide Inclusive Education ............................................16 1.1.7 Benefits of Inclusive Education ......................................................................................................17

Key Terms .................................................................................................................................................................19 Summary ....................................................................................................................................................................19 Assessment ..............................................................................................................................................................20 References ................................................................................................................................................................21

UNIT 1.2 Role of Information and Communication Technologies in Special Needs Education ..............................................................................................................................................23

1.2.1 Changes in the educational system in Information Age .......................................................23 1.2.2 Equal opportunities for all: digital inclusion of people with SEN ......................................25 1.2.3 Identification of barriers to learning for students with SEN ...............................................25 1.2.4 The role of ICTs in SNE ......................................................................................................................27 1.2.5 Supporting inclusive education through ICT implementation ............................................28 1.2.6 Benefits of ICT use in education for people with SEN ...........................................................30

Key Terms .................................................................................................................................................................31 Summary ....................................................................................................................................................................31 Assessment ..............................................................................................................................................................32 References ................................................................................................................................................................33

MODULE 2 ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS ......................................................................................................35

Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................................35 Goal ...............................................................................................................................................................................36 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................................................36 Readings for Module 2 ........................................................................................................................................36

UNIT 2.1 Description, Classification, and Application of Assistive Technologies .........37

2.1.1 International Classification of Functioning and Disability and Health ............................37 2.1.2 AT as an Instrument for the Autonomy of Persons with Disabilities ...............................38 2.1.3 Classifications of AT ...........................................................................................................................38 2.1.4 Technical, Social, and Psychological Aspects of AT Application .....................................39 2.1.5 Choosing and Using Appropriate AT .............................................................................................41 2.1.6 Sources of Information on AT...........................................................................................................42

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Key Terms .................................................................................................................................................................44 Summary ....................................................................................................................................................................44 Assessment ..............................................................................................................................................................45 References ................................................................................................................................................................46

UNIT 2.2 Assistive Technologies for Education .................................................................................48 2.2.1 Impact of AT Usage on Education of People with SEN .........................................................48 2.2.2 AT for the Educational Needs of Students with Physical Impairments ..........................49 2.2.3 AT for the Educational Needs of Students with Visual Impairments ...............................51 2.2.4 AT for the Educational Needs of Students with Hearing Impairments ...........................54 2.2.5 AT for the Educational Needs of Students with Language and Speech Impairments ...........................................................................................................................................55 2.2.6 AT for the Educational Needs of Students with Cognitive Impairments ........................57 2.2.7 AT for the Educational Needs of Students with Specific Learning Impairments ...........................................................................................................................................58

Key Terms .................................................................................................................................................................60 Summary ....................................................................................................................................................................61 Assessment ..............................................................................................................................................................62 References ................................................................................................................................................................63

MODULE 3 DISTANCE TECHNOLOGIES FOR STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS ......................................................................................................66

Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................................66 Goal ...............................................................................................................................................................................67 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................................................67 Readings for Module 3 ........................................................................................................................................67

UNIT 3.1Distance Education: New Opportunities for Students with SEN ...........................68

3.1.1 Distance Education and Its Role in Digital Society .................................................................68 3.1.2 Benefits of Distance Education for Students with SEN ..........................................................69 3.1.3 Different Technologies Used to Achieve the Benefits of Distance Education

for Students with SEN .........................................................................................................................71 3.1.4 Synchronous Communication and Collaboration Tools ...........................................................71 3.1.5 Asynchronous Communication and Collaboration Tools.........................................................73

Key Terms .................................................................................................................................................................74 Summary ....................................................................................................................................................................74 Assessment ..............................................................................................................................................................75 References ................................................................................................................................................................76

UNIT 3.2 Distance Education for Students with SEN: Approaches to Overcome Accessibility Barriers ....................................................................................................................78

3.2.1 Accessibility Barriers to Distance Education for Students with SEN ..............................78 3.2.2 Standards of Accessibility in Distance Education for Students with SEN .....................81 3.2.3 Supporting Accessibility Standards and Providing Accessible Distance Education

for Students with SEN ........................................................................................................................83 3.2.4 Main Techniques of Accessibility Checking in Distance Education for Students

with SEN ..................................................................................................................................................88

Key Terms .................................................................................................................................................................89 Summary ....................................................................................................................................................................89 Assessment ..............................................................................................................................................................90 References ................................................................................................................................................................91

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MODULE 4 ICT POLICY IN SPECIAL NEEDS EDUCATION ...........................................93

Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................................93 Goal ...............................................................................................................................................................................94 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................................................94 Readings for Module 4 ........................................................................................................................................94

UNIT 4.1 Planning of ICT Policy in SNE ...................................................................................................95 4.1.1 Objectives, Principles, and Means of ICT Policy Development in SNE ...........................95 4.1.2 Legal Basis of ICT Policy Development in SNE ........................................................................97

Summary ...................................................................................................................................................................104 Assessment ............................................................................................................................................................105 References ..............................................................................................................................................................106

UNIT 4.2 Implementation of ICT Policy in SNE .................................................................................107 4.2.1 Promoting ICT Infrastructure for SNE ........................................................................................107 4.2.2 Integration of ICTs in SNE Curriculum .......................................................................................110 4.2.3 Training and Retraining of ICT Specialists in SNE ................................................................115

Summary ...................................................................................................................................................................121 Assessment ............................................................................................................................................................122 References ..............................................................................................................................................................123

UNIT 4.3 Monitoring of ICT Usage in SNE ............................................................................................126 4.3.1 Identifying SNE Quality Standards in Digital Age ..................................................................126 4.3.2 Conditions of SNE Quality Improvement by Means of ICTs ...............................................128 4.3.3 Analysis and Interpretation of Evaluation Results to Improve ICT Policy in SNE .....................................................................................................................................................132

Summary ...................................................................................................................................................................134 Assessment ............................................................................................................................................................135 References ..............................................................................................................................................................136

CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................................................................................138

APPENDIX 1 List of Abbreviations ...........................................................................................................139 APPENDIX 2 Glossary of Terms ................................................................................................................142 APPENDIX 3 Illustrations of Main Types of Assistive Technologies in Education

for People with SEN .............................................................................................................146 APPENDIX 4 List of Main web Resources ...........................................................................................149 APPENDIX 5 Suggested Questions and Tasks for Self-assessment and Final

Evaluation .................................................................................................................................153 APPENDIX 6 Questionnaire for Specialized Training Course Evaluation .........................154

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